Holocaust Terms

1B

The Covenant of God

God commands Abraham to leave his home and forgo all possessions to make a new lifein the “Promised Land”

God promised the Jews the land of Israel

“Go forth from your land and from your birthplace and from your

father's house, to the land that I will show you.

And I will make you into a great nation, and I will bless you, and I will

make your name great…and by you all the families of the earth

shall bless themselves."

2.AbrahamOriginally born under the name Abram

His belief was that there was one person who created everything

the creator made him the an offer saying if you leave your family you’ll be the father of a “great nation”

Was married to Sarah

God changed his name to Abraham (meaning father of many) when he was 100

eventually had a son named Isaac

Jesus Christ, Judaism and RomeEmperor Constantine the Great converted Roman Empire to Christianity in 313 C.E. He also said Judaism was no longer allowed to remain a religion in Rome.

The empire weakened because of the belief in one God. This led to the fall of the Roman Empire in 330 C.E.

Constantine the Great split the Roman Empire into two parts. The Western half centered in Rome, and the Eastern half centered in Constantinople which he named after himself.

Background:● Born on November 10, 1483 in Germany● Died on February 18, 1546 in Germany● He demanded changes to the Catholic Church. This

brought on the Protestant Reformation movement. ● His original thoughts were that the Catholic Church

was preventing the Jews from converting to Christianity.

● Once he found out that wasn’t true, he wrote a book called On the Jews and their Lies in 1543.

○ “Now just behold these miserable, blind, and senseless people ... their blindness and arrogance are as solid as an iron mountain”

○ “Moreover, they are nothing but thieves and robbers who daily eat no morsel and wear no thread of clothing which they have not stolen and pilfered from us by means of their accursed usury”

The Enlightenment & Jews (#2)“The Enlightenment” or “Age of Reason” (1650-1850)

New Way to Think

Before this Europe was dominated by the church, god focused, and Jews were

considered lesser human beings

Jews now started to look at as humans because everyone became valued and

important

Jews were given basic rights as long as they were

active french citizens (1791)

Napoleon wanted Jews to be accepted

Wanted ⅓ of Jews to marry non-Jews

Motivated to improve position rather than preserve

judaism

Jews or Frenchmen?

Jewish if not too Jewish

6. Simon of Trent Kyrstin

Schwarz

1472 – 1475

Christian boy from Trento, Italy

Disappearance (during Lent and Passover) and murder (of a “Saint”) blamed on the city's Jewish community

Allegedly found dead in the cellar of a Jewish family

1475 - miracles that happened were said to have been because of Simon

People in Italy, Austria and Germany worshiped him (cult)

After much controversy, eventually considered

Martyr (a person who is killed because of their religious or other beliefs)

Patron of kidnap/torture victims

Old Roman Martyrology for March 24 (feast):

"At Trent, the martyrdom of the boy St. Simeon, who was barbarously murdered by the Jews, but who was afterwards glorified by many miracles."

1758 - Jews of Trent are cleared for the murder of Simon

1965 - Removed from Calendar of Saints

Not in the new Roman Martyrology (2000)

Not on any modern Catholic calendar

Germany before the Unification #7

- The 1st Reich was the “Holy Roman Empire”.

- When the empire ended, the country we know today as Germany, was made up of several smaller states

- The most powerful of these states was Prussia.

- The Kingdom of Bavaria in the south, Kingdom of Hanover in the north, and Saxony were also strong states.

- There were around 300 kingdoms during this period

- These kingdoms were unified under Otto Von Bismarck.

Otto Von Bismarck #7

- Born in 1815

- Ruled Germany between 1862 and 1890.

- Conservative ruler, but implemented some progressive reform.

- Manipulated other countries, which led to a German superpower.

- Went to war with several countries, but the war with France, caused Prussia and its allies to unify.

- Annexed French border, and then crowned King of the Second Reich.

- US recognized Empire in 1871, congratulated Otto on his coronation.

- Germany acquired colonies in 1884.

Germany and the Ottoman Empire alliance prior to WWI

The Ottoman Empire was fading & falling

“The sick man of Europe” -Tsar Nicholas I

In 1913, the Ottoman Empire wanted help from Germany in building a new military force

Originally a means of securing military arms trade for the Germans

Germany was against Russia, offered financial support, & promised the Berlin-Baghdad railway

Germany gained additional troops for overseas deployment and access to land routes in Africa and Central Asia via the Mediterranean sea and Black Sea

New equipment & methods from Germany were used in the military

All citizens served in the army

Churchill feared a powerful Ottoman navy

Ottomans attacked Russia on 10/29/1914

Russia declared war on 11/2/1914 and Britain did as well, 3 days later

German soldiers had seen the Armenian genocide, colonized places, and fought in WWI

3rd Reich and German Reichs3rd Reich

used to describe the Nazi regime from January 30, 1933 to May 8, 1945

brought an end to the Weimer Republic which led to increased street violence and political deadlock

new leaders and officials quickly suspended basic civil rights and falsely blamed communism for the mysterious fire in the Reichstag

Hitler instituted a policy of “coordination” that aligned individuals and institutions with Nazi goals- he even tried to align the churches

within six months all other political parties were banned or dissolved

German president Paul von Hindenburg died in August 1934 which secured Hitler a more powerful status

1st and 2nd Reichs1st Reich

the Holy Roman Empire (800-1806)

led by Charlemagne (Charles the Great) and Otto I (Otto the Great)

existed almost in name only after the Thirty Years’ War ended in 1968

formally dissolved when Emperor Francis II (Franz II) abdicated on August 6, 1806

2nd Reich

Hohenzollern Germany

unification of Germany following the Franco-Prussian War, crowning of Wilhelm as emperor at the Palace of Versailles, Bismarck as the first Reichskanzler, ending with the abdication of Wilhelm II following German defeat after WWI

Interim Reich- Weimar Republic (1919-1933)

Unification of Germany

economic interdependence

brief war over Germans and Danes (Schleswig and Holstein)

Austrian-Prussian War

Franco-Prussian War

Political System of 2nd Reich

25 German states each with its own prince

the Reichstag was the main legislative body

the Head of the State was the Kaiser

3rd Reich

Promises of the Nazi Party

to tear up the Versailles Treaty

return Germany to the ranks of the Great Powers

bring the nation out of the depression

take back the streets from criminals and subversives

crush the Communist threat

open career opportunities for young professionals

Hitler established himself as Führer of the German people

10) Aryan RaceThe name “Aryan” was originally given to those who speak an Indo- European language.

Aryanism was used to regard Germanic people as the purest members of their race.

The term “Arya” was used to mean noble and distinguished.

Houston Stewart Chamberlain first used the term “Aryan” to describe the white race.

The theory of Aryans appeared in the mid 19th century and continued to late 20th century until white supremacist groups used Aryan to identify racist ideologies.

Hitler took over the ideologies and used Nazism to display his beliefs of his ideal “Aryan” which was tall, blond and blue-eyed, the qualities of an Aryan would be natural good health, aggressive, intelligent and courageous

Measured skull size, nose length and color of eyes and hair to determine the true Aryans.

Hitler believed “blood purity” would ensure the survival of the Aryan race.

The concept of raceBy: Garret Byrne

History of race

-History books suggest that race was first recognized when the European came over to America and saw the Native Americans.

Definition of race

The social construction of difference and inequality: Race, Class, Gender, and sexuality.

Reason for race

-Humans use race to categorize people.

-Its a coping mechanism for status.

Judaism&

Christianity

Brian DiBartolo

12

Judaism

Originated in Israel around 4000 years ago

Judaism is the “mother-faith” from which Christianity and Islam developed

The great book of Judaism is the Torah

Has 13 principles of faith

The basic principle of Judaism is the belief in one God

Contains duties to God through modes of ritual and worship

Contains duties to other human beings, especially truth, justice, and peace

Family, education, and charity are especially important in the Jewish culture

Christianity

The religion was born in Palestine

The immediate religious context of Christianity was Judaism

Began as a movement within Judaism at a period when the Jews had long been under foreign influence and rule

Based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ

One of the most influential religions in history

Three main branches include Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestant

13) Hitler in WWI by: mateo mejia

- Before WWI Hitler supported himself on his watercolors and sketches, WWI gave his life a cause that he could commit himself totally.

- Hitler was a brave soldier, he was promoted to the rank of corporal, was wounded twice and was awarded several awards.

- Anti-semitism came into play at the end of the war with many Germans, and this was the opening for Hitler to be carried into power.

- In October 1918, Hitler was nearly blinded in a mustard gas attack. He was sent to the military hospital where he heard the news of the November 11th, 1918, armistice while he was healing

- The end of the war was an emotional time for Hitler because of demobilization, tearing him from the only community that he considered home. He had no direction or career prospects.

- The German Army employed Hitler as an educator and confidential informant at the end of the war.

14) Jews during WWI in Germany

Jews fought for armies on all sides and they became very patriotic in their respective countries to prove that they belonged

half a million fought for Russia

about 100,000 fought for Germany

Jews in Germany were accused of disloyalty

in 1916 German General Staff fabricated a census showing that the Jews were neglecting their duty

the actual census showed that 80% of the Jews were fighting on their front lines (more than the general population)

12,000 Jews died fighting for the “Vaterland”

Anti-Semitism before WWI→Germany’s defeat worsened it

set the “Jewish-led-stab-in-the-back” betrayal theory eventually bringing Hitler to power

Jewish infrastructure socially, economically, culturally and religiously, was almost completely destroyed by the war

The Fall of Germany’s WWI EmpireTreaty of Versailles stated the punishments for Germany after WWI

Lost significant amount of European land to France, Belgium, Denmark, Poland, Lithuania, and Czechoslovakia

Loss of European territories resulted in the loss of 10% of land, 12% of its population, 16% of its coalfields, and half of its iron and steel industry

Lost overseas colonies in Africa and the Pacific

The Rhineland (Western Germany) would be demilitarized

Germany was not allowed to have access to certain classes of weapons, and had to keep its military personnel at a very low number

Treaty of Versailles● End of WWI - ended state of war between Germany

and Allied Powers

● U.S., Britain, and France

● "Germany [to] accept the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage" during the war

● Disarm

● Pay all reparations (about $33 billion U.S. Dollars)

● Loss of land

League of Nations● Details

○ Founded in 1919○ Founded with 42 members○ 63 Countries total at one

point○ Founded by U.S. president

Woodrow Wilson● Goals

○ Securing peace○ Fostering international

understanding○ Development of

international law○ Prevent future world wars

More details

Disbanded in 1945

United Nations grew from League’s ashes in 1946

16. Weimar Republic (1919-1933)

Time between the German Empire fell and Nazi Germany.

First time Germany was a democracy.

Struggled with economics after WWI, as the Treaty of Versailles made Germany pay war debts.

Very weak and unstable government.

Led mostly by Paul Von Hindenburg, but went through 14 different Chancellors.

Ended when Hitler became Chancellor on January 30, 1933.

Hyperinflation and unemployment in Germany post WW1

- Majority of the people lost all their life savings, all in debt.- The German government is blamed because they controlled the

Reichsbank.- Inflation began at the start of world war one, continued to get

worse as the war went on. - German government made Reichsbank to print more and more

money to finance war expenditures.- The more money that was more, the value decreased.- Rich had the most to gain from inflation. - Currency in circulation increased 400% by the end of the war.- Goods and money supply were limited making people spend more

money faster. - Each year they became more in debt from not dealing with their

issue earlier.Nichole Fellouris

Hitler in Jail □ Landsberg Jail

□ 5 years, but only served 8 months

□ Was able to eat whatever he wanted

□ Received any reading material he requested

□ Allowed many visitors including Nazi members

□ Celebrated his birthday

Mein Kampf □ Means “My Struggle”

□ Talks about:■ The early days in the Nazi

Party■ Plans for Germany■ Ideas on politics and race

□ Refers to Jews as liars, destroyer of humanity, eternal blood suckers, and monsters

Hitler's failed run for President

Dustin Eichler

Start of his Campaign

February 1932, Hitler ran for president against previous President,

Paul Von Hindenburg

Hitler's slogan ¨Freedom and Bread¨

Hitler's run was during Germany's depression after WWI

Due to Hindenburg's age he did not campaign much, limiting himself to a couple radio speeches and campaign posters, compared to Hitler who did multiple speeches and traveled around Germany to campaign.

Presidential Election & Run-Off Election

March 13, 1932 Germany polls came in resulting in Hitler getting 30% (11 mill) of the votes while Hindenburg got 49% (Over 18 mill)

Hindenburg was not pleased with the amount of votes he got resulting in him asking for a run-off election ( Round 2 of voting)

Hitler takes up on the offer and starts to campaign much more than he did, doing more speeches and travelling again. Hindenburg on the other hand did nothing, and doing a total of 0 speeches.

In April 10, 1932 Hindenburg won again receiving 53% (19 mill) of the votes while Hitler received only 36% (13 mill)

Hitler’s Appointment to Chancellor

Appointed January 30th 1933

Appointed by Paul von Hindenburg

In charge of cabinet containing 11 members

Only 3/11 belonged to Nazi Party

Franz von Papen was vice chancellor

Disliked Hitler, and wanted to basically push him out of office

When Hitler was introduced as Chancellor the applause was so loud Joseph Goebells wrote the German Revolution started that night

Hindenburg dies and Hitler finds a way to combine the Chancellor and Presidential positions

Within weeks Hitler was overall dictator

Ended democracy in Germany

The Enabling Act of 1933

On March 23rd, 1933, members of the Reichstag (German Parliament) met together in Kroll Opera House to decide whether or not to pass Adolf Hitler’s Enabling Act.

It was referred to as the “Law for Removing the Distress of the People and the Reich.”

If passed, democracy would completely end and Adolf Hitler would become the dictator of Germany.

Right before the vote, Hitler made a speech promising to use restraint

Hitler needed two-thirds of the votes for the law to pass.

The outcome was 441 for, and 84 against.

Nuremburg Laws

★ two laws set in place in during the annual party rally

in Nuremburg in 1935 on September 15th, which

excluded Jews from German life, also taking away

natural rights

★ THE LAW FOR THE PROTECTION OF GERMAN

BLOOD AND GERMAN HONOR: law that excluded

German Jews from reich citizenship and prohibited

marriage or sexual relations with “German or related blood”

★ THE REICH CITIZENSHIP LAW: excluded Jews cannot be citizen of the Reich, no voting or

civil servants, also depriving them of most political rights

★ Jews were not defined as people with particular religious beliefs

★ GRANDPA THEORY: if 3 or 4 of your grandparents were Jewish, you were classifed as

such even if you had converted to other religions in the past and did not practice

Judaism

Joseph Goebbels

Was born on october 29, 1897

Was Hitler’s trusted friend and colleague and was charged with presenting Hitler to the public

He was rejected from military service for World War 1 because of physical abilities

He forced Jewish artist, musicians, actors, and newspaper and magazine editors into unemployment

Also staged a public burning of the books that were considered un-german

He hated the human race and in particular the jews

Heinrich Himmler (1900-1945)

Born into middle class

Became second most powerful man in Germany during WWII

Nazi minister of interior, planned to murder the Jews of Europe

Reichsführer SS - Leader

Created agency that would carry out the Holocaust

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007407

https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/himmler.html

Goering Goering joined the Nazi party in 1923 after

hearing a speech by Adolf Hitler.

he was a leader of the Nazi party and established concentration camps for the "corrective treatment" of individuals.

Commander in Chief of the Luftwaffe (German Air Force), Director of the Four Year

Plan in the German economy, and at the outbreak of war in Europe, Hitler's

acknowledged successor.

He was sentenced to hang as a war criminal in 1946 but took his own life instead.

Eugenics-the study of or belief in the possibility of improving the qualities of the human species

or a human population, especially by such means as discouraging reproduction by persons having genetic defects or presumed to have inheritable undesirable traits

-Eugenics originally was created in the U.S. and cultivated in the state of california

-The first idea of a master race being white, blonde hair, and blue eyed did not originate with hitler but, was created in the california long before hitler came to power.

-The Eugenicists believed only the master race was fit to inherit the earth and sought to exterminate Negroes, immigrant Asian laborers, Indians, Hispanics, East Europeans, Jews, dark-haired hill folk, poor people, the infirm and really anyone classified outside the gentrified genetic lines drawn up by American archaeologists.

Positive Eugenics-Desirable traits

Negative Eugenics-undesirable traits

EuthanasiaMike Oakes

The intentional putting to death of a person with an incurable or painful disease

intended as an act of mercy.

In some countries there is a divisive public controversy over the moral, ethical, and legal

issues of euthanasia

People who are against euthanasia may argue for the sanctity of life

Euthanasia has had different meanings depending on usage. The first apparent usage of

the term Euthanasia belongs to the Historian Suetonius, who described how the

Emperor Augustus, "dying quickly and without suffering in the arms of his wife, Livia”.

Opponents of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide contend that doctors have a

moral responsibility to keep their patients alive as reflected by the Hippocratic Oath.

32. Kallikak Family★ Known as the study in the heredity of

feeble-mindedness

★ Was published by Henry H. Goddard in 1912

★ Psychology study based on illegitimate children from Martin Kallikak

★ The name came from Greek words Kallos (beauty) and Kakos (bad)

★ Goddard explored the gene pool of the Kallikak family

★ Martin married a Quaker lady and had “normal” children

★ Had an affair with a nonamed girl and had a feeble-minded child

32. Kallikak Family cont.★ Goddard distorted the

photographs

★ Goddard wanted to have the human population “defect free”

★ The book was published in Germany in 1933

★ The Nazi party created the Law for Prevention of Offspring with Hereditary Defects Act