Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank Headquarters

Universitas Diponegoro

Fakultas Teknik Jurusan ArsitekturDosen Pembimbing:

Dra. Ajeng Atrina

Disusun Oleh:

1. Muhammad Suryo Aji Riyanto 21020112140149

2. Muhammad Barry Budi Prima 21020112140

3. Manggala Saning Putra 21020112140165

4. Sagita Firmansyah 21020112140170

DESCRIPTION

Conceived during a sensitive period in the former colony's history, the brief for the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank Headquarters was a statement of confidence: to create 'the best bank building in the world'. Through a process of questioning and challenging − including the involvement of a fengshui geomancer − the project addressed the nature of banking in Hong Kong and how it should be expressed in built form. In doing so it virtually reinvented the office tower.

The requirement to build in excess of a million square feet in a short timescale suggested a high degree of prefabrication, including factory-finished modules, while the need to build downwards and upwards simultaneously led to the adoption of a suspension structure, with pairs of steel masts arranged in three bays.

As a result, the building form is articulated in a stepped profile of three individual towers, respectively twenty-nine, thirty-six and forty-four storeys high, which create floors of varying width and depth and allow for garden terraces. The mast structure allowed another radical move, pushing the service cores to the perimeter to create deep-plan floors around a ten-storey atrium. A mirrored 'sunscoop' reflects sunlight down through the atrium to the floor of a public plaza below - a sheltered space, which at weekends has become a lively picnic spot. From the plaza, escalators rise up through the

glass underbelly to the banking hall, which was conceived as a 'shop window for banking'.

The 'bridges' that span between the masts define double-height reception areas that break down the scale of the building both visually and socially.

A unique system of movement through the building combines high-speed lifts to the reception spaces with escalators beyond, reflecting village-like clusters of office floors. From the outset, the Bank placed a high priority on flexibility. Interestingly, over the years, it has been able to reconfigure office layouts with ease, even incorporating a large dealers' room into one floor − a move that could not have been anticipated when the building was designed.

HistoryThe first HSBC (then known as the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking

Company Limited) building was Wardley House, used as HSBC office between 1865 to 1882 on the present site. In 1864 the lease cost HKD 500 a month. After raising a capital of HKD 5 million, the bank opened its door in 1865. It was demolished in 1886 and rebuilt in the same year.The main feature of the second building design was the division of the structure into two almost separate buildings. The building on Queen's Road Central was in Victorian style with a verandah, colonnades and an octagonal dome, whereas the arcade which harmonised with the adjacent buildings was constructed on Des Voeux Road.

The third design of the HSBC headquarters building in 1936In 1935, the second building was demolished and a third design was erected. The third design used part of the land of the old City Hall, and was built in a mixed Art Deco and Stripped Classical style. During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the building served as the government headquarters. Locally, it was the first building in Hong Kong to be fully air-conditioned.By the 1970s the bank had outgrown its headquarters; departments were scattered into offices all over Central Hong Kong, and it was obvious that

such a "solution" to the space limitations could not continue indefinitely. In 1978 the bank decided to tear down its headquarters and rebuild it again. The building was finished on November 18, 1985. At the time, it was the most expensive building in the world (c.a.HK$5.2 billion, roughly US$668 million).The first major addition to the building, designed by Hong Kong's One Space Ltd, was completed on November 23, 2006, in the form of a ground floor lobby that improves security access to the upper floors and creates a prestigious reception area. Its design and construction included the installation of the "Asian Story Wall", a multimedia installation consisting of twin banks of 30 seamless plasma screens (the largest installation of its kind in Hong Kong) displaying archived bank heritage and artworks.The atrium of the HSBC building was the site of the Occupy Hong Kong protests which maintained a presence in the building from October 15, 2011 until their eviction in September 2012.

CONTRUCTIONEngineering precisionFoster's solution was to design a building the construction of which would rely on an exceptionally high degree of off-site prefabrication. Components were manufactured all over the world. The structural steel came from Britain; the glass, aluminium cladding and flooring from the United States; the service modules from Japan. All these had to fit together perfectly on site,

calling for a degree of precision in engineering and assembly never before attempted in the construction of a building.

The most conspicuous features of the building are the eight groups of four aluminium-clad steel columns, which rise from the foundations up through the main structure, and the five levels of triangular suspension trusses which are locked into these masts. From these trusses are suspended five groups of floors. They can be seen clearly on the outside of the building -- the inverted 'v' sections of the suspension trusses span the structure at double-height levels -- giving the building much of its distinctive character.

Flexibility and efficiencyBy the use of bridge engineering techniques, and by locating all services in prefabricated modules hung on the east and west sides of the building, Foster eliminated the need for a central core, creating large, unobstructed floor

areas that are the key to the building's flexibility and efficiency.

The emphasis on flexibility is apparent throughout the building. All flooring is constructed from lightweight movable panels made from the same material as that used for aircraft floors. The panels, which may be covered with carpet tiles or other materials, can be lifted to reveal a comprehensive network of power, data, telecommunication and air-conditioning systems. Computer terminals or other such pieces of equipment can be installed easily with minimum disturbance.

Similarly, all internal walls are made up of movable partitions so that office layouts can be changed and modified as required, without the need for any structural alterations.

The building is divided into five zones. These zones, and the double-height levels which separate them, form an integral part of the concept of movement around the building. Express lifts travel from the plaza to the double-height areas, while movement between the floors in each zone is by escalator. Altogether there are 62 escalators in the building.

DESIGNThe new building was designed by the British architect Lord Norman Foster and Civil & Structural Engineers Ove Arup & Partners (J.

Roger Preston & Partners Engineering) and was constructed by Wimpey International. From the concept to completion, it took 7 years (1978–1985). The building is 180-metres high with 47 storeys and four basement levels. The building has a module design consisting of five steel modules prefabricated in the UK by Scott Lithgow Shipbuilders near Glasgow, and shipped to Hong Kong. 30,000 tons of steel and 4,500 tons of aluminium were used.

The original design was heavily inspired by the Douglas Gilling designed Qantas International Centre in Sydney (currently known as Suncorp Place).

The new Lobby and its 2-part Asian Story Wall were designed by Greg Pearce, of One Space Limited. Pearce was also the Principal Architect of the Hong Kong Airport Express (MTR) station. Conceived as a minimalist glass envelope, the new lobby is designed to be deferential to Foster's structure and appears almost to be part of the original.

The building is also one of the few to not have elevators as the primary carrier of building traffic. Instead, elevators only stop every few floors, and floors are interconnected by escalators.

Characteristic

The main characteristic of HSBC Hong Kong headquarters is its absence of internal supporting structure.

Another notable feature is that natural sunlight is the major

source of lighting inside the building. There is a bank of giant mirrors at the top of the atrium, which can reflect natural sunlight into the atrium and hence down into the plaza. Through the use of natural sunlight, this design helps to conserve energy. Additionally, sun shades are provided on the external facades to block direct sunlight going into the building and to reduce heat gain. Instead of fresh water, sea water is used as coolant for the air-conditioning system.

All flooring is made from lightweight movable panels, under which lies a comprehensive network of power, telecommunication, and air-conditioning systems. This design was to allow equipment such as computer terminals to be installed quickly and easily.

Because of the urgency to finish the project, the construction of the building relied heavily on off-site prefabrication; components were manufactured all over the world. For example, the structural steel came from Britain; the glass, aluminium cladding and flooring came from the United States while the service modules came from Japan.

The inverted ‘va’ segments of the suspension trusses spanning the construction at double-height levels is the most obvious characteristic of the building. It consists of eight groups of four aluminium-clad steel columns which ascend from the foundations up through the core structure, and five levels of triangular suspension trusses

which are locked into these masts.

Feng Shui

The early British settlers in Hong Kong had an interest in Feng Shui; thus, most of the earliest buildings in Hong Kong, and many buildings constructed thereafter, were built with the philosophies of Feng Shui in mind. The Chinese believe that those who have a direct view of a body of water—whether it is a river, a sea, or an ocean—are more likely to prosper than those who do not (water is strongly associated with wealth in Feng Shui). The HSBC building has a wide open area (the Statue Square) in front of it, with no other buildings blocking its view of Victoria Harbour; thus, it is considered to have "good feng shui."

Even though the Hong Kong Government is proposing extending the existing coastline further out into the harbour in its latest land reclamation project, it will still set aside space so that no new developments will block the HSBC Building's view of the harbour.

FENGSUI ANALYSIS

Walk into the HSBC headquarters in downtown Hong Kong, and a pair of lion statues guard the entrance. The lobby escalators start from the northwest corner and penetrate the heart of the building. An open square in front ensures unobstructed views of Victoria Harbour. According to feng shui masters, the lions guard the wealth in the building, the escalators create energy for prosperity—the northwest corner

is supposed to be the provider of the strongest energy—and the open space removes obstacles for business opportunities. The HSBC building itself is also considered to be sitting on some of the most auspicious land in the city.

Feng shui, the theory of tapping into the energy of surroundings to create prosperity, has long been practiced in Hong Kong. Companies big and small consult feng shui experts to determine auspicious dates for deals and launches and to create environments that will welcome good fortune.

Feng Shui Business Buildings

Look around Hong Kong, and you’ll notice most corporate buildings integrate feng shui elements one way or another, says Jill Lander, a certified feng shui consultant in Hong Kong. Ms. Lander walks through some of the most reputable buildings in the business district for good and bad feng shui elements.

Many corporations set aside a portion of their annual budget for feng shui consultation. Sometimes decisions are small, such as placing coins under the carpet to attract prosperity; other gestures are grand and can dictate the architecture of an entire building. The Repulse Bay, a residential project on the south side of Hong Kong Island, for instance, was designed with a large hole through its center.

Hong Kong folklore says dragons, the bearers of good fortune, live in the mountains north of the building; the hole gives them access to the water, south of complex, and encourages them to pass through.

Companies are tight-lipped about their feng shui budgets. HSBC and Bank of China, whose headquarters are often noted as having elaborate feng shui elements, declined to comment. But it’s a practice so valued by Hong Kongers that many multinational corporations will adhere to it to appease their employees.

“People joke about feng shui but these companies take it seriously because Hong Kong people take it seriously,” says Anna Williams, business developer manager at tda interiors, a global interior design firm. Tda’s client list includes mostly Western companies; about a quarter of them ask the firm to integrate feng shui in its designs, she says.

Now the Hong Kong government is under fire for lack of transparency regarding funds set aside for the use of feng shui consultancy in public-works projects. The government approved funds to build a “feng shui bridge” in the New Territories but some Legislative Council members are questioning the legitimacy of the project and demanding an audit of feng shui

compensation given by the government.

Feng shui was largely stamped out in mainland China during the Cultural Revolution but was held onto by those who immigrated, said Raymond Lo, a feng shui consultant who has authored 15 books and almanacs on the topic.

Date of birth, orientation of a space and placement of furniture all play a role in feng shui. CEOs, for instance, often sit in the northwest corner because energy there tends to be most yang, described as alpha or active, which “suits the top dog,” said Jill Lander, feng shui consultant in Hong Kong. Natural and low-level lights, such as table lamps, are believed to be able to improve employees’ productivity. Feng shui is also tailored to specific people. For example, even though running water is considered good for creating energy, people strong in that element – typically artistic types – should consider decorating their offices with wooden furniture to balance the water with earth elements, Ms. Lander said.

According to Mr. Lo, Hong Kong’s position between the water and mountains provides for good feng shui. “You can see why such a small city has developed so well to become a financial center of the world,” he said.

INTERIOR

Lion Statues

When HSBC decided to build its third Headquarters at 1 Queen's Road Central, opened in 1935, it commissioned two bronze lions from Shanghai-based British sculptor W W Wagstaff (d 1977, aged 82). This commission was inspired by two earlier lions that had been ordered for the new Shanghai office opened in 1923. Cast by J W Singer & Sons in the English town of Frome, to a design by Henry Poole RA, these lions had quickly become part of the Shanghai scene, and passers-by would affectionately stroke the lions in the belief that power and money would rub off on them. They became known as Stephen and Stitt: an in-joke. Stephen was named for A G Stephen, formerly Manager Shanghai, and in 1923 the Chief Manager of HSBC, and G H Stitt, the then Manager Shanghai. Stephen is depicted roaring, Stitt quiescent, and again insiders said that this represented the characters of these two famous bankers.

Wagstaff worked with "Shanghai Arts and Crafts" foreman Chou Yin Hsiang who in an interview with John Loch of HSBC's house magazine "Group News" in June 1977 [10] recalled that when he first joined Arts and Crafts he worked with Wagstaff for two years to make the lions, without having to learn a word of English: Wagstaff spoke perfect Shanghai dialect. Hunch-backed, Wagstaff was nicknamed "Lao Doo Pei", meaning "Old Hunchback". His son, inevitably, was called "Sau Doo Pei" - "Young Hunchback." Wagstaff had two sons - Don,

killed in Naval service in the war, and Alex, killed while interned in Shanghai by the Japanese. Chou Yin Hsiang himself came to Hong Kong in 1935, and by 1977 was the proprietor of Jeh Hsing Metal Works - and still casting bronze for HSBC.

Like the Shanghai lions, the Hong Kong lions became objects of veneration, and focii of the Bank's perceived excellent feng shui. Young couples still bring their toddlers to stroke the paws and noses of the statues hoping for luck and prosperity.

When the 1935 building closed its doors for the last time June 26, 1981 the Lions moved to the annexe June 19, 1981 The commencement demolishion July 6, 1981 by China Swiss Engineers. The lions were temporarily moved on 4 June 1982 to Statue Square, opposite main entrance. As a mark of the respect the lions were held in, the move to Statue Square, and the move back in 1985, were accompanied by the Chairman Sir Michael Sandberg and senior management of the Bank and the placement of the lions both temporarily and in their current locations was made only after extensive consultations with feng shui practitioners.

Their 2-year sojourn in Statue Square aside, the lions have only left their positions as guardians of the Des Voeux Road entrance of the Bank once: they were confiscated by the Japanese and sent to Japan to be melted down. Luckily the war ended before this could happen, and the lions were recognised by an American sailor in a dockyard in Osaka in 1945.

They were returned a few months later and restored to their original positions in October 1946.

The Hong Kong lions are also called Stephen and Stitt, and the Hong Kong Stephen has bullet or shrapnel scars in its left hind-quarters dating from the fighting in the Battle of Hong Kong. When this pair of lions was used as the model for the pair commissioned for the new UK Headquarters of HSBC in 2002, Zambian-born New Zealand sculptor Mark Kennedy was asked not to reproduce these "war wounds" in the copies. They had to earn their own battle-scars.

The following is a list of bronze copies and re-casts of the HSBC lions:

In China:

Shanghai

(original) (1923) - sculpted

by Henry Poole RA, cast by

J W Stinger & Sons. The

originals are held by the

Shanghai Historic Museum

(which currently has no

permanent home) and are

separately on display at the

Museum's display room

under the Oriental Pearl

Tower (Stephen) and the

Shanghai Banking Museum

(Stitt), both in Lujiazui.

Hong Kong (1935) -

modelled on Shanghai

originals; sculpted by W W

Wagstaff, cast by Shanghai

Arts and Crafts.

Shanghai

(replicas) (c.1997) - copies

of Shanghai originals,

commissioned by the

government-owned Shangh

ai Pudong Development

Bank after it obtained the

former HSBC building.

Shanghai

(current) (2010) - copies

of Hong Kong lions.

In the United Kingdom

London (2001) - copies of

Hong Kong lions; cast by

Bronze Age Foundry,

Limehouse, at the direction

of Mark Kennedy.[11]

Various other HSBC branches throughout the world feature small-scaled replicas of these originals, with varying degrees of faithfulness. Other HSBC branches often feature guardian lions to different designs, such as Chinese guardian lions.

SPESIFICATION

The building in figures• Height above Des Voeux Road Central

178.8 metres (586.6 feet) • Foundation depth below ground level

34 metres (111.5 feet) • Basement depth

18.8 metres (61.7 feet) • Air- conditioning seawater intake system tunnel below ground level

75 metres (246.1 feet) • Building levels

52 levels - 47 above ground, four below ground and the Plaza at ground level • Gross area

99,171 m2 (1,067,467 ft2) • Usable area

70,398 m2 (757,757 ft2) • Floor areas

Largest 3,215 m2 (34,607 ft2) gross 2,656 m2 (28,590 ft2) netSmallest 976 m2 (10,505 ft2) gross 687 m2 (7,395 ft2) netPublic plaza 3,514 m2 (37,826 ft2)Main banking halls 2,178 m2 (23,445 ft2) • Teller positions

44 on Level 3 44 on Level 5 28 on Basement Level 1 • Vault door and frame

50 tonnes - Basement Level 1 • Atrium (height from plaza)

52 metres (170 feet) • Sunscoop

Exterior - Level 12 480 computer-controlled glass mirrors

Weight - 32 tonnesInterior reflector 225 aluminium mirrors • Number of staff accommodated

5,000 • Internal transport

Lifts 23 passenger and five goodsEscalators 62 - including the longest freely supported escalators in the world running from the Plaza to Level 3 (25 metres, 82.5 feet) • Structural steel

27,000 tonnes • Overall steel (including reinforcement)

30,000 tonnes • Aluminium

Cladding 3,500 tonnes 93,000 m2 (1,000,000 ft2)Raised floor 1,000 tonnes • Concrete

35,000 m3 (1,236,013 ft3) • Glass

32,000 m2 (344,444 ft2) • Modules

139 • Electrical and communication cabling

Over 3,600 km (11,880,000 ft) • Electrical capacity

19,500 kVA • Stand-by generators

6 megawatts • Air-conditioning capacity

12,500 kilowatts • Construction

Began Basements - November 1981 Structural steel - January 1983Completed November 1985Phased occupation From July 1985 • Costs

HKD5,227 million • Project consultants

Architects Foster Associates Hong KongManagement contracto John Lok/Wimpey Joint VentureStructural engineers Ove Arup & PartnersServices engineers J Roger Preston & PartnersQuantity surveyors Levett & Bailey in association with Northcroft, Neighbour & Nicholson

EKSTERIOR

The building at night

to the exterior lighting of the HSBC Bank Headquarters. However, in 2003, the building

became part of the Hong Kong Tourism Board's Symphony of Lights.

You will recognize the building right away by its asymetric crosbar pattern on the outside. If you have a chance, drop in to take a look, the interior is quite striking with its wide open atrium and plenty of plants and greenery cascading from the different floors as if you were in the middle of a park. In fact, natural sunlight is the major source of lighting for the building.

INTERIOR

Lion Statues

When HSBC decided to build its third Headquarters at 1 Queen's Road Central, opened in 1935, it commissioned two bronze lions from Shanghai-based British sculptor W W Wagstaff (d 1977, aged 82). This commission was inspired by two earlier lions that had been ordered for the new Shanghai office opened in 1923. Cast by J W Singer & Sons in the English town of Frome, to a design by Henry Poole RA, these lions had quickly become part of the Shanghai scene, and passers-by would affectionately stroke the lions in the belief that power and money would rub off on them. They became known as Stephen and Stitt: an in-joke. Stephen was named for A G Stephen, formerly Manager Shanghai, and in 1923 the Chief Manager of HSBC, and G H Stitt, the then Manager Shanghai. Stephen is depicted roaring, Stitt quiescent, and again insiders said that this represented the characters of these two famous bankers.

Wagstaff worked with "Shanghai Arts and Crafts" foreman Chou Yin Hsiang who in an interview with John Loch of HSBC's house magazine "Group News" in June 1977 [10] recalled that when he first joined Arts and Crafts he worked with Wagstaff for two years to make the lions, without having to learn a word of English: Wagstaff spoke perfect Shanghai dialect. Hunch-backed, Wagstaff was nicknamed "Lao Doo Pei", meaning "Old Hunchback". His son, inevitably, was called "Sau Doo Pei" - "Young Hunchback." Wagstaff had two sons - Don,

killed in Naval service in the war, and Alex, killed while interned in Shanghai by the Japanese. Chou Yin Hsiang himself came to Hong Kong in 1935, and by 1977 was the proprietor of Jeh Hsing Metal Works - and still casting bronze for HSBC.

Like the Shanghai lions, the Hong Kong lions became objects of veneration, and focii of the Bank's perceived excellent feng shui. Young couples still bring their toddlers to stroke the paws and noses of the statues hoping for luck and prosperity.

When the 1935 building closed its doors for the last time June 26, 1981 the Lions moved to the annexe June 19, 1981 The commencement demolishion July 6, 1981 by China Swiss Engineers. The lions were temporarily moved on 4 June 1982 to Statue Square, opposite main entrance. As a mark of the respect the lions were held in, the move to Statue Square, and the move back in 1985, were accompanied by the Chairman Sir Michael Sandberg and senior management of the Bank and the placement of the lions both temporarily and in their current locations was made only after extensive consultations with feng shui practitioners.

Their 2-year sojourn in Statue Square aside, the lions have only left their positions as guardians of the Des Voeux Road entrance of the Bank once: they were confiscated by the Japanese and sent to Japan to be melted down. Luckily the war ended before this could happen, and the lions were recognised by an American sailor in a dockyard in Osaka in 1945.

They were returned a few months later and restored to their original positions in October 1946.

The Hong Kong lions are also called Stephen and Stitt, and the Hong Kong Stephen has bullet or shrapnel scars in its left hind-quarters dating from the fighting in the Battle of Hong Kong. When this pair of lions was used as the model for the pair commissioned for the new UK Headquarters of HSBC in 2002, Zambian-born New Zealand sculptor Mark Kennedy was asked not to reproduce these "war wounds" in the copies. They had to earn their own battle-scars.

The following is a list of bronze copies and re-casts of the HSBC lions:

In China:

Shanghai

(original) (1923) - sculpted

by Henry Poole RA, cast by

J W Stinger & Sons. The

originals are held by the

Shanghai Historic Museum

(which currently has no

permanent home) and are

separately on display at the

Museum's display room

under the Oriental Pearl

Tower (Stephen) and the

Shanghai Banking Museum

(Stitt), both in Lujiazui.

Hong Kong (1935) -

modelled on Shanghai

originals; sculpted by W W

Wagstaff, cast by Shanghai

Arts and Crafts.

Shanghai

(replicas) (c.1997) - copies

of Shanghai originals,

commissioned by the

government-owned Shangh

ai Pudong Development

Bank after it obtained the

former HSBC building.

Shanghai

(current) (2010) - copies

of Hong Kong lions.

In the United Kingdom

London (2001) - copies of

Hong Kong lions; cast by

Bronze Age Foundry,

Limehouse, at the direction

of Mark Kennedy.[11]

Various other HSBC branches throughout the world feature small-scaled replicas of these originals, with varying degrees of faithfulness. Other HSBC branches often feature guardian lions to different designs, such as Chinese guardian lions.

Lightning Scheme

In 2003, the Hong Kong Tourism

Board developed a harbour lighting plan called "A Symphony of Lights",[12] a large-scale

multimedia show featuring lighting, laser, music, and occasionally special pyrotechnics effects during festivals, in order to promote tourism in Hong Kong. The show is based on the illumination of key buildings on the Hong Kong Island side, and is best viewed from the Kowloon side across the Victoria Harbour. The HSBC Hong Kong headquarters building is one of the participating buildings in the show. The building has been installed with 716 intelligent lighting units, including 450 Martin Professional Cyclo 03 colour changing fluorescent fixtures in the glass stairwells, Martin Professional Exterior 600's and Exterior 200 fixtures on five levels, 8 search lights, and over one kilometre of LEDlighting around the top. Completed by mid-December 2003, the cost of installation is estimated to be HK$5.5 million.

Intelligent lighting is distributed across six sections of the building:

1. Vertical Ladder Trusses2. Exoskeleton: Inner + Outer3. Refuge Floors4. Northwest Stairwell5. Eastern Stairwells6. Roof Building Maintenance

Units

HSBC has always aimed to adopt a new lighting scheme because Foster did not pay much attention to the illumination of the building at nighttime.

CLOSINGAll in all, the large art installations complement and integrate well with the architecture and the surroundings environment. While Foster's design was certainly magnificent, not much thought was initially given 

The building at night

to the exterior lighting of the HSBC Bank Headquarters. However, in 2003, the building became part of the Hong Kong Tourism Board's Symphony of Lights.

According to records, 716 intelligent lighting units - including 450 colour changing fluorescent fixtures in the glass stairwells, 200 fixtures on five levels, 8 search lights, and over one kilometer of LED lighting around the top of the building were installed for this awesome light show.