GRADE 8 ENGLISH HOME LANGUAGE

SENTENCE STRUCTUREPg. 28, 29, 52, 53, 71, 92

Subject = The man (Who/what does the action?)

Verb = shoots (Action/doing word)

Object = the lion (The person/thing the action is perform upon/against)

Exercise: Identify the different parts of the following sentences:

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE1. Shama exercises every day. 2. Children at the party scrambled for the balloons. 3. My brother met his best friend at the movies. 4. The cactus, the century plant, and sagebrush grow in the desert. 5. The old lady with the grey cat and black pointy hat scares me. 6. Sometimes we need to be patient. 7. Some dogs enjoy chasing birds. 8. Yesterday a major storm hit parts of South Africa. 9. I love tennis. 10. Along the path hopped a frog.

• REMEMBER: first underline all the finite verbs in the sentence. If there is only one finite verb, you will know that the sentence is SIMPLE. If there is more than one finite verb, look for a conjunction and then decide if the sentence is COMPOUND or COMPLEX.

• SIMPLE SENTENCE: has ONE finite verb

• COMPLEX SENTENCE: one main clause and one or more dependent clause/subordinate clause

• PURPOSE

• - to explain a complex idea, describe a complex emotion etc

• COMPOUND SENTENCE: two main clauses joined by a co-ordinating conjunction.

• CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: and/but/for/nor/or/so/yet

• CLAUSE: has a finite verb = subject/number and a tense

PHRASE: has no finite verb

Say whether the following sentences are simple, complex or compound.

1. Buddy stole the money from his mother’s purse. 2. He tiptoed into the front room and slipped the purse out of her handbag. 3. There was no reply so he left the house. 4. His mum stayed there for a few minutes then she wiped her face roughly. 5. For three months his dad had disappeared. 6. His dad must want to keep it quiet because she would be back soon. 7. If he broke the bargain he might die at any time. 8. Buddy took two more careful steps and turned with relief on to the tarmac of the school drive. 9. His legs ached from the strain but not once had he touched a line. 10. There was absolute silence in the room as he went round the desks picking up the bits of paper. 11. He didn’t look at anyone. 12. When Buddy got home from school he saw his dad standing outside the house. 13. The kitchen smelled of stale frying which always clung to his clothes. 14. Shadows filled the room as it got darker. 15. Ten minutes later there was the sound of music from down below. 16. He’d learned the songs like nursery rhymes when he was a kid. 17. The record ended and a minute later Buddy heard his dad leave the house. 18. Buddy didn’t get warm all evening. 19. He has chosen Richard the Lionheart because he he’d seen a good film about him. 20. As soon as he started eating, Buddy realised how hungry he had been.

21. He tried to picture his mum’s face. 22. There was no hurry so he went the long way through the shopping precinct. 23. He stopped in front of the pen counter and picked up a ballpoint. 24. The Satellite Youth Club was held in a dingy hall next to the church where the twins went every Sunday. 25. Buddy found himself grinning with them. 26. Charmain unwrapped the paper, took out a bag of chips and handed it to her brother. 27. As he finished the story the wind blew bitingly cold along the street. 28. Buddy grew more and more uneasy. 29. Suddenly Julius raised his arms and let out a long ghost-like howl. 30. The dark, liquid eyes had stared back at Buddy without blinking.

PHRASES AND CLAUSES

State whether the underlined portion of the following sentences is a phrase or a clause.

1. The air is crisp and clear; it is perfect weather for a football game. 2. Carly enjoyed the movie of The Hobbit, but she prefers the book. 3. Reggie went into the office, and his father waited outside. 4. Lightning triggered the colossal forest fire in northern California. 5. Crying loudly, the baby woke up the entire house. 6. The phone rang, but nobody answered it. 7. Buddy stole money from his mother’s purse just before he left for school. 8. For one terrible moment Buddy thought he was going to laugh. 9. Buddy and his dad did everything in silence. 10. Buddy left his house at eight o’clock.

NOUN PHRASE: IS LINKED TO THE NOUN IN THE SENTENCE. IT ANSWERS WHO OR WHAT.

EXAMPLE: EVERYONE IN THE AUDIENCE STOOD UP. (WHO STOOD UP?)

NOUN CLAUSE: IS A SUBORDINATE CLAUSE THAT ACTS AS THE NOUN. IT MAY BE THE SUBJCECT OR OBJECT OF THE SENTENCE. IT ANSWERS WHO OR WHAT. IT BEGINS WITH:

HOW WHAT WHEN WHOEVER WHERE WHATEVER

WHICH WHO WHY THAT WHETHER WHICHEVER

EXAMPLE: WHAT HE SAID IN HIS SPEECH REALLY SURPRISED US.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE: IS LIKE AN ADVERB. IT ADDS INFORMATION ABOUT THE VERB.

EXAMPLE: JEFFREY SPENT A WEEKEND CLEANING THE ISLAND BECAUSE IT WAS BURIED IN POLLUTION. (ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF REASON)

After the rains have fallen [adverbial clause of time], the crops will begin to grow.

I came because I heard you were ill. [Adverbial clause or reason]

Remember adverbs of time (when), place (where), reason (because), purpose (so), result (consequence), condition (if)

ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE: ADDS EXTRA INFORMATION TO A PARTICULAR NOUN. IT BEGINS WITH WHO, WHOSE, WHOM FOR PEOPLE AND WHICH, THAT FOR OBJECTS AND ANIMALS.

EXAMPLE: THE CLEAN UP INITIATIVE WHICH WAS ORGINALLY STARTED BY PASSIONALTE YACHTSMAN WAYNE SMITH WILL BECOME A REGULAR EVENT.

IDENTIFY THE UNDERLINED SENTENCE AS A NOUN, ADJECTIVAL, ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OR PHRASE

1. What the headmaster knew about music could be written on a postage stamp.

2. The man who wears a tall, white hat is the chef.

3. He sent the message as soon as he arrived.

4. The tall man with the brown cap shoots the fierce lion accurately in the chest between the bushes.

5. The boy who has pimples is nevertheless good-looking.

6. A corner of the garden, between the pond and the red-brick wall, is lush, though not colourful.

PRACTISE NOW: PG 72 N0 1-8

ABBREVIATIONSPG. 52

CLIPPED: REMOVING (CLIPPING) PARTS OF A WORD TO SHORTEN IT.

EXAMPLE: EXAM(INATION) MATRIC(ULATION)

PORTMANTEAU: BLENDING TWO WORDS TOGETHER

EXAMPLE: SMOKE AND FOG = SMOG IPOD AND BROADCAST = PODCAST

TRUNCATION: ABBREVIATING A WORD BY USING ONLY THE FIRST PART OF A WORD - USUALLY A PROPER NOUN

EXAMPLE: FRI(DAY) PROF(ESSOR) BEV(ERLEY)

ACRONYMS: FORMED FROM THE FIRST LETTERS OF OTHER WORDS AND PRONOUNCED AS A WORD

EXAMPLE: AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

INITIALISM: CONSISTING OF INITIAL LETTERS PRONOUNCED SEPARATELY

EXAMPLE: PTO = Please Turn Over

NEOLOGISM: A NEWLY COINED WORD

EXAMPLE: GOOGLE

ABBREVIATE THESE WORDS BY CLIPPING THEM:

influenza photograph laboratory advertisement carbohydrates microphonemedicine luncheon

BLEND EACH PAIR OF WORDS TO MAKE COMMONLY USED PORTMANTEAUS:

Foreign + exchange guess + estimate video + blog

Sky + peer-to-peer breakfast + lunch work + alcoholic

ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS:

1. What would the initialism USA stand for?2. Is NASA an acronym, truncation or initialism?3. What would the shortened form of National Student Association be? What kind of shortened form would it be?4. Give the truncation for cell phone.5. Give the initialism for television.6. Give definitions for the following words and say whether they are abbreviations, acronyms or neologisms.

SA g8 Jo’burg SABC lol e.g. hi DIY ATM FAQ ESKOMSANLAM SASOL

7 What do the following abbreviations stand for?

Mr UNISA LP PA CEO Ave

8 What is the difference between i.e., e.g. and etc.?

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES

SUFFIXES

Are a group of letters added to the ending of words to form its part of speech and tense.

PREFIXESPlaced before the stem of a word. Adding it to the beginning of one word changes it into another word.

COMPLETE THE GRID BY ADDING THE MEANING OF THE PREFIX AND WRITE AN EXAMPLE OF THE WORDS THAT MAY BE FORMED FROM EACH PREFIX.

PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES

ANTEANTIAQUAAUTOCONCONTRACOUNTERENEXIMININTERMIDMIS MONOMULTIPOSTPRERE SEMISUBTELE TRITRANSUNULTAUNI

GIVE THE OPPOSITE OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS BY ADDING A PREFIXMORALMATUREPRACTICALPOSSIBLEREGULARRESISTIBLELEGALLOGICALEDIBLENORMALIMPORTANTSIGNIFICANTCOURTEOUS

ACCURATE

CHANGE THE PART OF SPEECH BY ADDING A SUFFIXPOST to a nounORIGIN to an adjectiveINNOCENT to an abstract nounBEAUTY to an adjective and a verbGOVERN to a nounDECIDE to a nounHAPPY to an adverbCELEBRATE to a nounFRIENDLY to a nounCAUTION to an adjectiveHOPE to an adjectiveTRICK to an adjectiveUSE to an adjective

LEARNTO FORM A NOUN ADD: TION: COMPLETION ORGANISATIONNESS: HAPPINESS FULLNESS KINDNESSISM: COMMUNISM OR/ER: DOCTOR ACTOR WAITER HAIRDRESSERING: SWIMMING EATINGMENT: GOVERNMENT AGREEMENT PAYMENTAGE: POSTAGE HOSTAGE FOOTAGESION: TELEVISION DECISION TO FORM AN ADJECTIVE ADD: ABLE: NOTICABLE SOCIABLE CAPABLE RELIABLEAL: PRACTICAL ORIGINAL GENERALARY: CAUTIONARY STATIONARY EN: BROKEN FALLEN SUNKEN FUL: BEAUTIFUL USEFULL HATEFULISH: PINKISH CHILDISHIVE: ACTIVE MASSIVELESS: HOPELESS MOTHERLESSOUS: SERIOUS MARVELLOUSSOME: TROUBLESOME HANDSOMEY: TRICKY BUMPYIC: PESSIMISTIC REALISTIC

TO FROM AN ADVERB ADD: LY

IDENTIFY THE ROOT, THE PREFIX AND THE SUFFIX

UNREASONABLEUNDRESSUNDERNOURISHMENTREPLACEMENT

WRITE A WORD THAT BEGINS WITH EX – WHICH MEAN:1. TO SHOUT IN SURPRISE2. TO THROW OUT OF SCHOOL3. TO PUT OUT OR QUENCH4. TO BREATH OUT

PREPOSITIONS AND CONJUNCTIONSPREPOSITIONS SHOW POSITIONS. IT IS ATTACHED TO THE NOUN OR PORNOUN.

REMEMBER: YOU BORROW FROM SOMEONE YOU LEND TO SOMEONE BETWEEN IS USED FOR TWO PEOPLE OR THINGS AMONG IS USED FOR MORE THAN ONE

CONJUNCTIONS ARE JOINING WORDS.

CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: JOIN SENTENCES OF IMPORTANCE TO MAKE COMPOUND SENTENCES

NOR AND YET OR BUT FOR SO

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS:

BECAUSE WHILE THAT AFTER WHEN ALTHOUGH HOWEVER

REWRITE THE SENTENCES, FILLING IN THE APPROPRIATE PREPOSITIONS (practice workbook)

1. He walked ________the bridge.2. They ran ________ the block.3. The child fell _______the chair.4. My mother has a love ______ music.5. The painting hangs ______ the wall.6. Live according ______ your means.7. She walked _____ the shop8. He is _____ himself with joy9. The sweets were divided ________ the children.10. He was inspired __________ his uncle.11. He entered _________ the Marathon.12. She approves ________ him.13. We disagree ________ you.14. David was a man ________ my own heart.15. Share the cake ________ the two of you.16. Two boys were _________ loggerheads _________ each other.17. You will play _______ accordance ________ the rules.18. I’m writing ________ behalf ________ my grandmother.19. My son is very keen ______ tennis.20. The bough creaked ______ my weight and I nearly fell _______ the ground.

List the missing prepositions:

1. To die _____ a heart attack.2. To be _____ your guard.3. To impose fines ______ trespassers.4. To be deprived ______ love.5. To congratulate someone _____ her birthday.6. To be acquitted ______ a crime.7. To agree _______ someone.8. To be _______ your best.9. To fall _______ a trap.10. To be _______ favour of something.11. To judge ____ appearances.12. To be proud _______ something.13. To succeed ________ good results.14. To travel ______ car/bicycle, but _______ foot.15. To be subjected _________ something.16. To persist ______ working hard.17. To have pleasure _______ accepting.18. To live ________one’s means.19. To perish _______ lack of food.20. To be popular ______ one’s friends.

PRACTISE NOW: PG 53

1. IDENTIFY 4 PREPOSITIONS IN THE TEST.2. FIND 4 CONJUNCTIONS IN THE TEXT.

Metho fell into a pattern of crime because he was badly affected by his mother’s death from AIDS. He endured many stabbings and burns in gang wars but was saved by Laura Gamse. The film-maker heard about the singer with a scar and she went to Hermanus to find him. Mthetho is now a success although this has taken time to achieve. Everyone knows who he is when his name is mentioned.

PRACTISE NOW: PG 93

1. Complete these starter sentences using the co-ordinating conjunctions to create compound sentences.a) Believe in yourself and …..b) Believe in yourself but …c) Believe in yourself so ….d) Believe in yourself for ….

2. Fill in the missing co-ordinating conjunction in each of these compound sentences.a) It is better to solve problems as and when they crop up _________they do not overwhelm you.b) I asked my brother to help me with a problem _____ he ignored me.c) I want to help her ______ it is the right thing to do.d) You should either solve a problem immediately _______ make a plan to deal with it.

3. Write some complex sentences using the given subordinating conjunctions.a) Never compare yourself to your friends because ___________b) Express your anger in a creative way whenever _____________c) Accept that your mistakes are a part of learning although _________

4. Fill in the missing conjunction. (practice workbook)Choose from: besides that against although before while because who therefore unless

a) Paul brushed his teeth ________ he went to bed.b) Mike was upset ______ her friends turned _______ her.c) You ________ may not apply for amnesty _______ you have very good reasons to do so.d) They saw the shooting star _______ driving to the beach.e) The man ________ delivers our mail was bitten by the dog ________ lives next door.f) ________ allergic to grass, he didn’t mind helping to mow the lawn.

g) ________ being the best student in class, she is also an accomplished pianist.h) A storm was threatening ________ the match was cancelled.

VERBS

WHAT IS A FINITE VERB? (PG 28)Finite verbs can stand on their own in a sentence and do not need an auxiliary verb (or helping) verb. A finite verb has a subject, number and tense.

FINITE VERB = SUBJECT (WHO OR WHAT)

NUMBER(SINGULAR OR PLURAL)

TENSE (PRESENT, PAST OR FUTURE)

AUXILIARY VERBS (PG 103)

But first what are auxiliary verbs also known as helping verbs.

Example: am, are be, can, could, had, has, have, is, may, might, must, shall, should, was, were, will would.

EXAMPLES OF FINITE VERBS:1. They ran.

1.1 Identify the following from the sentence above:

1.1.1 The subject

= They

1.1.2 The number (is the subject singular or plural)

= Plural

1.1.3 The verb

= Ran

1.1.4 The tense of the verb.

= Past tense

Therefore, the short sentence above is a complete sentence as it consists of a subject, number, tense. The finite verb in the above sentence is RAN

Question 1:Identify the subject, number, verb and tense of the following:1. She studies every day.2. They left home at midnight.3. We played ball.4. She loves parades.5. He goes.6. I walk home.7. They climbed over the fence.8. Mark is studying Medicine.9. I am satisfied.10. Elise needs to see the doctor.

Question 2 (practice workbook)Complete the table, filling in the missing finite verbs:

PRESENT PAST PAST PARTICIPLEShe buys she bought she has boughtYou _______ you drew you _____ _______He lies on a bed he ________ he _______ ______I give I ________ I ________ _______They ________ they ________ they have spokenWe throw we ________ we ______ ________I write I _________ I ________ ________He swims he _________ he ________ _______He _______ she ________ she has kneltI dry I _________ I _______ ________He ________ he fell He ______ ________They shine they _______ they ________ _____ He ________ he _________ he has learntThe sun rises the sun _______ the sun ______ ______ She lays the table she _________ she _________ ________We _________ we thought we ________ _________Mary hides Mary __________ Mary _________ _________He speaks he ____________ he __________ __________It _________ it shank it ________ __________He speeds he __________ he ________ __________It sticks it ____________ it _________ ___________

PRACTISE NOW PG 94

1. Rewrite the sentences below changing the regular verbs into the past tense.

a) The learner (present) his humorous speech with skill and the class (clap) loudly.b) She (listen) attentively to the motivational speaker and (smile) and (nod) in agreement.

1. Identify the adjectives and adverbs in the above two sentences (a and b).

2. Rewrite the sentences below changing the irregular verbs into the past tense.

a) He (see) what happened and he (tell) his mother.b) Her parents (teach) her to walk away from bullies but she (fight) back.c) She (say) it (take) her three minutes to read the article.d) He (forget) the message even though he (write) it down and (bring) the wrong book.

Direct & Indirect (Reported) Speech When we represent a person’s spoken words we can do this using direct or indirect (reported) speech. Direct speech: When we use the actual words of the person speaking. Indirect speech: When we report what was said without using the speaker’s exact words.

REWRITING FROM DIRECT TO INDIRECT SPEECH 1. Start with an appropriate opening. IF YOU ARE… THEN USE…REPORTING ON A STATEMENT ‘said’, ‘stated’, ‘remarked’, ‘reported’REPORTING ON A QUESTION ‘asked’, ‘enquired’, ‘requested’, ‘questioned’REPORTING ON A COMMAND ‘advised’, ‘insisted’, ‘ordered’, ‘commanded’,

‘instructed’REPORTING ON AN EXCLAMATION ‘exclaimed’, ‘shouted’, ‘proclaimed’, ‘rejoiced’

When reporting the word, “Please”, you can use the phrase‘…politely asked’.

2.Change pronouns, adverbs and adjectives.PRONOUNSFirst-person Third-personI He/sheMe Him/herMy His/herWe TheyUs ThemOur Their

Adjectives/Adverbs of time & placeDirect Speech Indirect SpeechIs WasAre WereWas/were Had beenSee SawSaw Had seenDo DidHere ThereThis ThatNow ThenToday That dayYesterday The previous dayTomorrow The following day / next dayLast week The previous week / the week before

Ago Before

3. What about the tense?

The verbs within the quotation marks are rewritten one step back in the past when they are converted into indirect speech.Example:Direct Speech: Tshegofatso said, “I will always love Trevor.”Indirect SpeechChange the pronounTshegofatso said that she would always love Trevor.Change the tense of the verb

1. Punctuate the following conversations correctly. (practice workbook)

a) Why are you here he askedThe little boy looked at him and said im just looking for my soccer ball

b) Anele said I will come with you to the mallokay said maggie that will be fun

c) Karabo looked worried have you learnt for the geography test she askedsam laughed yes I have she saidI hate learning said sheila I just cant seem to do it

2. Change the following sentences into indirect/reported speech. (practice workbook)

a) “Albert and I are leaving for Cape Town today,” said Karin.b) “Why can’t we write the test next week?” asked Niki.c) “Sarah, have you done your homework which I gave yesterday?” asked Ms

Coetzer.d) The team all exclaimed, “Hoorah, we’ve won the trophy!”e) “We went to the Rosebank flea market yesterday afternoon, where we bought

African curious,” said Rose.f) “The criminals were detained at the police station for the possession of stolen

good last week.”g) “Thank you for raising the issue of the derelict building with the city counsil,” Mr

Mbeki replied.

Active & Passive VoiceThe term ‘voice’ refers to the ‘activeness’ or ‘passiveness’ of a verb, depending upon whether thesubject is doing the action of the verb or receiving the action of the verb.Active voice:In this voice the object is being acted upon.Example: The chef prepared the meal..The active voice is a clear way of writing and it can have a strong impact on the reader..Verbs in the active voice reveal the performer or ‘doer’ of the action.Passive voice:The subject is being acted upon.Example: The meal was prepared by the chef..The passive form gives a sentence a formality that makes it appropriate for official contexts..It focuses on the procedure and results rather than on the person doing the action..It can ‘disguise’ responsibility or remove emphasis from the doer.

Changing from Active to PassiveWhen changing a sentence from the active to the passive voice, there are a few changes that need tobe made.Personal PronounsSubject Form Object FormI MeYou YouHe HimShe HerIt ItWe UsThey Them

When changing between active and passive voice, first identify theSUBJECT (S), the VERB (V) and the OBJECT (O).

1. Move the subject to the front…move the object to the back.

2.Identify the tense:

Simple present (ADD is/are depending on the subject)Example: I write a test

A test is written. Simple past: (ADD was/were depending on the subject)

Example: I wrote a test.A test was written.

Present perfect (ADD has/have depending on the subject + BEEN) Example: They have seen this movie.This movie has been seen by them.

Past perfect (ADD had + BEEN)Example: The police had caught the robber.The robber had been caught by the police.

Future (ADD Will + BE)Example: The learners will write a test.A test will be written by the learners.

3. Make the object the subject.4. the tense stays the same but remember the auxiliary.

Rewrite the sentence in the passive voice. (practice workbook)

1. Someone cleans my house every day.2. The boys used string to construct the display.3. Tomorrow I will watch the Michael Jackson film.4. The clown sang a really funny song.5. The army is attacking the enemy on all fronts.6. Harry took a bullet in the throat.7. The police have arrested the hijacker.8. The millionaire bought the beautiful yacht.9. Sally looks at the smallest rings.10.Builders had built the school pool when the school first opened.11.Children of all ages are playing video games.

HOMOPHONES AND HOMONYMSHOMOPHONES: PRONOUNED THE SAME, BUT DIFFER IN SPELLING AND

MEANING.

HOMONYMS: SPELT THE SAME, AND PRONOUNCED THE SAME, BUT HAVE DIFFERENT MEANINGS.

EXERCISE 1USE THESE HOMONYMS IN TWO DIFFERENT SENTENCES TO SHO THE DIFFERENT MEANINGS:

a) Fairb) Pressc) Secondd) Spelle) Fumes

EXERCISE 2PROVIDE THE HOMOPHONES FOR EACH OF THE UNDERLINED WORDS AND DEMONSTRATE ITS MEANING.

a) They always say that Jack and Jill fetched a pail of water.b) Mum always sifts the flour when she bakes.c) Invite the pair of them for the holidays.d) There are four rows of seats in my car.e) Getting through the hoop is the first challenge.f) She remembered to check the back door when she went out.

EXERCISE 3BELOW IS A LIST OF WORDS THAT ARE HOMONYMS. WRITE TWO SENTENCES FOR EACH WORD.

a) bark b) general c) tip d) board e) kid f) firmg) lap h) range i) seal j) spell

EXERCISE 4IDENTIFY THE HOMOPHONE FOR EACH WORD AND WRITE A SENTENCE THAT ILLUSTRATES THE DIFFERENT MEANING OR EACH WORD.

a) dye b) whether c) which d) hear e) see f) berryg) symbol h) too i) mined j) red