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Read Jeppesen Section 9 B & C Gleim chapter 10 (33 questions 10 will be on
your next quiz) ASA Chapter 10 PHAK CHAPTER 15 15-21 TO 15-35 AIM SECTION 1
ASA ASA
You should have studied all of the following questions to date:– Chapter 1, 2, 3, 4-28 to 4-34, 5-1 to 5-18, 8, 9,
10, 11
Private Pilot Ground SchoolPrivate Pilot Ground School
Radio Navigation
RADIO NAVIGATIONRADIO NAVIGATION
VOR ground facilities Frequencies Aircraft VOR equipment (OBS, CDI, TO/FM) Use of equipment DME Transponder ADF
The VORThe VOR
What does VOR stand for? VHF Omni-directional range
– Omni = means all 108.0 to 117.95 MHz Operational for line of sight only Accuracy to within +/- 1˚ Morse Code is the only way to ID for sure Test -….- code is for alerting pilots when
maintenance is being done. Course or radials referenced to magnetic north
Line-of-sightLine-of-sight
Cone of ConfusionCone of Confusion
Jepp Page 9-25 Will have a NAV flag when flying in the cone
of Confusion and when the aircraft is directly abeam the station.
Also get a NAV flag anytime the VOR is not receiving a reliable signal.
VOR/SECTIONAL CHARTVOR/SECTIONAL CHART
The VOR Sure its cool, but how does it work?
The VOR Sure its cool, but how does it work?
It radiates 2 signals 1st one is in all directions (Omni-directional) 2nd one is rotated about a point (Directional) Airplane receives both signals, looks at the
difference between the 2, the result is the radial 360˚ the two signals are in phase 180˚ the two signals are out of phase by ½ 270˚ the two signals are out of phase by ¾ Read Jepp page 9-22
The VORThe VOR
Course Roughness– Irregularities caused by terrain– RPM settings may cause fluctuations
The Cone of Confusion The VOT VOR Ground Checkpoint Accuracy of the tests AFD
Above 1000 ft generally reception out to 40-45 miles
Above 1000 ft generally reception out to 40-45 miles
The VOR High Service VolumeThe VOR High Service Volume
The VOR Low Service VolumeThe VOR Low Service Volume
The VOR Terminal Service VolumeThe VOR Terminal Service Volume
VOR INDICATOR with course deviation indicator CFI
VOR INDICATOR with course deviation indicator CFI
HSI (Horizontal Situation Indicator)HSI (Horizontal Situation Indicator)
The VOR HeadThe VOR Head
The VOR OBS Omni-bearing Selector (sometimes
referred to as course selector) CDI Course Deviation Indicator The scale is 10˚ either side, each dot is 2˚ Ambiguity Indicator TO/FROM and OFF or
NAV
The VORThe VOR
The white flag is the active indication for the ambiguity indicator
RMIRMI
TRACKING/WIND 15-25TRACKING/WIND 15-25
VICTOR AIRWAYSVICTOR AIRWAYS
DME (Distance Measuring Equipment) pg 9-30
DME (Distance Measuring Equipment) pg 9-30
Freq Range 962 to 1,213 MHz Usually co-located with VOR Usually freq is paired with VOR so that
when you select VOR freq you get DME freq automatically.
DME may exist on its own or with another nav aid such as ADF but will have a VOR freq. published for access.
Required by FARs above 24,000 feet
DMEDME
DME comes in three yummy flavors: VOR/DME VORTAC TACAN
Operates in the 960-1215 MHz UHF range, transmitting in the range of 960-1024 MHz and 1151-1215 MHz and receiving in the 1025-1150 MHz range
DMEDME
DME is an active system There is a transmitter and receiver on both ends Airborne unit sends signal to ground unit Ground unit replies Airborne unit measures the time it takes 12 microseconds = 1 mile for a radio wave A pair of pulses is sent out specific to that airborne
unit Max range is 200 NM Slant range (in practical application the DME
readings can be considered accurate if the airplane is over 5 miles from the station.
DME and ground speedDME and ground speed
If doing an arc around a station GS = 0 Accurate is going to or from station.
The TransponderThe Transponder
May be thought of as a microwave transmitter/receiver.
The radar antenna is also a transmitter/receiver
It will overpower the transponder so it cycles on and off 800 times a second with a target 40 miles out
Primary radar – just picks up reflected energy
Secondary radar – picks up transponders reply
TransponderTransponder
The transponder works like this. The ground radar equipment sends out a special interrogation signal asking all aircraft, “Who are you?”. Only transponder equipped aircraft can answer. The airborne transponder picks up the signal and automatically sends back a strong pulsed signal in reply. The reply signal is computed into distance and direction (mode c altitude as well) by the ground station and is displayed with the aircraft’s target on the controllers scope.
TransponderTransponder
4096 code capability 1200 VFR 7500 unlawful interference i.e. hijacking 7600 Com failure 7700 Emergency VFR Flight Following
The ADF/NDBThe ADF/NDB
MH+RB=MB 190-415 and 510-535 KHz band
ADF ANTENNASADF ANTENNAS
Sense antenna, is a non-directional antenna that has the capability of providing directional information. Usually a long wire installed on the top of the airplane
Loop antenna, a metal ring enclosing coils of insulated wires, is usually contained within a streamlined housing mounted well forward of the underside of the fuselage. Senses magnetic bearing from the airplane to the station.
SwitchSwitch
5 positions ADF position used for navigation REC position or ANT selects only the non-
directional or sense antenna. The loop antenna and there fore the bearing selector are disconnected from the system. In this position operates as a L/MF receiver. Used for listening only or station identification.
SwitchSwitch
EXR = extended range, permitting strong reception of stations at greater distance.
BFO = Beat frequency oscillator selection provides an aural aid to tuning. It should be used only in tuning unmodulated signals, such as those broadcast by stations in some foreign countries. In North America it is not needed since modulated signals are used. In BFO the underlying morse code identifier can be heard through the audio tone of the unmodulated signal. After the station is tuned and identified, the function selector shold be repositioned to ADF
ADF SIMULATORADF SIMULATOR
http://www.luizmonteiro.com/Learning_ADF_Sim.aspx
ADF WITH FIXED CARDADF WITH FIXED CARD
USEABLE RADIUSUSEABLE RADIUS
NDB SECTIONAL CHARTSNDB SECTIONAL CHARTS
The ADF/NDBThe ADF/NDB
The ADF is in the airplane The NDB is on the ground Basically an AM radio station designed for
navigation use. If fact you can tune in AM radio stations for. NDBs usually operate in the L/MF (low to
medium frequency) of 190 to 535 kHz
The ADF/NDBThe ADF/NDB How about that switch with all the funny abbreviations? ADF puts the unit in nav mode, uses the loop (gray box)
antenna on the bottom of the aircraft and sense ANT puts the unit in receive mode and switches to the big
long antenna that goes from the top of the cabin to the tail. BFO puts the unit in Beat Frequency Oscillator. This
selection provides an aural aid to tuning. It should be used only in tuning unmodulated signals, such is in some foreign countries. The BFO allows the underlying morse code identifier to be heard through the audio tone of the unmodulated signal. After tuned you would turn back to ADF
Modulated means to change some characteristic, such as amplitured, frequency, or phase of an alternating current wave.
The ADF/NDBThe ADF/NDB
ADF interpretation MH + RB = MB to MH is given info for fixed card For moveable cards read the heading at the
top RB is the bearing measured clockwise from
the nose of the aircraft MB is the bearing measured clockwise from
North
ADF TERMSADF TERMS
ADF TRACKINGADF TRACKING
Moveable card
ADF/NDB
Moveable card
ADF/NDB The needle points to
the magnetic bearing to
To get Relative Bearing use your formula
Figure 1 MH + RB = MB to 330 + RB = 210 RB = 120 (210-330) Take 360-120 =240
RB to OUR AIRCRAFT
HAVE FIXED CARDS
Moveable card
ADF/NDB
Moveable card
ADF/NDB To get Relative
Bearing use your formula
Figure 2 MH + RB = MB to 315 + RB = 190 RB = 125 (190-
315) Take 360-125 =235
RB to
Fixed Card
ADF/NDB
Fixed Card
ADF/NDB
On these, the needle points to the RB to For MB use your formula Figure 4 MH of 320 MH + RB = MB to 320 + 225 = 545-360=185 To get the bearing from don’t forget to add 180
GPS 1-1-19GPS 1-1-19
There are 24 satellites in the constellation They sit at 10,900 miles and orbit in about 12 hours There are usually 5 that can be “seen” from anywhere on
earth The signals travel at the speed of 186,000 miles per
second This requires clocks with accuracy in the billionths of a
second (1 foot equals 1 billionth of a second) The receiver calculates a time distance problem to figure
range from a minimum of 4 satellites to determine position.
RNAVRNAV
Stands for Area Navigation Basically a VOR/DME computer You tell it a radial and a distance and it fixes
a waypoint at that location Limitations are you have to be in range of a
VOR/DME at all times GPS is replacing this equipment
ILSILS
Stands for Instrument Landing System Consists of a Localizer, which provides
course guidance and a Glideslope which provides vertical guidance.
Very accurate, to within 25 feet at the threshold
AIM FIGURE 1-1-9 on page 513
LORAN C AIM 1-1-15LORAN C AIM 1-1-15
Stands for Long Range Navigation On its way out, but is dying a hard death Works on similar principles as GPS only the
stations are ground based Additional info “LORAN-C USER
HANDBOOK” http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/loran/handbook/h-book.htm
George is in the LORAN–C West Coast Chain
ADF SAMPLE QUESITONSADF SAMPLE QUESITONS
If the MB TO the station is 040 degrees and the relative bearing is 270 degrees what is the MH?
MH+RB=MB MH+270=040 MH=040-270 MH=-230 (add 360) MH=130
SAMPLE VOR QUESTIONSSAMPLE VOR QUESTIONS
How do you determine which radial you are on off a VOR?
DG to compass, tune and identify, rotate OBS until CDI centers with a From Flag (radial you are on will be on the top)
Note: if you centered the CDI with a TO flag the radial would be read on the bottom of the VOR or 180 degrees off.
VORVOR
You are on the 125 degree radial You have the following three VOR’s One set 035 degrees full left CDI To flag 2nd set 215 degrees centered with a TO flag 3rd set 215 degrees NAV flag full scale to the
right Which VOR is the VOR that is correct of the
above example
ADF moveable card ADF moveable card
What is the relative bearing if the ADF moveable card has a HDG of 270 degrees and a MB TO of 295 degrees
Draw figure 30 #3
HANDOUTSHANDOUTS
VOR AND ADF EXERCISES
