HOLDING EUROPE’S COMPETITIVE EDGE

8/9/2019 HOLDING EUROPES COMPETITIVE EDGE

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C O M P E T I T I V E N E S S E U S U R FA C E T R A N S P O R T R E S E A R C H

HOLDING EUROPESCOMPETITIVE EDGE

> ROAD TRANSPORT

The automotive sector is a key component of the Europeaneconomy and society. It spends 20 billion per year onresearch and technological development (RTD), making it thelargest private investor in RTD in Europe.

Research focuses on:Integration of information and communication systems;Advanced vehicle and engine technologies;

New production techniques;Better identification of and response to user needs;End-of-life strategies for vehicles;Materials and infrastructure;Innovative infrastructure, including modular construction.

> ROAD FACTS AND FIGURES:

1.9 million direct jobs and 10 million indirect jobs;340 billion tax revenues;20 billion spent on research;

Turnover: 489 billion.

The EU now boasts the largest single economy in the world.The addition of ten new Member States in 2004 increased EU land surface by 25% and the Unions population by 20%.The ability to move people and goods quickly and efficiently is central to the European goal of a strong and dynamic,

knowledge-based economy.

One of the aims of EU surface transport research is to ensure that transportation in Europe remains efficient and economical for European businesses and citizens. For companies to function efficiently, for money to be made,and for people to live in prosperity, transport must work and work well.

But competitiveness in surface transport also means exporting European transport-related products and services to foreign and global markets. EU car-makers, shipbuilders and rail manufacturers represent multi-billion-euro

turnovers for Europes economy and millions of jobs for European citizens. Maintaining the EUs competitive edge in the global surface transport market is another goal set for European surface transport research.

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C O M P E T I T I V E N E S S

Demand for transport continues to increase rapidly throughoutthe world. Indeed, the goals of sustainable development requirethe increasing availability and efficiency of transport andtransport networks. However, todays transport patterns and

As in many industrial sectors, Europes advantage in the globalsurface transport market is its technological edge. Europeantechnological research is giving its industries what they needto provide new solutions to the challenges facing sustainablesurface transport.

The European transport manufacturing industry is nowconcentrating on the development of more intelligent products,on the rational use of materials and energy, on knowledgeacquisition and new technology development, and on meetingthe needs and expectations of society.

growth rates are increasingly being recognised as unsus-tainable, both in terms of their environmental impact and ever-increasing traffic congestion. This means new solutions areneeded. Simply continuing on the current path is not an option.

> MARITIME TRANSPORT

Europe is a world leader in the production and supply of marinesystems, passenger ships and marine propulsion units. It alsooperates the largest seagoing fleet in the world, but less than 15%of the worlds ships are built in Europe. EU industry is concentratedon high-technology niche markets where continuous research isneeded to maintain and advance its position.

Research is focusing on:Novel concepts for floating structures and vessels;Advanced production and inspection;Maintenance;Advanced propulsion units;Innovative navigation systems.

> MARITIME FACTS AND FIGURES:

500 million spent on research;Turnover: 38 billion;90% EU external trade and 50% internal trade go bywaterborne transport.

GROWING TRANSPORT NEEDS

RESEARCH ISKEY

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> IMPROVING EUROPEAN SHIPBUILDING

InterSHIP is an EU-funded project aimed at increasing EU shipbuilderscompetitiveness by improving the integration of tools and methodsused to design and manufacture complex vessels. It will enable shipyardengineers to analyse simultaneously leading-edge knowledge inenvironmental aspects, safety, comfort and cost-efficiency, ensuringthat optimum solutions can be obtained for the total life cycle of vesselssuch as cruise ships or gas carriers. The project brings together asignificant proportion of the European production capacity and proposes

a programme that will advance the integration of production processesin shipyards and reinforce future research and industrial co-operationamong Europes shipyards.

E U S U R FA C E T R A N S P O R T R E S E A R C H

> RAIL TRANSPORT

Europe is the world leader in the supply of railway systems.It is currently acting to consolidate its position and is workingtowards the goal of tripling freight and passenger transport inEurope by the year 2020.

Research should focus on:More efficient production and operation;Maximising the value and capacity of Europeaninfrastructure, especially in new Member States.

> RAIL FACTS AND FIGURES:

1 million people employed in rail operation, 250 000 inmanufacturing;60% share of the world market;

2 billion spent on research per year;Turnover 95 billion.

C A S E S T U D Y

> INTEROPERABILITY OF EUROPEAN RAIL NETWORKS

The recently launched MODTRAIN project brings together, for the firsttime, all of the main European rail system manufacturers, sub-systemsuppliers and rail undertakings. It will work to assure theinteroperability of rolling-stock systems and sub-systems between

European rail networks. It offers a radical approach to rolling-stockconstruction, constituting a significant step towards the ultimate targetof reducing the number of single components from 1 200 to 120 andreducing construction time by more than 50%. These measures areintended to bring railway manufacturing productivity close to levelsachieved in the aerospace and automotive industries.

C A S E S T U D Y

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C O M P E T I T I V E N E S S


PERFORMANCE BY MODE FOR FREIGHT TRANSPORT: EU-15

BILLION TONNE-KILOMETRES

1500

1200

900

600

300

0

19741970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002

> DG Research - Unit H2 - Surface TransportContact person: Lucienne Dallemagne

Mail Address : CDMA 4/108B-1049 BrusselsBelgium

Email : [email protected]

Website : http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/transport/index_en.html

> Road (1970-2002): +181,72%> Shipping (domestic + intra-EU15, 1970-2002): + 165,80%> Rail (1970-2002): - 16,56%> Inland waterway (1970-2002): +22,36%

Notes:Road: haulage on national territorySea: Intra-EU traffic including domestic traffic. The estimates for maritime traffic are based

on different statistical sources as from 2001 and remain subject to revision.

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E N V I R O N M E N T

The European transport sector is growing rapidly, with far- reaching implications for citizens and the environment.Transport activities are a major contributor to environmental pollution and have an important impact on climate change,accounting for more than 25% of all CO

2 emissions.

Innovative solutions are now desperately needed in order to meet the Kyoto targets. Such solutions could also bring economic benefits. It has been estimated that traffic- related pollution costs Europe 1.7% of its GDP,approximately 160 billion per year or 360 per year for every citizen.


SUSTAINABLETRANSPORT AND THE

ENVIRONMENT

> ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION

The quality of the air in urban environments is severely affectedby vehicle pollutants, resulting in major public health concerns.Meanwhile, maritime transport accounts for more than 40% ofglobal sulphur oxide emissions, a major contributor to acid rain.

EU-funded research is focusing on:Economically viable, cleaner transport systems;Innovative power trains for vehicles and vessels;Use of alternative fuels, and renewable fuels;Hydrogen, fuel cells and hybrid drives.

> RECYCLINGThe EU has set itself the ambitious target of recycling 95% ofautomobile parts and materials. The challenge is to developintegrated technologies that are economically viable for bothmetal and plastic components. Research is addressing thedevelopment of technologies and systems to enable safe, cleanand efficient recycling of all types of vehicles.

> NOISE POLLUTIONThe quality of life of many Europeans in both urban and ruralsettings is seriously affected by noise from transport systems.Research is addressing:

Active and passive cost-effective noise control;Plans to minimise the negative effects of noise;Quieter transport.

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> MARINE POLLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY

The inadvertent transport of living organisms from oneecosystem to another within ballast water in marine vesselscan have serious consequences for biodiversity. Accidentalmarine pollution, notably through tanker disasters, can havedevastating effects on coastal environments and economies.

Current research in this area is addressing:Treatment of ballast water to remove bio-organisms;Response to marine accidents;Technologies for improved inspection, maintenance and repair;Vessels design to minimise environmental impact, includingcrashworthiness.

> WATERBORNE TRANSPORT

The global shipping industry is becoming increasinglyproactive in its approach to improving environmentalperformance, both in response to new regulationsintroduced by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO)and as a result o f customer-led pressure to reduce marinepollution.

One of todays most topical marine environment issues isthe destruction caused by spills from heavy tankers. Whilethe number of major oil spills dropped from an average of80 per year in the 1970s to less than 23 per year in the lasr

10 years, this still represents a large amount of oil and otherpollutants entering the sea from ships every year. Theseconcerns are being addressed through continuingimprovement of maritime transport safety and ship design.

> ROAD TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT

Currently, transport accounts for 32% of Europes energy consumptionand 25% of total CO 2 emissions. However, it is expected to beresponsible for 90% of the forecast increase in CO 2 emissions between1990 and 2010. Without radical change, road transport will be a mainreason for Europes failure to meet its Kyoto commitments.

In its Green Paper on the Security of Energy Supply , the EuropeanCommission sounded the alarm on Europes dependency on importedfossil fuels, a third of which are used by transport. The EU also has deepconcerns about the environment. As a signatory to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol,it is committed to reduce emissions of six greenhouse gases by 8% of the1990 level by 2008-2012. However, if current trends continue, emissionswill actually go up by 40% compared with 1990 levels, due to increasedroad traffic.

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> HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELLTECHNOLOGIES FOR ROAD TRANSPORT

The objective of the EU-funded HyTRAN project is to advancecommercially viable transport-related applications for fuel celltechnologies. Two innovative integrated fuel cell platforms will bedeveloped:

A system for traction power using an 80 kW direct hydrogen protonfuel cell system on a passenger car;A 10 kW auxiliary power unit for both light- and heavy-duty vehicles.

Specific targets for both platforms include low fuel consumption andoptimised packaging and on-board integration. The consortiumincludes 19 partners.

C A S E S T U D Y

> QUIETER CITIES BETTER QUALITY OF LIFE

The QCITY project is assessing urban noise, its components,

its quality and how it is perceived. Tackling transport noise from

the viewpoint of the citizen, the project is incorporating issues

such as traffic control, urban planning and architectural

features. Its goal is to propose a range of measures that can

be applied by local authorities and transport operators to

reduce the impact of transport noise.

The SILENCE project is considering noise generation at the

source and is therefore complementary to the QCITY project.

A key element of SILENCE is the modelling and prediction of

noise effects within urban scenarios. Modelling results can

then be applied in the development of new noise abatement

technologies.

> RAIL TRAFFIC

Noise pollution has become a high-profile issue in recent years, andthe transport industry is under increasing pressure to reduce vehicleoperating noise. While much has been achieved, the European rail

sector has not shown the same kind of progress that other transportmodes have in moving towards quieter operation.

The 1996 Green Paper on Future Noise Policy underlined this concernand, since then, the Commission has contributed towards the fundingof research programmes aimed at cutting railway noise especially inthe movement of freight where improvements have been leastpronounced.

C A S E S T U D Y

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OIL SPILLS AT SEA

1970 1980 1990 2000 2001 20032002

0

50 000

100 000

150 000

200 000

300 000

250 000

350 000

Tonnes of oil spilt

CO2 EMISSIONSTRANSPORT SECTOR IN EU-25

1970 1980 1990 2000 2003

0

200

400

600

800

1 200

1 000

1 400

Mt CO2

KEY INDI CATORS FORTHE EU-25 ENERGY SYSTEM

INDEX 1990 = 100

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

> Gross Domestic Product> Gross Inland Consuption> CO2 Emissions> Carbon Intensity> CO2 Emissions / Unit of GDP

Source: PRIMES, ACE

PASSENGERS TRANSPORTACTIVITY IN THE EU-25 (Gpkm)

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

010002000

4000

6000

80007000

5000

3000

9000

> Road Transport> Public road transport> Cars and motorcycles

> Rail transport> Aviation> Inland navigation> Total

Source: PRIMES, ACE





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M O B I L I T Y

Efficient transport that enables the free movement of people and goods is crucial to economic prosperity and quality of life. But, today, road congestion in the EU is steadily increasing and the problem is aggravated by the fact that European roads are being used more and more

to the exclusion of other transport modes such as railways and inland waterways.


MOBILITYIS A PRECONDITION FOR

EUROPEAN SUCCESS

> MOBILITY FACTS AND FIGURES

European mobility, defined as kilometres travelled per day,is now three times higher than 20 years ago;Every year, transport congestion costs Europe 2% of its GDP.That is 200 billion per year or 440 per year per person;Cars account for 75% of urban kilometres travelled;80% of the EU-25 population lives in cities.

At EU level, three interrelated aspects requiring support fromresearch must be considered:

> MODAL SHIFT AND INTERMODALITY European roadtransport networks and urban road environments areseverely congested, which results in increased environmentalpollution, delays and associated costs. A modal shift isrequired towards more sustainable transport modes,including rail, short-sea shipping and inland waterwaytransport.

> URBAN TRANSPORT Public and private transportpresents a number of challenges in the urban environment,including the need for cleaner, quieter, and more effectivetransport solutions, better cohesion and response to rapiddemographic changes. These challenges need to beaddressed at EU, national and regional levels, with theengagement and support of public authorities, municipalitiesand representatives of civil society.

> CONNECTIVITY AND INTEROPERABILITY Theeffective integration of different regional and nationalnetworks throughout the logistic transport supply chain iscritical for an efficient European transport system.

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M O B I L I T Y

The development of a seamless web of integrated transportchains, linking road, rail and waterways , is a key objective of theEU's Common Transport Policy, as outlined in the Transport White Paper . Such integration would lead to improved flexibility,quality, and cost-effectiveness.

The EU places particular emphasis on stimulating newinvestment in trans-European transport infrastructure, inparticular rail, and encouraging the development of an integratedand intelligent European transport system. In part, this meansachieving a rebalancing of modal preference by promoting

alternative and cleaner modes and developing technologies fordoor-to-door intermodal transport. It also means increasingexisting capacity through research in advanced productionprocesses and traffic control systems. Operators andinfrastructure managers must strive to make alternative modesand intermodal transport more attractive to end-users.

All this would result in a more even distribution of movement,benefiting people in urban areas, improving energy efficiencyand decreasing pollution. Increased flexibility and theintroduction of new information systems would reduce traveltimes and provide for a higher standard of transport services,

while lower costs would mean significantly lower fees fortransport customers.

MOVING FORWARD ONMOBILITY

EU RESEARCH ON MOBILITY IS ADDRESSING:

Vehicle and vessel concepts for cross-operation betweendifferent national and regional networks;Technologies for efficient interfaces between transport modes;Advanced design and construction for transport infrastructures;Innovative means of transport and organisations for urban

transport.

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> EFFICIENT URBAN FREIGHT TRANSPORT

The FIDEUS project is providing innovative vehicle solutions tosupport urban freight transport, responding to the political goalof safeguarding the 'liveability' of European cities.

FIDEUS is taking a co-ordinated approach involving theautomotive industry, logistics companies and urban decision-makers. The aim is to develop dedicated vehicles for efficientand non-disruptive delivery operations in cities. As no single

vehicle can do the job, FIDEUS has proposed a complementaryrange of three vehicle types, including an innovative 'clean'goods carrier, an adapted 3.5-tonne van and a 12-tonne truck.All incorporate advanced technologies and equipment, includingan 'urban goods container' to improve operational efficiency andminimise environmental impact.

Such solutions require a rethinking of distribution logisticswithin the context of the whole delivery chain, and FIDEUSpartners are also developing information and tools they saycities need to define and manage effective policies for goodsmobility.

> MOVING FORWARD WITHMULTIMODE TRANSPORT

The EU-funded INTEGRATION project seeks to achieveenhanced integration of the freight transport system, based onthe utilisation of the most promising technologies. Theconsortium is concentrating on advances in waterbornetransportation, new concept ship design and operations that

complement advances in terminal capabilities and operatingsystems. These are key elements in maximising the efficiencyof door-to-door MULTIMODE transport.

The project has already achieved:Development of a new Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) forloading and unloading of roll on-roll off (ro-ro) cargo ferries;New ro-ro and ROPAX (combined passenger and cargo)vessels specifically designed for automatic loading andunloading by the new AGV.

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M O B I L I T Y






TRANSPORT GROWTH EU-25

PASSENGERS, GOODS, GDP 1995-2002

100

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

102

104

106

108

110

112

114

116

118

120

> Passengers (1) (pkm) + 12,19%> Goods(2) (tkm) + 17,63%> GDP (at constant 1995 prices) + 18,29%(1) : passenger cars, buses & coaches, tram+metro, railways(2) : road, rail, inland waterways, pipelines

1 9 9 5

= 1

0 0

RAILWAYS: LENGTH OF LI NES (KM)TOTAL NETWORK AND HIGH SPEED LINES (+250 KM/H)

140 000 0

2000

4000

6000

145 000

150 000

155 000

160 000

165 000

170 000

175 000

> EU15 (1983-2003): -8,96%> High Speed Lines (1983-2003): + 1215,09%Source : Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer, national statistics, Eurostat

ROAD: NUMBER OF PASSENGER CARS PER 1000 INHABITANTS

0

100

1970 1980 1990 2000

1970 1980 1990 2000

200

300

400

500

600

> EU15 EU 15 (1970-2002): +167,27%> EU25 EU 25 (1991-2002): +20,64%

Source : Energy and Transport DG calculations

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S A F E T Y

Safety and security are growing concerns for the travelling public, businesses and governments around the world.Every year, more than 50 000 people die in European road accidents, while train accidents continue to occur across Europe despite major improvements in active safety

systems such as signalling, and a major refocus on passenger train safety. Transport by sea is safer, thanks to strict controls introduced in response to a number of major accidents, but the introduction of new types of vessels and mobility patterns require that further measures be taken to maintain safety and security at sea.

Ambitious policies to reduce transport-related risks rely on state-of-the-art research and technological development.


ENSURINGSAFETY AND SECURITY

IN TRANSPORT

> NEW THREATSEU trade, both internal and external, relies on efficient transportsystems, but these systems can be easy targets and even vectors forterrorist activities. EU surface transport research includes work on:

Security of containers, terminals, vessels, and critical infra-structure such as bridges and tunnels;Development of integrated and intelligent tracking systems;Intelligent seals, sensors and screening technologies;Satellite technologies applications.

> ROAD SAFETY

The high number of road fatalities in the EU-25 couldrepresent the greatest threat to public safety in Europe today.The annual cost to the economy now exceeds 200 billion.But getting the safety message across is not as easy as itsounds. EU road safety policy follows three strategic lines:

Active safety measures preventing accidents fromhappening in the first place, most importantly by influencingdriver behaviour through regulation, law enforcement, etc.,but also by improving roads and vehicle performance;

Passive safety measures limiting the negative consequencesof accidents, through improved vehicle standards and safetysystems;

Information gathering and dissemination originally intendedto influence consumers by providing a realistic andindependent assessment of the safety performance of someof the most popular cars sold in Europe. The European NewCar Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP) has also had animportant influence on car manufacturers, many of whom arenow actively involved in road safety issues. Meanwhile, theCARE accident statistics database gathers and makesavailable information on the causes of accidents and injury.

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S A F E T Y

> SAFETY ON THE RAILS

Train accidents result in an average of 100 passenger and crewfatalities per year within the EU. In early 2002, the EuropeanCommission proposed a new package of measures to revitaliseEuropean railways, based on the Transport White Paper . One ofthese actions is the development a common approach to rail safety.

Already in 1996, in a bid to reduce rail accident fatalities, theCommission issued a Directive on the development of TechnicalSpecifications for Interoperability (TSI), including standardisedsafety systems. By its very nature, this Directive encouraged cross-border European co-operation among train manufacturers,operators and academics.

> WATERBORNE TRANSPORT SAFETY

In 1994, the roll-on, roll-off (ro-ro) ferry Estonia capsizedwith the loss of more than 850 lives. More recently, inNovember 2002, the Prestige tanker suffered hull damage just off northern Spain. It eventually broke in two, losingmuch of its 77 000 tonnes of heavy fuel oil cargo in theprocess. These disasters demonstrate the need for acontinued effort to improve safety at sea to protect humanlife and the environment.

Some very positive results have been achieved. The numberof major oil spills, for example, dropped from an average of80 per year in the 1970s to less than 23 per year in the last10 years. The amount of oil leaking into the sea from shipswas reduced by about 90% during the same period. Similarly,a great deal has been done to make ro-ro ferries safer.

The European Commission has introduced legislation andis funding sea safety-related research. In March 2000, inresponse to the Erika incident, it proposed measures toprotect European waters and coastlines from similardisasters, including a ban on single-hull tankers in Europeanwaters. Other proposals include tightening controls on olderships, making inspections tougher, and demanding morefrom classification bodies.

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> SAFETY AND SECURITY FOR WATERBORNETRANSPORT

SAFEDOR will provide solutions to increase the safety and securityof waterborne transport cost-effectively by treating safety as adesign objective, not as a constraint. A risk-based regulatoryframework will link performance prediction with risk assessment.Using state-of-the-art first-principle analysis tools within anintegrated and holistic design approach, partners believe abalance between costs, safety and performance can be achieved.In the end, risks will be reduced to as low as reasonably practicalwhilst accounting for other design priorities and constraints.

> REDUCING DEATH AND INJURYDUE TO ROAD ACCIDENTS

The EU-funded APROSYS project is developing criticaltechnologies to improve passive safety for all Europeans.Partners identify four categories of road users to benefit fromits outcomes: car occupants; motorcyclists; truck occupants;

and pedestrians and pedal cyclists. Their goal is to see areduction in road deaths by 15 000 once the results are fullyintegrated. Specific contributions to European road safety are toinclude:

Development of new injury criteria;New mathematical models of the human body;A worldwide, harmonised, small female crash-test dummyfor side impact testing;Development of knowledge and tools for design,implementation and evaluation of intelligent safety systems;Enhanced virtual testing technologies;Test methods and advanced protection systems for injuryreduction.

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For oil tankers, throughout their life cycle,accurate Hull Condition Monitoring is mandatory

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S A F E T Y


ROAD FATALITIES

NUMBER OF PERSONS KILLED

1 9 7 0

1 9 8 0

1 9 9 0

1 9 9 1

1 9 9 2

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3

30 000 1 150 000

1 200 000

1 250 000

1 300 000

1 350 000

1 400 000

40 000

50 000

60 000

70 000

80 000

90 000

> Number of of Accidents EU15 -10,64%> Number of Killed persons EU15 -50,40%

RAILWAY FATALITI ES

NUMBER OF RAILWAY PASSENGERS KILLED INACCIDENTS INVOLVING RAILWAYS

1 9 7 0

1 9 8 0

1 9 9 0

1 9 9 1

1 9 9 2

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3

0

100

200

300

400

500

> EU15-76,12%





Note: Persons killed are all persons deceased within 30 days of the accident.

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Documents

HOLDING EUROPE’S COMPETITIVE EDGE