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Homeostasis
HBS3A
Organisms need nutrients
Nutrients provide
• Energy for cellular and body activity eg movement, growth, active transport, etc
• Matter for building cell components and body structures eg cell membranes, enzymes, muscle, bone, etc
• Essential compounds eg cofactors, minerals, vitamins, for healthy functioning
Cells need energyEnergy in the cell is transported as ATP
Cells can get energy by: Respiration• Glycolysis glucose pyruvate + 2 ATP• Fermentation pyruvate lactic acid• These all occur in the cytoplasm• Transition reaction pyruvate enters
mitochondrion and the Krebs cycle • Krebs cycle – series of reactions that generates
ATP, H2O & CO2 and uses electron transport chain to generate large amounts of ATP (34 – 36 ATP)
Factors affecting rate of respiration
• Temperature as temperature increases, respiration increases, until temperature gets too high enzymes denature
• Concentration of glucose as glucose increases, respiration increases, until maximum level reached
• Concentration of oxygen as oxygen increases, respiration increases, until maximum level reached
• Concentration of wastes (eg CO2) as wastes increase, respiration decreases
Cells need to remove wastes
Most have damaging effects on the cell:
• Carbon dioxide - toxic, decreases pH
• Ammonia - toxic, increases pH
• Excess salts alters osmotic pressure – drags in water
• Excess water alters osmotic pressure – can burst cells
• Waste heat – raises body temperature
Homeostasis
Maintenance of constant internal environmentThis involves continually replacing substances as they are used up (eg glucose, oxygen) or continually removing substances as they build up (eg wastes)
Negative feedback systems
• Stimulus
• Receptor
• Modulator
• Effector
• Response
• Negative feedback
Negative feedback systems
• Stimulus change in conditions• Receptor detects the change• Modulator decides what to do about the
change• Effector part of the body that carries out
the response• Response change in activity• Negative feedback response alters the
stimulus in the opposite direction
An example of negative feedback
Stimulus
Negative feedback Receptor
Response Modulator
Effector
Exercise causes increasedtemperature
An example of negative feedbackStimulus
Negative feedback Receptor
Response Modulator
Effector
Exercise causes increasedtemperature
Brain - hypothalamus
Brain sympathetic system
Sweat glands
Sweating increases
Decreased temperature
Simple negative feedback loops
Positive and negative feedback
Cyclic control