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Page 1: Home | Earth-prints...uvz qJqGp] L saHJ9t6GD[uv@06.KMwJ2axCXYz{9t6J;>K{|U?6.8:U?6 } ;>=GILd 2;>@0 p Printed on Earth-Science Reviews 65 (2004) 195-222. This copy differs from the printed

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Page 35: Home | Earth-prints...uvz qJqGp] L saHJ9t6GD[uv@06.KMwJ2axCXYz{9t6J;>K{|U?6.8:U?6 } ;>=GILd 2;>@0 p Printed on Earth-Science Reviews 65 (2004) 195-222. This copy differs from the printed

Distance (km)

SW NE

40°

41°

15° 16°

Fig. 1

-10-10

-0-0

00 1010 2020 3030

Dep

th (k

m)

Page 36: Home | Earth-prints...uvz qJqGp] L saHJ9t6GD[uv@06.KMwJ2axCXYz{9t6J;>K{|U?6.8:U?6 } ;>=GILd 2;>@0 p Printed on Earth-Science Reviews 65 (2004) 195-222. This copy differs from the printed

Dep

th (k

m)

Distance (km)

A A’

43° 0

0’43

° 06’

43° 00’43° 06’

12° 48’ 13° 00’

(a)

(b)

M 5.5≥5.5>M 4≥4>M 2≥

Fig. 2

Page 37: Home | Earth-prints...uvz qJqGp] L saHJ9t6GD[uv@06.KMwJ2axCXYz{9t6J;>K{|U?6.8:U?6 } ;>=GILd 2;>@0 p Printed on Earth-Science Reviews 65 (2004) 195-222. This copy differs from the printed

Fig. 3

May 6

NS

13° 14°

46°

45°

Italy

Austria

Slov. Shocks between:

May 10 and 14

September 30 andOctober 10

Dep

th (k

m)

0

5

10

15

20

Udi

ne

Gem

ona

Mog

gio

U.

Mesozoic

QuaternaryTertiary

September 15

Page 38: Home | Earth-prints...uvz qJqGp] L saHJ9t6GD[uv@06.KMwJ2axCXYz{9t6J;>K{|U?6.8:U?6 } ;>=GILd 2;>@0 p Printed on Earth-Science Reviews 65 (2004) 195-222. This copy differs from the printed

α α'

α α'

(a)

(b)

(c)

Levelling route

Fig. 4

Page 39: Home | Earth-prints...uvz qJqGp] L saHJ9t6GD[uv@06.KMwJ2axCXYz{9t6J;>K{|U?6.8:U?6 } ;>=GILd 2;>@0 p Printed on Earth-Science Reviews 65 (2004) 195-222. This copy differs from the printed

5 km

1234

AA’

N

100

km

62°N

124°W A A’

(b)(a)

123

4

Fig. 5

Page 40: Home | Earth-prints...uvz qJqGp] L saHJ9t6GD[uv@06.KMwJ2axCXYz{9t6J;>K{|U?6.8:U?6 } ;>=GILd 2;>@0 p Printed on Earth-Science Reviews 65 (2004) 195-222. This copy differs from the printed

*

foreshock and 1st

subevent

2nd

subevent

3rd

subevent

4thsubevent

Fig. 6

Page 41: Home | Earth-prints...uvz qJqGp] L saHJ9t6GD[uv@06.KMwJ2axCXYz{9t6J;>K{|U?6.8:U?6 } ;>=GILd 2;>@0 p Printed on Earth-Science Reviews 65 (2004) 195-222. This copy differs from the printed

0 20km

43.2 43.643.4 43.8 44 44.2

N

44.2

44.4

44.6

Magnitude

M=6.0

M=5.0M=4.0M=3.0M=2.0M=1.0

B

B’

A

A’

12

BB’0

20

Dep

th

AA’0

20

Dep

th

3

4

(a)

(b) (c)

1

2

3

4

Fig. 7

Page 42: Home | Earth-prints...uvz qJqGp] L saHJ9t6GD[uv@06.KMwJ2axCXYz{9t6J;>K{|U?6.8:U?6 } ;>=GILd 2;>@0 p Printed on Earth-Science Reviews 65 (2004) 195-222. This copy differs from the printed

-123° 38’ -123° 37’

49° 15’

49° 14’

Magnitude

0 0.5

km 0

5S

NNS

3 km

0

2

4

6

(a)

(b)

13

Depth (km

)

2

4

N

Fig. 8

Page 43: Home | Earth-prints...uvz qJqGp] L saHJ9t6GD[uv@06.KMwJ2axCXYz{9t6J;>K{|U?6.8:U?6 } ;>=GILd 2;>@0 p Printed on Earth-Science Reviews 65 (2004) 195-222. This copy differs from the printed

Distance (km)

Dep

th (k

m)

A'

Forli'

Faenza

0 10kmA

A'

44°1

8'44

°06'

11°48' 12°00'

0 10 30 40-20

0

Fig. 9

ANESW

(a) (b)(c)

Page 44: Home | Earth-prints...uvz qJqGp] L saHJ9t6GD[uv@06.KMwJ2axCXYz{9t6J;>K{|U?6.8:U?6 } ;>=GILd 2;>@0 p Printed on Earth-Science Reviews 65 (2004) 195-222. This copy differs from the printed

SantaMonicacluster

MainshockHolserCluster

Distance (km)100 20 30 40 50

Dep

th (k

m)

0

Malibu

Santa Monica Cluster

NorthridgeMainshock

SW

NE118° 40’ 30’

34° 0

0’34

° 20’

20

NESW

Elysian Park T.

Santa

Monica T.

Pico T.1

2

3

4

Fig. 10

Page 45: Home | Earth-prints...uvz qJqGp] L saHJ9t6GD[uv@06.KMwJ2axCXYz{9t6J;>K{|U?6.8:U?6 } ;>=GILd 2;>@0 p Printed on Earth-Science Reviews 65 (2004) 195-222. This copy differs from the printed

Dep

th

StressNon-tectonic

Dep

th

StressTectonic

σ ρ λv= gz(1- )

σ ν ν ρ λh=[ /(1- )] gz(1- )

σ ρ λv= gz(1- )

σht=[ /(1- )] gz(1- )+Tν ν ρ λ

σσ

h1

σh=

3

with T constant with depth

Fig. 11

(a) (b)

σ σ (1− 3 compressional)

σ σ (1− 3 extensional)

Page 46: Home | Earth-prints...uvz qJqGp] L saHJ9t6GD[uv@06.KMwJ2axCXYz{9t6J;>K{|U?6.8:U?6 } ;>=GILd 2;>@0 p Printed on Earth-Science Reviews 65 (2004) 195-222. This copy differs from the printed

Dep

th

StressNon-tectonic

Dep

th

StressTectonic

σ σv h= = gz(1- )ρ λ

σ ρ λv= gz(1- )

σht= +Tσv

σσ

h1

=

σσ

h=3

with T constant with depth(a) (b)

Fig. 12

σ σ (1− 3 compressional)

σ σ (1− 3 extensional)

Page 47: Home | Earth-prints...uvz qJqGp] L saHJ9t6GD[uv@06.KMwJ2axCXYz{9t6J;>K{|U?6.8:U?6 } ;>=GILd 2;>@0 p Printed on Earth-Science Reviews 65 (2004) 195-222. This copy differs from the printed

Mpanormal stresssh

ear s

tress

A B

σ1

Mpanormal stress

shea

r stre

ss

A B

σ1σ3σ3

(a) (b)AB

A B

Fig. 13

Page 48: Home | Earth-prints...uvz qJqGp] L saHJ9t6GD[uv@06.KMwJ2axCXYz{9t6J;>K{|U?6.8:U?6 } ;>=GILd 2;>@0 p Printed on Earth-Science Reviews 65 (2004) 195-222. This copy differs from the printed

Mpanormal stress

shea

r stre

ss

A B

σ1

Mpanormal stress

shea

r stre

ss

A B

σ1σ3σ3

(a) (b) BABA

Fig. 14

Page 49: Home | Earth-prints...uvz qJqGp] L saHJ9t6GD[uv@06.KMwJ2axCXYz{9t6J;>K{|U?6.8:U?6 } ;>=GILd 2;>@0 p Printed on Earth-Science Reviews 65 (2004) 195-222. This copy differs from the printed

σv

σh

South Africa

σv

σh min (Mpa)

σh

US Basins

σv

Canada

Japan

Fig. 15

(a)

(c)

(d)

(b)

1

0

2

3

4

5D

epth

(km

)

20 40 60 80

15 MPa/km

24 MPa/km

Sandstone, shaleGranite

26.5 MPa/km

ShminShmax

Horizontal stresses (Mpa)

1

2

Dep

th (k

m)

010 30 50 70 90

ShminShmax

Horizontal stresses (Mpa)10 30 50 70 90 110 130

1

2

Dep

th (k

m)

27.5 MPa/km

ShminShmax

Horizontal stresses (Mpa)

20 40 60 80 1000 120 140 160

25 30 35 401640

1650

1660m

Mpa

Dep

th (m

)

1000

2000

5

10 App

roxi

mat

e de

pth

(km

)

Effe

ctiv

e m

ean

stre

ss (M

pa)

50

0

100

150

200

Fenton HillCornwallDixie valleyCajon PassSiljanKTB

Differential stress (Mpa)0 50 100 150 200

µ=1.0µ=0.6

µ=0.2

(e)

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Dep

th

StressTectonic

σ ρ λv= gz(1- )

σ σh 1=

σ σh= 3

Fig. 16

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Elevation (m)

Alps

Apennines

Dinarides

Apenninic

front

Alpine front

Fig. 17

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0 100 200

km

280° 290° 300°

-36°

-32°

-28°

-20°

0 200

km

Chi

lean

And

es

Nazca P late S outh

America

Elevation (m) -800

0

-200

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

9000

Fig. 18

-24°

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0100200

km

20°

30°

40°

0 200

km

Elevation (m) -800

0

-200

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

9000

India

As ia

H imalaya

T ibet

T arim bas in

Pa mirs

T ien S han

Fig. 19

70° 80° 90°