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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
1
Chapter 2Chapter 2
Journal Entry #5Copy AND Answer
January 26, 2012Thursday
Write at least 2 examples of faulty reasoning.EX: (From history of science, common
superstitions, from your own experience, urban legends, etc….)
--------------------------------------------------------
Place H.W. on your desk
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
2
Chapter 2Chapter 2
Game Plan for Today:
1. Return N.B. Checks
2.Begin Chapter 2:1
3.Explanation of Friday Forum/Research Paper4.Chapter 2:2
If time permits
-
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Guest Speaker Tomorrow!!
3
Chapter 2Chapter 2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
4
Chapter 2PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS
Section 1: Conducting Research
Section 2: Surveys, Samples, and Populations
Section 3: Methods of Observation
Section 4: The Experimental Method
Section 5: Ethical Issues
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
5
Chapter 2Chapter 2
Chapter 2: Section 1
Conducting Research
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
6
Chapter 2Chapter 2
Main Objective:
List AND explain the steps scientists follow in conducting scientific research.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
7
Chapter 2Chapter 2
STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
1. Form a question (posing a question based on experience, psychological theory or common knowledge)
* Construct: Cannot be seen or measured (EX: anxiety)…Therefore, research questions directed toward behavior.
Section 1: Conducting Research
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
2. Form a hypothesis (making an educated guess). Worded in an “If” / “Then” statement.EX: If I brush my teeth, then I can prevent cavities.
3. Test the hypothesis (examining the evidence through any of a variety of means)
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
4. Analyze Results (looking for patterns or relationships in the evidence)…you ask what findings mean.
5. Draw a conclusion (determining whether the findings support the hypothesis and adjusting it if they do not)
Section 1: Conducting Research
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
10
Chapter 2Chapter 2
Replication:
For the findings of a study to be confirmed, the study must be replicated the study must be repeated– and it must produce the same results as before.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
The Sound of Crying- short clip Introduction: The sound of a baby crying is
among the MOST INTERESTING noises in the world. In this segment from 1981, researchers perform an experiment to find out whether the parents of a crying baby experience more stressful reaction to the noise than other people do.
Describe the method and the outcome of the experiment performed in the video.
11
Chapter 2Chapter 2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
12
Chapter 2Chapter 2
ESPExtraSensory Perception
EX: card-guessing Reading another person's
mind (telepathy) and Predicting the future
(precognition).
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
13
Chapter 2Chapter 2
Did you know that I had psychic powers???
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
How do researchers make sure that their findings are correct????
Animals: Different animals/ female vs. male
Humans: Use different sex; ages; ethnicity; socioeconomic
status; education level; geographic settings; etc….
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
New Questions:
New research questions can develop.
Process must start ALL OVER again…beginning with another hypothesis.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
16
Chapter 2Chapter 2
Let’s go over the homework!!!
Pg. 29 (#1-3)
Did you find an
article????
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Explanation of Friday Forum/Research Paper/Checkpoint Guidelines
Sign-Ups Tomorrow
17
Chapter 2Chapter 2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Skip to Slide #21
18
Chapter 2Chapter 2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Journal Entry #7Copy AND Answer
August 30, 2010 (Monday)
Go back to your article from #3 (Pg. 29). Briefly describe your article AND explain how the writer(s) would obtain their information and what factors would influence how valid and reliable the writers’ claims are.
19
Chapter 2Chapter 2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Please take your seat!January 30, 2012--- Monday
20
Chapter 2Chapter 2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Game Plan for Today: Sign-up for Topics Chapter 2:2
Surveys, Samples, and Populations
Assign H.W. Statistical Activity
M&M’s
Reminders:
Chapter 2:3 & 2:4 handouts needed!
Open House tomorrow (6:00-7:00)
21
Chapter 2Chapter 2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Friday Forum Sign-Ups
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
23
Chapter 2Chapter 2
Chapter 2: Section 2
Surveys, Samples, and Populations
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
24
Chapter 2Chapter 2
Main Objective:
Explain the survey method and the importance of proper sampling.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Distribution of OVERALL concepts of Chapter 2
25
Chapter 2Chapter 2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
26
Chapter 2Chapter 2
The Survey Method
Survey:People are asked to respond to a series of
questions about a particular subject.
EX: Interviews; questionnairesCan lead to inaccurate answers.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Example of a Survey…
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
How often do you brush your teeth?
How long do you brush your teeth?
How much toothpaste do you use?
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Populations and Samples:
Target population: The whole group you want to study or
describe.
Researchers study a sample, which is only part of the target population.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Selecting Samples: Sample should be as similar as possible to the
target population.
Researchers use a random sample: Individuals are selected by chance from the target
population. (EX: pulling names out of a hat)GOAL: represent the whole population if large
enough.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Samples (continued):
Stratified Sample: Subgroups in the population are represented
proportionally in the sample.
EX: Including specific ethnic groups/races within a sample.
Surveying 2 groups Boys & Girls
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Generalizing Results: If impossible to obtain random or stratified sample, then must
be cautious about generalizing findings to groups other than those from which samples were drawn.
EX: If researchers found that men prefer certain types of cars, the researchers could NOT conclude that women prefer those same types of cars if the study did not include women.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Volunteer Bias:
Bias: Predisposition to a certain point of view.
Volunteer bias: The concept that people who volunteer to participate in research studies often differ from those who do not volunteer. EX: May be more willing to disclose personal
information; more interested in research
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Let’s Go Over Homework!
Pg. 34 (#1-3)
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Homework due tomorrow:
Psychological Methods worksheet
35
Chapter 2Chapter 2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
36
Chapter 2Chapter 2
It’s Sample Time!!!
M & M’s
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Step 5
# Brown: % # Red: % # Yellow: % # Green: % # Orange: % # Blue: %
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
M&M Statistics:
PLAIN M&M’s: 30% Brown 20% each for red and yellow 10% each for green, orange, and blue
---------------------------------------------------------
PEANUT M&M’s: 20% each for blue, brown, red, and yellow 10% each for green and orange
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Journal Entry #6:Copy AND Answer
January 30th /31st , 2012Monday/Tuesday
List the 6 methods of observation.
Describe 2 of these methods!
(Pg. 34-40 will help if needed)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Place H.W. on your desk!
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Game Plan for Today:
Go over H.W. Psychological Methods worksheet
Chapter 2:3 Methods of Observation
Activity: Personality Testing Naturalistic Testing
40
Chapter 2Chapter 2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
41
Chapter 2Chapter 2
Chapter 2: Section 3
Methods of Observation
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
42
Chapter 2Chapter 2
Main Objective
Compare and contrast various methods of observation, and discuss the use of correlation in analyzing results.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
43
Chapter 2Chapter 2
Several Observational Methods:
1. Testing Method
2. Case-Study Method
3. Longitudinal
4. Cross-Sectional Methods
5. Naturalistic-Observation Method
6. Laboratory-Observation Method
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
1. The Testing Method:
Psychological tests to learn about human behavior.Intelligence testsPersonality tests
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
45
Chapter 2Chapter 2
Let’s test your personality!!
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
46
Chapter 2Chapter 2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGnYw-OuCnI
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
47
Chapter 2Chapter 2
Sit with other members that represent your character and answer the following questions:
List 3 things you must have in your life in order to be happy. List 3 characteristics that describes your personality. List 3 things that annoy you. List 3 things you do for fun. How do you study for a test? (if you study) What would you do in the following scenario?:
You have a last minute research assignment due in class the next day that counts as much as 2 test grades. It could take you ALL NIGHT LONG to complete. However, there is a HUGE game at school that night at 7:00 with all of your friends going. What do you do?
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Lucy
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Charlie Brown
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Linus:
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Snoopy:
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
6 Methods of Observation:
Testing Method Case-Study Method Longitudinal Method Cross-Sectional Methods Naturalistic-Observation Method Laboratory-Observation Method
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
2. The Case-Study Method:
An in-depth investigation of an individual or a small group.EX: Sigmund Freud interviewed patients
for many years.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Example of Case Study:
Genie Locked in room at 20 months old Rescued at 13 years old Limited social contact Never fully developed speech. CONCLUSION:
Special language-learning period in childhood. Is replication ethical????
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Problems with Case Studies:
Not remembering details.Distort past to impress researcherResearchers may encourage client to
answer in certain way.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
3. Longitudinal Methods
LONGitudinal method: Researchers select a group of participants and then
observe those participates over a period of time, often years or even decades.EX: studying improvement of language over time.
Researchers must be VERY PATIENT!!
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
4. Cross-Sectional Method:A method of research that looks at
different age groups at the same time in order to understand changes that occur during the life span. (less reliable than long. study)
EX: If studying languages, then will study the following age groups at the SAME time:
12-months old; 14 months-old; 16 months-old
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
5. Naturalistic-Observation Method:
Also called field study The study of behavior in naturally occurring
situations without manipulation or control on the part of the observer.
EX: Observing differences in eating habits in restaurant between obese and slender people.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Activity Time:
Naturalistic ObservationsNeed TWO volunteers!
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Differences between Casual vs. Systematic Observations:
(2 minutes)
Distinguishing between observation and inference moves us toward the process of systematic observation. Systematic observation is setting up our study so that we eliminate or reduce bias.
We set up decision rules ahead of time that reduce inferences. A decision rule is a procedure set in place before we begin data collection. We construct our observational research in such a way that if someone else did it, under the same or similar circumstances, they would come up with the same result. In order to do this, our procedure and decision rules must be clearly described.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Let’s do a little experiment:1 minute
Close your eyes and imagine that insects are crawling on you skin!!!
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Speculate on the reason for this activity and the role that the 2 observers played.
(1 minute)
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Teaching the Complexity of Naturalistic Observation:
Counting Fidgets
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
What could have been done to improve data collection???
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
A Few Suggestions!!
1. Set definition of a fidget.2. Create a videotape of the scene to be recorded would allow
observers to discuss the criteria so that all observers are recorded in similar ways.
3. May miss fidgets while recording data.4. Different vantage points of room.5. Students may try to figure out the purpose and change their
behaviors either to be helpful or to resist intrusive observation of their behaviors.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Is Naturalistic Observations Really that Easy????
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
6. Laboratory-Observation Method:
The study of behavior in a controlled situation. Animals usually studies in this setting!
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Analyzing Observations:
Correlation: A measure of how closely one thing is related to
another.
EX: The taller you are, the more
likely you can reach items on
the top shelf.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Positive and Negative Correlation:
Positive Correlation: A relationship between variables in which one
variable increases as the other variable also increases.EX: People who have a higher need for achievement
achieve higher salaries.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Negative Correlation: An unpleasant stimulus between two variables in
which one variable increases as the other variable decreases.EX: The greater the stress, the poorer the
health.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Limits of Correlation:
Correlation DESCRIBES relationships…it does NOT reveal CAUSE and EFFECT.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Homework: (PART I)Due Tomorrow!!
Pg. 40
(#1-3)
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Homework (PART II) Read Enabling Undermines Responsibility in Students. Write/type an essay that describes the correlation (whether
positive OR negative) between enabling and student success. You may use quotes from the article, but you must CITE your
work! Requirements:
Introduction: 3-5 sentences introducing main ideas. Last sentence must be thesis statement (overall idea of paper)
Body: 15-20 sentences answering the question above Conclusion: Restating your main ideas. Reference Page: APA format MUST be used!
Counts as TWO quiz grades!!!! Due Date: Friday (February 3, 2012)
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Create a Speech:Just Discuss!!
Imagine that you have been invited by the American Psychological Association to present a speech to the APA members titled “The Importance of Using Diverse Samples of Psychological Research”. Write a speech you would give!! At least 15 sentences!! Best speech will receive bonus points on Chapter 2
Test!
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Place homework on your desk!!
Pg. 40 (#1-3) Essays due Friday!
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Go Over Homework!
Pg. 40 (#1-3)
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Presentation of Speeches!(5 minute prep)
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Journal Entry #7Copy AND Answer
February 1, 2012Wednesday
Is Naturalistic Observations Really that Easy???? EXPLAIN!
Hint Hint: Think about “Fidget” activity from yesterday?
----------------------------------------------------------
Place H.W. on your desk (Pg. 40…#1-3)
78
Chapter 2Chapter 2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Game Plan for Today:
Go over H.W. Pg. 40
Chapter 2:4 The Experimental Method
Activity Assign tonight’s H.W.
79
Chapter 2Chapter 2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
REMINDER:
Essay due FRIDAY
2 quiz grades
Need instructions???
(On E-Chalk as well)
80
Chapter 2Chapter 2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 2 Test +
Notebook CheckMONDAY!
(February 6, 2012)
81
Chapter 2Chapter 2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Chapter 2: Section 4
The Experimental Method
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Main Objective:
Describe the purpose and elements of an experiment.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
The Experimental Method:
Experiment: A controlled scientific procedure to determine
whether certain variables manipulated by the researcher have an effect on other variables.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Independent and Dependent Variables:
Variables: Factors that are measured or controlled in a scientific study.
Independent Variable: Factor that researchers manipulate/change so that they can
determine its effect. Dependent Variable:
Factor that is being measured and that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
EXAMPLES:
Can warm temperatures cause aggression in humans? Independent variable: Temperature Dependent variable: Level of aggression
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Experimental and Control Groups:
Experimental groups: The participants who receive the treatment.
Control group: The group that does not receive the treatment.
Controlled Experiment: Includes both experimental AND control groups.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Examples:
Do extracurricular activities make a difference in grades??? All factors—such as educational background—
would be the same for all members.Experimental group: Be involved in activities.Controlled group: NOT involved in activities
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Would it be possible to conduct a controlled experiment??
Do people who undergo therapy feel better, or feel better faster, than people who do not?
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
The Placebo Effect:
Placebo: A substance or treatment that has NO effect apart
from a person’s belief in it.EX: “Sugar pill”
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Single-Blind Studies:
Participants do not know whether they are in the experimental group or the control group.
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Double-Blind Studies:
An experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo. EX: Food and Drug Administration
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Central Tendency and Dispersion:
Central Tendency: Mean: average score Median: middle score Mode: most frequent score
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Dispersion: Range: Lowest score is subtracted from the
highest.
Standard deviation:Measure of distance of every score to the mean.
The larger the standard deviation, the more spread out the scores are!!
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Let’s do a little math!!
6 students got 7 out of 10 questions correct on test. 2 students got 10 correct One student got 5 correct
5 7 7 7 7 7 7 10 10
What is the mean, median, and mode???
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Mode: 7Median: 7Mean: 7.44
Now, what is the standard deviation?Hint Hint: subtract the mean from each score!!!
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Subtract the mean from each score!!!
10 - 7.44 = 2.56
7 - 7.44 = -0.44
5 - 7.44= -2.44
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
ACTIVITY TIME!!!Copy this chart on notebook paper!
# of correct words
Cup A
Cup B
Cup C
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Hypothesis:
If you drink more caffeine, then you will be more responsive/alert.
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What to do??
You will divide into groups of 2! Each group member will drink 3 cups of a
solution. Cups include the following solutions:
Water (A), decaffeinated drink (B),
caffeinated drink (C)
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Round ONE:Subject #1
When I say go, you will drink your entire cup of water (Cup A) and wait for 30 seconds.
Then, I will display a list of words in which you must remember the order!! (I will allow 15 seconds).
Once time is up, you must begin the stop watch/watch the clock and write down the words in order. Your partner will stop the watch/clock when all words are correct. Record your time! (You can only exceed up to 2 minutes)
Complete the same experiment with cups B & C
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Subject 1- Cup A
Bus Grass Baby Poster Pencil Glove Pebble Flag Lamp Eraser
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Subject 1: Cup B
Football Spoon Television Beer Hand Hat Penknife Cheese Parrot Watch
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Subject 1: Cup C
Magnet Planet Drill Door Penknife Apple Paper Cucumber Snow Sorry
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Subject 2: Cup A
Apple Globe Feather Football Photograph Planet Sheep Melon Plane Dinosaur
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Subject 2: Cup B
Candle Bowl Cat Penknife Girl Parrot Scarf Bridge Feather Toothbrush
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Subject 2: Cup C
Man Recorder Umbrella Chair Key Lion Dinosaur Toy Penguin Chicken
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What happened with your time??
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Want to know something funny??
Both drinks were decaffeinated!!
NO CAFFEINE INVOLVED!!!!
PLACEBO EFFECT!!
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Homework due tomorrow:
Pg. 44 (#1-3)
Pg. 47 (#1-3)
(Essay due Friday…2 quiz grades)
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Journal Entry #8Copy AND Answer
February 2, 2012Thursday
1. What 3 psychological perspectives do you believe you will use to help explain your Friday Forum/Research Paper topic? EXPLAIN!!
2. When is Checkpoint #1 due?
3. What is the purpose of Checkpoints #1-3?
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Place H.W. on your desk
REMINDER: Essay due TOMORROW!
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Game Plan for Today:
1. Chapter 2:5 (handwritten notes) Ethical Issues
2. Video: The Power of the Situation 27 minutes
3. Study Guide/Notebook Check
4. Homework assignment: Due MONDAY!
Chapter 2 Test + Notebook Check MONDAY!
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Let’s Go Over Homework:
Pg. 44
(#1-3)
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Chapter 2: Section 5
Ethical Issues
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Main Objective:
Evaluate the ethical issues involved in psychological research!
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What is Ethics???
Ethics: Standards for proper and responsible behavior.
Specific guidelines by APAAmerican Psychological Association
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Research with People:
Confidentiality: Records kept private!
Informed Consent: People agree, or consent, to participate in a
research study only after they have been given a general overview of the research and have been given the choice of whether or not to participate.
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Deception:
When is it OK to deceive the subject???
1. When they believe that the benefits of the research outweigh its potential harm.
2. When they believe that the individuals would have been willing to participate if they had understood the benefits of the research.
3. When participants receive an explanation of the study after it has occurred.
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Research with Animals:
Psychologists use animals only when there is no alternative and when they believe that the potential benefits outweigh the harm.
Most animals are NOTNOT harmed!
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Is Harming Animals Ethical???
Rely on animals to avoid harming humans.
EX: Brain research; separation
of children (monkeys);
mental disorders; visual and
memory defects; high blood
pressure; etc….
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Is it Ethical to Harm Animals for the Purpose of Helping Humans???
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Ethics in Using Data:
Must present ALL evidence Even if it contradicts the hypothesis.
EX: Side effects of medicine!
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OVERVIEW OF ETHICAL ISSUES AND RESEARCH
Protect study participants from harm Maintain the scientific integrity of the study Promote the dignity of the individual Foster human welfare Confidentiality Informed Consent
Section 5: Ethical Issues
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Turn to Pg. 45
The Hawthorne Plant Study: A Flawed Experiment
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What do you think??
Consider why being observed may make some people work harder. Provide examples from your own lives– whether in school, at
home, or while engaged in some sort of sport or hobby- when you performed better than usual because you were receiving extra attention.
Brainstorm instances when attention might have a negative effect or no effect at all.
What might account for the difference in performance reactions to the extra attention?
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Let’s Go over Homework:
Pg.47 (#1-3)
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Philip Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment:
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Zimbardo’s Overall Experiment:
In 1971, psychologist Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues set out to create an experiment that looked at the impact of becoming a prisoner or prison guard. Zimbardo, a former classmate of Stanley Milgram (who is best-known for his famous obedience experiment, was interested in expanding upon Milgram's research. He wanted to further investigate the impact of situational variables on human behavior.
The question the researchers asked was how would the participants react when placed in a simulated prison environment. "Suppose you had only kids who were normally healthy, psychologically and physically, and they knew they would be going into a prison-like environment and that some of their civil rights would be sacrificed. Would those good people, put in that bad, evil place—would their goodness triumph?" Zimbardo explained in one interview.
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Milgram’s Obedience Experiment:
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Milgram’s Overall Experiment:
If a person in a position of authority ordered you to deliver a 400-volt electrical shock to another person, would you follow orders? Most people would answer this question with an adamant no, but Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram conducted a series of obedience experiments during the 1960s that demonstrated surprising results. These experiments offer a powerful and disturbing look into the power of authority and obedience.
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The Power of the SituationVideo 27 minutes
Philip Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment
VS.
Milgrams’ Obedience Experiment
Complete handout along with video.
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End of Chapter 2
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Homework due MONDAY:
Pg. 48#1-5#1-4
Pg. 49 #1-4
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Notebook Check/Study Guide
CHAPTER 2 TEST + NOTEBOOK CHECK MONDAY!!!!
February 6, 2012
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Review for Chapter 2 Test!!
TrashketballOR
BINGO
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Activity Time!!
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/interactives/intelligenceandmemory/memorytest/
Remember “Placebo” activity from Friday?
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PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Please Take your SeatFebruary 3, 2012
Friday
Pass up your essay
Name on essay?
(-10 per day late)
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PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Game Plan for Today: Media Center
You will turn in Checkpoint #1 at the END OF CLASS TODAY!!! I recommend that you TYPE information….easier to add on when you
complete Checkpoints #2 & #3 Reminder about “green slip”.
REMINDERS:H.W. due MONDAY! (Pg. 48 & Pg. 49)
Chapter 2 Test + Notebook Check MONDAY!
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Notebook Checks Due!!!
Chapter 2 Test Today!!!!
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Complete the following AFTER the test!!
Pg. 59 (#1-3)
Pg. 67 (#1-4)
I will check both of these assignments tomorrow for homework!!
You will present speeches tomorrow!!