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Chemistry C1 Foundation Questions
Q1. Choose words from this list to complete the sentences,
ammonia carbon dioxide hydrogen nitrogen
electrical heat solar sound
(a) In air, the two most common gases are oxygen and ............................................. .
(b) When natural gas burns, energy is released mainly as .......................................... .
(c) When natural gas burns, a gas is produced which turns limewater milky.
The gas is ......................................................... . (Total 3 marks)
Q2. Sodium reacts with water to produce hydrogen gas and a solution of sodium hydroxide.
Complete the word equation for this reaction (do not use symbols or formulae).
............................. + ....................... ............................ + ........................... (Total 3 marks)
Q3. The diagram shows part of the periodic table.
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Choose from the elements shown in the table:
(a) one metal .................................................................................................................... (1)
(b) a noble gas ................................................................................................................. (1)
(c) a coloured gas ............................................................................................................ (1)
(Total 3 marks)
Q4. The diagram shows the structure of a lithium atom.
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(a) (i) What is represented by .................................................................................
(ii) What is represented by ........................................................................... (2)
(b) What is the symbol for lithium? ................................................................................ (1)
(Total 3 marks)
Q5. The gases produced when coal burns are cooled by ice and then bubbled through limewater.
(a) Complete these sentences.
(i) The coal is reacting with ................................................ when it burns.
(ii) During burning, elements in the coal are converted to compounds
called ............................................................ (2)
(b) Choose words from this list to complete the sentences.
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carbon carbon dioxide sulphur sulphur dioxide
sodium water
(i) Liquid X is a compound made from hydrogen and oxygen.
It is called .........................................................................................................
(ii) Sulphur dioxide is an acidic gas. It is given off when coal burns, because coal
contains the element .........................................................................................
(iii) Most fuels are compounds of hydrogen and ..................................................... (3)
(c) Burning coal is an exothermic reaction.
Explain what “exothermic” means.
....................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... (1)
(d) (i) Which gas turns limewater cloudy?
..........................................................................................................................
(ii) Which element in the coal is oxidised to form this gas?
.......................................................................................................................... (2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q6. Natural gas is a fuel.
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(a) Complete these sentences.
When the fuel burns completely, we cannot see the new substances produced because
they are mainly colourless ....................................................... .
The energy of the fuel is released as ........................................ . (3)
(b) Choose words from this list to complete the sentence below.
carbon carbon dioxide hydrogen nitrogen
oxygen sulphur dioxide water vapour
Three gases which can be produced when fuels burn are:
1. ...........................................................................................................................
2. ...........................................................................................................................
3. ........................................................................................................................... (3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q7. Choose words from this list to complete the sentences below.
carbonate chloride compound mixture oxide solution
(a) When two elements react, the new substance formed is called a .............................. .
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(1)
(b) The white powder formed when zinc reacts with oxygen is called zinc .......................... .
(1) (Total 2 marks)
Q8. Wax is a fuel.
A young child watched a candle burning and wondered where the wax had gone.
(a) Complete the sentence below.
When wax burns, energy is released as ...................................................................... (1)
(b) Why does the wax disappear as it burns?
.....................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... (1)
(Total 2 marks)
Q9. Choose words from this list to complete the sentences below.
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a chemical an electrical a physical hydrogen nitrogen oxygen
(a) Burning is ................................................................. change. (1)
(b) When substances burn, they are reacting with .................................... from the air. (1)
(Total 2 marks)
Q10. (a) The diagram shows the Earth’s layered structure.
Name parts (i) and (ii).
(2)
(b) The bar chart shows the composition of a sample of dry air from the Earth’s atmosphere. Name the three gases shown in the bar chart.
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(3)
(c) The Earth’s crust is a set of slow-moving plates. There are fold mountains at some places where the plates meet.
Give examples of two other types of geological features or activities which usually occur at these places.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................. (2)
(d) One carbon compound is methane. Its chemical formula is CH4.
(i) What is the name of the element which is combined with carbon in methane?
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(ii) Complete the word equation for the chemical reaction which usually takes place when methane burns.
methane +.................................. → carbon dioxide + water (1)
(Total 9 marks)
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##
The word box contains the names of some metals.
aluminium copper iron manganese zinc
(i) The drawing shows the view from a window. Choose from the names of metals in the box to complete the three spaces.
(3)
(ii) What is the name of the metal in the word box which has the chemical symbol Fe?
..................................................................................................................................... (1)
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(iii) What is the name of one metal in the word box which often has coloured compounds?
..................................................................................................................................... (1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q12. Crude oil and natural gas are mixtures of hydrocarbons. They are obtained from wells drilled into rocks where they are trapped.
(a) (i) What is the name of the process used to separate the different hydrocarbons in crude oil?
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(ii) Methane is one of the gases obtained when crude oil is separated.
Give the name of another hydrocarbon gas obtained from this process.
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(b) A fuel used in gas cookers is natural gas. It is mainly methane, CH4.
(i) Complete the word equation for the complete combustion of methane.
methane + oxygen → .................................... + .............................................. (2)
(ii) What different gas is produced by the incomplete combustion of methane?
......................................................................................................................... (1)
(Total 5 marks)
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Q13. (a) Air is a mixture of gases. The pie chart shows the percentages, by volume, of the main gases in dry air. Complete the chart by adding the names of these three gases.
(3)
(b) Complete each of the four spaces in the sentences by choosing the best word from the box.
condenses condensing evaporates evaporating
melts sea trees vapour
The air in the atmosphere above this country always contains ................................ .
Most of this is the result of water ................................ from the surface of the
................................. . Some of it ................................ to form millions of tiny
drops of water in clouds. (4)
(c) Thousands of millions of years ago the Earth’s early atmosphere was formed. Complete the following sentence.
The carbon dioxide in this early atmosphere probably came from ...........................
.................................................................................................................................. . (1)
(Total 8 marks)
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Q14. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons can be separated and some of them can be used to make other useful products.
(a) Complete the sentence.
Hydrocarbons are made up of ................................ atoms and ................................ atoms.
(2)
(b) How are the small and large hydrocarbon molecules in crude oil separated?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... (2)
(c) The diagram shows that one useful product of cracking is fuels. Name one of the other useful products.
..................................................................................................................................... (1)
(Total 5 marks)
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Q15. The table shows the composition of some crude oil.
Fraction Percentage in crude oil
Gases 3
Petrol 7
Naphtha 10
Kerosine 15
Gas oil 20
Fuel oil 45
(a) Complete the pie chart for the composition of this crude oil. Remember to label the chart.
(3)
(b) The diagram shows the process of separating a different sample of crude oil into fractions.
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(i) What is the name given to this process?
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(ii) Which fraction has the lowest boiling point?
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(iii) Which fraction is the least volatile?
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q16. The diagram shows an atom.
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(a) On the diagram, write the names of structures A, B, C and D. (4)
(b) To which Group of the periodic table does this atom belong?
.....................................................................................................................................
Give one reason for your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... (2)
(c) Name the element which is made up of this type of atom.
..................................................................................................................................... (1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q17. (a) Helium is used to fill party balloons.
Which two of the following are properties that make helium suitable for filling party balloons?
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Place a tick ( ) in the box against each suitable property.
Coloured
Exists as individual atoms
Less dense than air
Poor conductor of heat
Very unreactive (2)
(b) The table shows the names of some gases.
Use the correct formulae from the box to complete the table. The first one has been done for you.
CH4 CO2 H2 HCl NH3 O2
Gas Formula
Oxygen O2
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen chloride
Ammonia
(3) (Total 5 marks)
Q18. Crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation.
The table gives information about some of the fractions.
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Fraction
Boiling point
range in °C
Number of carbon atoms per molecule
Gas Below 20 1 – 4
Petrol 20 – 100 5 – 10
Paraffin 100 – 250 11 – 15
Diesel 250 – 350 16 – 20
Lubricant 350 – 500 21 – 35
Bitumen Above 500 Above 35
(a) What is the relationship between the boiling point of a fraction and the number of carbon atoms in its molecules?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Give one further difference, other than boiling point, between diesel and paraffin that also depends on the number of carbon atoms in their molecules.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) All the fractions contain hydrocarbons.
Name the two elements in a hydrocarbon.
............................... and ............................... (1)
(Total 3 marks)
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Q19. Propane has a small, hydrocarbon molecule, so it is used as a fuel.
(a) Complete the sentences by choosing the correct words from the box.
carbohydrate high hydrogen
hydroxide low volatile
Propane is a hydrocarbon with a .................................... boiling point. Propane is a
hydrocarbon because it is made of .................................. and carbon only. (2)
(b) Describe, in as much detail as you can, what happens when propane burns.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... (3)
(Total 5 marks)
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Q20. The periodic table on the Data Sheet might help you to answer this question.
Diagrams A – D show models of four different molecules.
Complete the table to give the name and the formula of each of the molecules A – D.
The first one has been done for you.
Molecule Name Formula
A Hydrogen H2
B
C
D
(Total 6 marks)
##
Sando-K is a medicine. It is given to people whose bodies contain too little of a particular element.
Sando-K is a mixture of two compounds. The formulae of the two compounds are given below.
KHCO3 KCl
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(a) Use the Data Sheet to help you to name all the elements in these compounds.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... (3)
(b) Which metal do people given Sando-K need?
..................................................................................................................................... (1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q22. A teacher carried out an experiment to study car engine oil. The experiment was carried out in a fume cupboard and the teacher wore plastic gloves. The oil was poured through a funnel. The time taken for all the oil to go through the funnel was measured. The experiment was repeated with the oil at different temperatures.
(a) What two safety precautions were taken in the experiment?
1 ................................................................................................................................
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2 ................................................................................................................................ (1)
(b) The results of the experiment are shown in the table below.
(i) Plot the results on the graph paper. One of the results has been plotted for you. Join the points in a smooth curve.
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(3)
(ii) Use your graph to find the time it would take the oil to travel through the funnel at 37 °C.
Time = ....................................... seconds (1)
(iii) How does the time taken for the oil to go through the funnel change when the temperature is increased?
...........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................... (1)
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(c) An engine oil must be viscous enough to stop the metal parts of the engine from rubbing against each other. It must not be too viscous or the parts cannot move freely.
(i) Complete the sentences below.
The more viscous a liquid is, the less easily it .......................................... .
As the liquid gets hotter it gets ...................................................... viscous. (2)
(ii) Why should the oil in a car engine not be allowed to get too hot?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(Total 9 marks)
Q23. Hot air balloons are used mainly for pleasure trips.
(a) Air is a mixture of gases. Complete the table. (Carbon dioxide has been done for you.)
Gas Chemical formula % in air
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nitrogen 78
oxygen O2
argon 0.9
carbon dioxide CO2 0.03
(3)
(b) The air in the balloon is heated using a propane burner. Propane, C3H8, is a hydrocarbon that burns in air forming carbon dioxide, CO2, and water, H2O.
(i) What does hydrocarbon mean?
...........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(ii) Which gas, in the air, reacts with propane when it burns?
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(iii) What type of chemical reaction happens when a hydrocarbon burns?
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(iv) The formation of more carbon dioxide causes global problems. Explain why.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................... (2)
(Total 8 marks)
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Q24. About 100 years ago a scientist called J. J. Thomson thought that an atom was a ball of positive charge with negative particles stuck inside. Today a different model is used. The diagram shows how an atom of carbon is represented by this model.
(a) The negative particles are called electrons.
(i) What is the name of the positive particles ?
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(ii) What particle is represented by ●?
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(iii) What is the central part of the atom called that contains both and ●?
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(b) Use the model to explain why the six electrons are arranged as shown.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................... (2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q25. In the flasks are the particles of four different gases. (Each circle represents an atom.)
(a) Which diagram represents
(i) oxygen, O2 .................................. (1)
(ii) steam, H2O ................................. (1)
(b) The gases in A and B are elements and the gases in C and D are compounds. Explain why.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... (3)
(Total 5 marks)
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Q26. An old lime kiln made in the ground is shown.
(a) The thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate makes a white solid and carbon dioxide.
(i) Name a naturally occurring form of calcium carbonate.
...........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(ii) What does thermal decomposition mean?
...........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................... (2)
(iii) Suggest and explain the purpose of the coal.
...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................... (2)
(iv) Write a word equation for the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate.
................................... → ................................... + .................................... (2)
(b) The diagrams show what happens when drops of cold water are added to the white solid formed by heating calcium carbonate.
(ii) What type of chemical reaction takes place?
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(ii) Give the chemical name of the solid formed. Give a use of this solid.
Name ................................................................................................................
Use ................................................................................................................... (2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q27. The diagram shows the reaction of hydrogen molecules with oxygen molecules to form water molecules.
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(i) In the empty box draw one oxygen molecule. (1)
(ii) Why are hydrogen and oxygen called elements?
.....................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... (1)
(iii) Why is water called a compound?
.....................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... (2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q28. In the carbon cycle the amounts of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the air are changed by several processes.
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(a) The names of some processes are given in the box below.
combustion decomposition neutralisation
photosynthesis respiration
Choose the correct process for each box in the diagram. The first one has been done for you.
(2)
(b) Fossil fuels, such as natural gas, react with oxygen.
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
.......................... + oxygen → carbon dioxide + ..........................
Complete the word equation for this reaction (2)
(c) What problem is caused by the formation of large amounts of carbon dioxide?
.....................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... (1)
(Total 5 marks)
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Q29. The table shows some information about alkanes.
Name Formula Relative formula mass Boiling point in °C
methane CH4 16 –160
ethane C2H6 30 –90
propane 44 –40
butane C4H10 58
pentane C5H12 72 36
hexane C6H14 86 68
(a) Give the formula of propane.
................................................................................................................................... (1)
(b) (i) What happens to the boiling points of the alkanes as the relative formula mass increases?
......................................................................................................................... (1)
(ii) Draw a graph. Plot the points and draw a best fit line.
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(3)
(iii) What is the boiling point of butane?
......................................................................................................................... (1)
(iv) Show clearly on the graph how you found the boiling point of butane. (1)
(c) Circle which of the following is not an alkane.
C71116 C9H18 C11H24 C24H50
(1) (Total 8 marks)
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Q30. Fractional distillation is used to separate fractions in the crude oil mixture.
(a) Draw a line to join each fraction to its use as a fuel. One line has been drawn for you.
(2)
(b) (i) Why does petrol separate from the other fractions in the crude oil mixture?
..........................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................... (1)
(ii) Petrol contains the elements carbon and hydrogen only.
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Which two of the substances in the diagram are formed when petrol burns?
1 ...................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................. (2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q31. The uses of elements depend on their properties.
(a) Carbon and iron are both elements. What is an element?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ (1)
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(b) Complete the sentences by crossing out the words that are wrong. The first one has been done for you.
(2)
(c) In the box are the names of three metals.
copper iron sodium
Which one of these is not a good metal for making the cooking pot? Give a reason for your answer.
Metal ......................................................................................................................
Reason ....................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ (2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q32. The diagram shows a light bulb.
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(a) (i) An argon atom has the structure shown. Use the words in the box to label the particles in the atom. Each word should only be used once.
electron neutron proton
(2)
(ii) Argon is unreactive. Why?
.....................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................... (1)
(b) Oxygen would not be a suitable gas to use in a light bulb. Explain why.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ (2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q33. The diagrams show the electronic arrangement of the atoms of two elements.
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(i) Name the part of the atoms labelled X.
.................................................................................................................................... (1)
(ii) Why are these two elements in the same group of the Periodic Table?
....................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... (1)
(Total 2 marks)
Q34. Some gas cookers burn natural gas, methane. Methane, CH4, is a hydrocarbon.
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(a) What is meant by hydrocarbon?
....................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... (2)
(b) When methane burns there must be a good supply of air.
(i) Complete the word equation by choosing the correct two chemicals from the box.
carbon dioxide hydrogen oxygen water
methane + oxygen → ....................................... + ............................................ (2)
(ii) Without a good supply of air, carbon monoxide is formed. Why is carbon monoxide a dangerous gas?
..........................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................... (1)
(Total 5 marks)
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Q35. Some gas cookers burn natural gas, methane. Methane, CH4, is a hydrocarbon.
(a) What is meant by hydrocarbon?
....................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... (2)
(b) When methane burns there must be a good supply of air.
(i) Complete the word equation by choosing the correct two chemicals from the box.
carbon dioxide hydrogen oxygen water
methane + oxygen → ....................................... + ............................................ (2)
(ii) Without a good supply of air, carbon monoxide is formed. Why is carbon monoxide a dangerous gas?
..........................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................... (1)
(Total 5 marks)
