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ClassificationClassification
The grouping of objects or The grouping of objects or information based on information based on similiaritiessimiliarities
TaxonomyTaxonomy
Science of Science of classification classification
11stst classification classification system was system was done by done by Aristotle Aristotle (Greek (Greek Philosopher).Philosopher).
Aristotle’s ClassificationAristotle’s Classification Animals were classified as to Animals were classified as to
where they lived.where they lived.Land dewellersLand dewellersWater dewellersWater dewellersAir dewellersAir dewellers
Plants were classified as the Plants were classified as the followingfollowingHerbsHerbsShrubsShrubsTreesTrees
Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus
Swedish naturalist formulated a Swedish naturalist formulated a system called system called Binomial Binomial NomenclatureNomenclature Two word naming system (all organisms Two word naming system (all organisms
given scientific namesgiven scientific names Consists of the genus & speciesConsists of the genus & species Latin Words / ItalicizedLatin Words / Italicized Ex.Ex.
Man = Man = Homo(Genus) sapien(Species)Homo(Genus) sapien(Species) Lynx rufus (Lynx = Genus, rufus = species)Lynx rufus (Lynx = Genus, rufus = species)
7 Basic Taxa for 7 Basic Taxa for Classification Classification
KingdomKingdom – Largest grouping 6 – Largest grouping 6 PhylumPhylum – subgroup of kingdom – subgroup of kingdom ClassClass – subgroup of phylum – subgroup of phylum OrderOrder – subgroup of class – subgroup of class FamilyFamily – subgroup of order – subgroup of order GenusGenus – subgroup of family – subgroup of family SpeciesSpecies – subgroup of species – subgroup of species
Example: ManExample: Man Kingdom – AnimaliaKingdom – Animalia Phylum – Chordata – backbone Phylum – Chordata – backbone
like structurelike structure Class – Mammalia – female Class – Mammalia – female
produce milk for their youngproduce milk for their young Order – Primate – stand uprightOrder – Primate – stand upright Family – Homindae – manlike Family – Homindae – manlike
structurestructure Genus – Homo – true manGenus – Homo – true man Species – sapien - wiseSpecies – sapien - wise
Organisms are classified Organisms are classified by:by:
1. Structural similarities1. Structural similarities 2. Embryological Evidence2. Embryological Evidence 3. Genetic Similarities 3. Genetic Similarities
(chromosomes)(chromosomes) 4. Biochemical4. Biochemical 5. Geographical 5. Geographical
distributiondistribution
17.2 The Six Kingdoms 17.2 The Six Kingdoms Evolutionary RelationshipsEvolutionary Relationships Phylogenetic Classification Phylogenetic Classification
Phylogeny Phylogeny – shows the – shows the evolutionary evolutionary historyhistory of species of species
ModelsModels CladogramCladogram – – model of the model of the
phylogenyphylogeny of a species of a species FanlikeFanlike – includes both – includes both Earth’s Earth’s
geologic timegeologic time and the probable and the probable evolution of organisms during the evolution of organisms during the timespantimespan
Six KingdomsSix Kingdoms 1. 1. Archaebacteria – ex. Archaebacteria – ex.
BacteriaBacteriaProkaryoticProkaryoticUnicellularUnicellularAutotrophic & heterotrophicAutotrophic & heterotrophicThe oldest fossil is 3.5 billion The oldest fossil is 3.5 billion years agoyears ago
Live in Live in extreme environmentsextreme environments (swamp, bottom of ocean)(swamp, bottom of ocean)
Six KingdomsSix Kingdoms 2. Eubacteria – ex. Bacteria 2. Eubacteria – ex. Bacteria
(blue green aglae)(blue green aglae)10,000 species10,000 speciesLive everywhere except Live everywhere except extreme environmentsextreme environments
Single cell (unicellular)Single cell (unicellular)Autotrophs & heterotrophicAutotrophs & heterotrophicMicroscopicMicroscopic
Six KingdomsSix Kingdoms 3. Kingdom 3. Kingdom
Protista – ex. Protista – ex. Amoeba, algaeAmoeba, algaeSingle cell or Single cell or multicellularmulticellular
Aquatic Aquatic (water)(water)
EukaryoticEukaryoticHeterotrophic Heterotrophic & autotrophic& autotrophic
Amoeba
Six KingdomsSix Kingdoms 4. Kingdom 4. Kingdom
Fungi – ex. Mold, Fungi – ex. Mold, mushroommushroom EukaryoticEukaryotic Multicellular Multicellular
and Unicellularand Unicellular TerrestrialTerrestrial HeterotrophicHeterotrophic Cell wall Cell wall
contains chitincontains chitin
Six KingdomsSix Kingdoms
5. Kingdom 5. Kingdom Plantae (plants)Plantae (plants) AutotrophicAutotrophic MulticellularMulticellular Terrestrial Terrestrial
(land) (mostly)(land) (mostly) EukaryoticEukaryotic Cell wall make Cell wall make
of celluloseof cellulose