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Homeostasis
Definition
Regulating Blood Glucose LevelSource:
Raven P. and G. Johnson 1992 Biology. Third Ed. United States: Mosby Year Publishing
Homeostasis
• Mechanisms to ensure the maintenance of a constant internal condition
• “Temperature, pH, glucose concentration and oxygen must stay very constant for cell to function efficiently” (Raven, 1992)
• To maintain homeostasis the body must constantly monitor itself and act to correct any deviation = feedback loop
Feedback Loops• Feedback loops are important components
of the nerve impulse labor and delivery and resistance to disease
• Negative Feedback:– Changes that are detected and reversed
involves negative feedback mechanisms
• Positive feedback: – Occurs when a disturbance is accentuated
Negative Feedback • Prevents the departure of a controlled
variable, e.g glucose level, pH, temperature, blood pressure, from its normal value or setpoint
• In negative feedback the actual value of a controlled variable is continuously compared with the set point
• Changes in the controlled variable trigger responses that tend to oppose the change and restore the variable to its setpoint
Stimulus (input)
Receptor Integrator Effector
Response leads to change. Change is feedback. In negative feedback, the response of the system
cancels of counteracts the original stimulus
Positive Feedback• Set in motion a chain of events that intensify
an original condition, after a limited time, the intensification reverses the change
• Associated with instability in a system
Example of Positive FeedbackChildbirth (stimulus) fetus exerts pressure on the
wall of its mother’s uterus
Hypothalamus (integrator)
Production of oxytocin (effector)
Muscles contract exerting pressure on the fetus Fetus is expelled
Regulating Blood Glucose Level• Excess glucose is absorbed by liver cells
which convert it to glycogen• When blood glucose levels drop below
normal level (set point) the liver breaks down glycogen liberating glucose to the bloodstream
• Glucose level in the fluid surrounding cells changes little over time, even if the body’s intake of glucose is concentrated within a short period of time
P erip h era l N ervou s S ys tem
In ch arg e o fM oto r
F u n c tion s
C arry s ig n a lsto an d from
S ke le ta l M u sc les ,S k in an d ten d on s
S om atic S u b d ivis ion
Peripheral Nervous System
P arasym p ath e ticN erves
S ym p ath e tic N erves
V iscera l F u n c tion sN erves th a t
ca rry s ig n a ls to an d fromin te rn a l o rg an s
A u ton om ic S u b d ivis ion
The Endocrine System
• The endocrine system is a regulatory system that includes a set of glands that release chemical messengers -hormones- directly into body fluids.
• Neurosecretory cells in endocrine organs and tissues secrete hormones.
• Chemical signals bind to specific receptor proteins (plasma membrane proteins) within target cell or on their surface and initiate a metabolic pathway.
• Only target cells respond.
The Role of the Endocrine and Nervous System in Homeostasis
• Some animals have neurosecretory cells in their brain that secrete hormones into the blood.
• There are several chemicals in the body that serve as hormones of the endocrine system and as signals in the nervous system.– Epinephrine functions as the so-called “fight or
flight” hormone and as a neurotransmitter that transmits messages between neurons.
– Epinephrine is produced by the adrenal medulla, an endocrine gland. (Campbell et al, p.893-94)
Endocrine and Nervous System Interaction
Example 1: release of milkSuckling (stimulus)
stimulate sensory cells in the nipples
nervous signals to Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus stimulates the Pituitary gland
Pituitary releases Oxytocin
Example 2:
Ca level rises above set point (stimulus)
Thyroid gland releases calcitonin
Blood calcium level falls
If Ca level falls below setpoint the Parathyroid gland release PTH
Blood Ca level rises