Histrionics Histrionics

Obsessive-Obsessive-Compulsive Compulsive

SchizophreniaSchizophreniaDissociativeDissociative

Disorder Disorder

Bipolar or Manic-DepressiveBipolar or Manic-DepressiveDisorder Disorder

Borderline PersonalityBorderline Personalitydisorderdisorder

Here are your chapter Here are your chapter project options about project options about

psychological disorders.psychological disorders.

Go toGo to http://psimonciniohs.net/and write a report on any of the topics and write a report on any of the topics listed for this chapter.listed for this chapter.

Observe the following film clipObserve the following film clip from the commercial film, from the commercial film, Patch Patch AdamsAdams..

Watch the characters. List what Watch the characters. List what ever behaviors exhibited by them ever behaviors exhibited by them that you consider to be abnormal.that you consider to be abnormal. Be prepared to discuss them.Be prepared to discuss them.

15.4% of the population suffers 15.4% of the population suffers from diagnosable mental health from diagnosable mental health problemsproblems

Any year: 56 million Americans meet the Any year: 56 million Americans meet the criteria for a diagnosable psychological criteria for a diagnosable psychological disorder;disorder;Over the lifespan, 32% of Americans will Over the lifespan, 32% of Americans will suffer from some psychological disorder suffer from some psychological disorder

Definitions of Abnormal Behavior Definitions of Abnormal Behavior Any deviation from the average Any deviation from the average or the majority or the majority Failure to adjust to the rules of Failure to adjust to the rules of society: physically, emotionally,society: physically, emotionally, and socially and socially Thomas Szasz Thomas Szasz (1984)(1984): people who : people who have problems “living”—serious have problems “living”—serious conflicts with the world around conflicts with the world around themthem

Three Classic Symptoms of SevereThree Classic Symptoms of SeverePsychopathology Psychopathology

HallucinationsHallucinations

DelusionsDelusions

Affect Affect

The Spectrum of Mental Disorder The Spectrum of Mental Disorder

NoNoDisorderDisorder

MildMildDisorderDisorder

ModerateModerateDisorderDisorder

SevereSevereDisorderDisorder

Absence of signs of psychologicalAbsence of signs of psychological disorderdisorderAbsence of behavior problemsAbsence of behavior problemsNo problems with interpersonal No problems with interpersonal relationships relationships

Few signs of distress or other Few signs of distress or other indicators of psychological disorderindicators of psychological disorderFew behavior problems; responsesFew behavior problems; responses usually appropriate to the situationusually appropriate to the situationFew difficulties with relationships Few difficulties with relationships

Indicators of disorder are more Indicators of disorder are more pronounced and occur more pronounced and occur more frequentlyfrequentlyMore distinct behavior problems; More distinct behavior problems; behavior is often inappropriate to behavior is often inappropriate to the situationthe situationMore frequent difficulties with More frequent difficulties with relationshipsrelationships

Clear signs of psychological disorder,Clear signs of psychological disorder, which dominate the person’s lifewhich dominate the person’s lifeSevere and frequent behavior Severe and frequent behavior problems; behavior is usually problems; behavior is usually inappropriate to the situationinappropriate to the situationMany poor relationships or lack of Many poor relationships or lack of relationships with others relationships with others

Hippocrates and the 4 humorsHippocrates and the 4 humors BloodBlood (heart—sanguine (heart—sanguine or or cheerful) cheerful)

PhlegmPhlegm (mucus from brain— (mucus from brain—sluggish)sluggish)Black bileBlack bile (spleen—melancholy) (spleen—melancholy)

Yellow bileYellow bile (liver—angry or (liver—angry or choleric)choleric)

Asylum Movement Asylum Movement

Political pressures eventually Political pressures eventually turned the initially therapeutic turned the initially therapeutic asylums into asylums into overcrowded warehouses of overcrowded warehouses of neglect neglect

Weaknesses in medical model Weaknesses in medical model

Assumption of disease leads to a Assumption of disease leads to a doctor-knows-best approachdoctor-knows-best approach; ; therapist therapist takes all responsibilitytakes all responsibility for diagnosing for diagnosing the illness and prescribing treatment. the illness and prescribing treatment. The The patient may become passive and patient may become passive and dependentdependent on the doctor on the doctor

Social-cognitive-behavioral approach Social-cognitive-behavioral approach

Cognitive: looks inward, emphasizing Cognitive: looks inward, emphasizing mental processesmental processes; ; Behaviorism: looks outward, Behaviorism: looks outward, emphasizing the influence of the emphasizing the influence of the environmentenvironment The two The two now seen as complementarynow seen as complementary

Behaviorism and abnormal behaviors Behaviorism and abnormal behaviors

Acquired through behavioral learningAcquired through behavioral learningBehavior and environmental conditionsBehavior and environmental conditions (rewards and punishments)(rewards and punishments)

Cognitive and abnormal behaviorsCognitive and abnormal behaviors

Also consider Also consider how people perceive how people perceive them-selves and their relations with them-selves and their relations with othersothersCognitive variablesCognitive variables: whether people : whether people believe believe they have they have control over their livescontrol over their lives; how ; how they they cope with stress and threatcope with stress and threat; do ; do they they attribute behavior to situational or attribute behavior to situational or personal factors?personal factors?

Albert Bandura: Reciprocal DeterminismAlbert Bandura: Reciprocal DeterminismProposes that behavior, Proposes that behavior, cognition, and social/ cognition, and social/ environ-mental all influence environ-mental all influence each othereach otherA fear of public speaking can be A fear of public speaking can be

understood as a understood as a product of behavioral product of behavioral learning, cognitive learning, cognitive learning, and social learning, and social learning learning

Modern research and the brain Modern research and the brain

It is a complex organ whose mental It is a complex organ whose mental functions depend on a delicate functions depend on a delicate balance of chemicals and ever-balance of chemicals and ever-changing circuitschanging circuitsSubtle alterations can profoundly alter Subtle alterations can profoundly alter thoughts and behaviorsthoughts and behaviors

Subtle signs that may also indicate Subtle signs that may also indicate psychological disturbances psychological disturbances

Distress: prolonged levels of Distress: prolonged levels of un-ease or anxietyun-ease or anxiety

Maladaptiveness:Maladaptiveness:acts in a way that acts in a way that makes others fearfulmakes others fearfulor interfere with his or interfere with his or her well-being or her well-being

Irrationality: act or talk in ways Irrationality: act or talk in ways that are irrational or incomprehen-that are irrational or incomprehen-sible to others; inappropriate sible to others; inappropriate behavior or emotional responsesbehavior or emotional responses

Subtle signs that may also indicate Subtle signs that may also indicate psychological disturbances psychological disturbances

Unpredictability: behave Unpredictability: behave erratically and inconsistently erratically and inconsistently at different times or from at different times or from one situation to anotherone situation to another

Unconventionality and Unconventionality and undesirable behavior: behave undesirable behavior: behave in ways that are statisticallyin ways that are statisticallyrare and violate social normsrare and violate social normsof what is legally or morallyof what is legally or morallyacceptable or desirable acceptable or desirable

Classifying Emotional Disorders Classifying Emotional Disorders Challenges in doing so Challenges in doing so 1952: American Psychiatric Assn.1952: American Psychiatric Assn.agreed on aagreed on a standard system for standard system for classifying classifying abnormal symptomsabnormal symptoms,,published in the:published in the: Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Diagnostic And Statistical Manual For Mental DisordersFor Mental Disorders (DSM) (DSM)4+ versions;4+ versions; latest update: DSM-IV-TR latest update: DSM-IV-TR 2000 (1994)2000 (1994)

In this chapter we shall In this chapter we shall be discussing be discussing psychological psychological

disorders. But please disorders. But please be careful to avoid. . . be careful to avoid. . .

Medical Students’ Disease

Helps psychologists Helps psychologists look at the entire look at the entire person as they makeperson as they makeevaluations.evaluations.

Process called:Process called:multiaxial diagnosis—multiaxial diagnosis—professionals considerprofessionals considernot only abnormal not only abnormal behavior, but also behavior, but also general medical general medical conditionsconditions

Classifying Emotional Disorders Classifying Emotional Disorders Five axes, Five axes, or dimensions or dimensions

Axis I: classifies current symptoms intoAxis I: classifies current symptoms into explicitly defined categoriesexplicitly defined categoriesAxis II: describes developmental dis-Axis II: describes developmental dis- orders and long-standing personality orders and long-standing personality disorders or maladaptive traitsdisorders or maladaptive traits (com- (com- pulssiveness, over-dependency, etc.)pulssiveness, over-dependency, etc.)Axis III: physical disorders or general Axis III: physical disorders or general medical conditions that are potentially medical conditions that are potentially relevant to understanding or caring relevant to understanding or caring for a personfor a person (brain damage) (brain damage)

Classifying Emotional Disorders Classifying Emotional Disorders Five axes, Five axes, or dimensions or dimensions

Axis IV: a measurement of the current Axis IV: a measurement of the current stress level at which the person is stress level at which the person is functioning functioning (a rating of stressors based(a rating of stressors based on what the individual has experienced on what the individual has experienced in the past year)in the past year)Axis V: describes the highest level of Axis V: describes the highest level of adaptive functioning present within adaptive functioning present within the past year the past year (social relations, (social relations, occupational functioning, use of occupational functioning, use of leisure time) leisure time)

Oh noooooooo:Oh noooooooo:Here’s a homework Here’s a homework

assignment.assignment.

Try one of the Try one of the following behaviors.following behaviors.Observe/recordObserve/recordpeoples’ reactions.peoples’ reactions.

Shake hands; hold longer/normalShake hands; hold longer/normalEye contact > 10 seconds from afar Eye contact > 10 seconds from afar ““Why do you want to know?”Why do you want to know?”

Before 1980: neurosis and psychosis Before 1980: neurosis and psychosis were the most commonly used were the most commonly used diagnostic distinctionsdiagnostic distinctions Now those terms have beenNow those terms have been replaced replaced by more specific termsby more specific terms Neurosis: now called a disorderNeurosis: now called a disorder Psychosis: loss of contact with reality Psychosis: loss of contact with reality

We shall now study those specific terms We shall now study those specific terms

Anxiety disorders Anxiety disorders Somatoform Somatoform Disorders Disorders

Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Disorders Mood Disorders Mood Disorders Schizophrenia Schizophrenia

As someone who suffers As someone who suffers from shifts in moods, here from shifts in moods, here

goes: goes: abnormal abnormal disturbances in emotion disturbances in emotion

or mood.or mood.

I’m obviously in a BAD I’m obviously in a BAD mood. Would mood. Would

someone please give someone please give us the definition ofus the definition of mood disorders?mood disorders?

Individuals suffering fromIndividuals suffering fromthis disorderthis disorder spend at spend at least two weeks feeling least two weeks feeling depressed, sad, anxious,depressed, sad, anxious,fatigued, and agitated,fatigued, and agitated,experiencing aexperiencing a reduced ability to reduced ability to function and interact with others.function and interact with others.

Major Depressive Disorder Major Depressive Disorder

Cannot be attributed to bereavement Cannot be attributed to bereavement

Major Depressive DisorderMajor Depressive Disorder

Marked by at least 4 of Marked by at least 4 of following: problems eating, following: problems eating, sleeping, thinking,sleeping, thinking,concentrating, decision concentrating, decision making; lacking energy;making; lacking energy;thinking about suicide; and feeling thinking about suicide; and feeling worthless or guilty.worthless or guilty.

Associated with low levels of serotonin Associated with low levels of serotonin

Martin Seligman: depressionMartin Seligman: depressionis the common cold of is the common cold of psychological disorderspsychological disorders

Almost everyone has Almost everyone has suffered from some sort of suffered from some sort of depressiondepression

In the U. S. depression accounts for the In the U. S. depression accounts for the majority of all mental hospital admissions—majority of all mental hospital admissions—Still believed to be under-diagnosed andStill believed to be under-diagnosed and under-treatedunder-treated$43 Billion a year in the U.S. $43 Billion a year in the U.S.

Depression-Suicide Linkage Depression-Suicide Linkage Suicide claims 1 in 50 depression Suicide claims 1 in 50 depression suffererssufferersSuicide is a greater risk when a Suicide is a greater risk when a depressed person is on the way down depressed person is on the way down in a depressive episode in a depressive episode

In the depths of a In the depths of a depressive depressive episode, episode, usually no energy usually no energy or will to do or will to do anything, much anything, much less suicideless suicide

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Some people suffer fromSome people suffer from depression in depression in winter winter andand spirits only lift with coming spirits only lift with coming of spring (depression caused by of spring (depression caused by sunlight deprivation)sunlight deprivation)

The hormoneThe hormonemelatonin may play a melatonin may play a role: role: less light—moreless light—moremelatonin secreted by the brain’s melatonin secreted by the brain’s pineal gland. High levels of melatonin pineal gland. High levels of melatonin can cause some to suffer from SAD.can cause some to suffer from SAD.

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Winter: SAD sufferersWinter: SAD suffererssleep and eat sleep and eat excessively excessively

Elements of Depression Elements of Depression

DependencDependencyy

Self-CriticismSelf-Criticism

InefficacyInefficacy

Need for others’ help andNeed for others’ help and supportsupport

Negative assessment of Negative assessment of one’s own worth.one’s own worth.

““Nothing I do matters”Nothing I do matters”

Elements of Depression Elements of Depression •Draw illogical conclusions aboutDraw illogical conclusions about themselves.themselves.•Blame selves for normal problemsBlame selves for normal problems

•Consider every minor Consider every minor failure afailure a catastrophecatastrophe

DepressionDepression: a Vicious Cycle : a Vicious Cycle

Negative Event Negative Event

Low Low self-self-esteem esteem

Attribution of Attribution of negative events to negative events to personal flaws: personal flaws: learned learned helplessness helplessness

Negative Self-Negative Self-evaluationevaluation

Negative Negative behaviorsbehaviors(crying) (crying)

Other Other people people avoid avoid

Depression Greater in Women Depression Greater in Women Susan Nolen-HoeksemaSusan Nolen-Hoeksema

Differing response styles of women andDiffering response styles of women and men experiencing negative moodsmen experiencing negative moods Women: tend to think about possible Women: tend to think about possible causes and implications causes and implications of their feelingsof their feelings

Men attempt to distract Men attempt to distract themselves from depressed feelings—themselves from depressed feelings— shifting attention to something else or shifting attention to something else or engaging in a physical activityengaging in a physical activity

Depression Now Often a Teen Issue Depression Now Often a Teen Issue Still more prevalent in femalesStill more prevalent in females

Three factorsThree factors1.1. Out of Out of control control individualism and self-centeredness that individualism and self-centeredness that focuses on individual success & failurefocuses on individual success & failure2.2. The self-esteem movement (should feel good The self-esteem movement (should feel good about yourself irrespective of efforts & about yourself irrespective of efforts & achievementsachievements3. Culture of victimology—points the finger of 3. Culture of victimology—points the finger of blame at someone or something else blame at someone or something else

Bipolar disorder—individuals are Bipolar disorder—individuals are excessively and inappropriately excessively and inappropriately happy or unhappy happy or unhappy High elation; hopeless depression High elation; hopeless depression or an alteration between the two or an alteration between the two

Manic phase—a person experiences Manic phase—a person experiences elation, extreme confusion, elation, extreme confusion, distractibility, and racing thoughts distractibility, and racing thoughts

Often exaggerated self-Often exaggerated self-esteem & esteem & irresponsible behavior irresponsible behavior (sprees, (sprees, insulting remarks)insulting remarks)

Depressive phase—the individual is Depressive phase—the individual is overcome by feelings of failure,overcome by feelings of failure,sinfulness, worthlessness, and despairsinfulness, worthlessness, and despair

Depressive-type reaction: lethargy, Depressive-type reaction: lethargy, despair, unresponsiveness.despair, unresponsiveness.

To illustrate bipolar disorder, weTo illustrate bipolar disorder, weare going to watch a short film are going to watch a short film clip about a person who suffers clip about a person who suffers from bipolar disorder: NBC from bipolar disorder: NBC News personality, Jane Pauley.News personality, Jane Pauley.

Most common mental illness in U. S.;Most common mental illness in U. S.;19 million Americans endure symptoms 19 million Americans endure symptoms typical of anxiety-based disorders typical of anxiety-based disorders annually annually (15% of population)(15% of population)

Common characteristics: Common characteristics: Feelings of anxiety Feelings of anxiety

Feelings of personal inadequacy Feelings of personal inadequacy

Unrealistic self-images Unrealistic self-images Can’t get rid of recurring fears & Can’t get rid of recurring fears & worries worries

Avoid dealing with problems Avoid dealing with problems

That’ right Elizabeth. Also even That’ right Elizabeth. Also even though the behavior of anxious people though the behavior of anxious people may be self-defeating and ineffective may be self-defeating and ineffective in solving problems, those driven by in solving problems, those driven by anxiety anxiety often refuse to give up their often refuse to give up their behaviorsbehaviors in favor of more effective in favor of more effective

ways of dealing with anxiety.ways of dealing with anxiety.

Anxious people often Anxious people often have difficulty forming have difficulty forming stable and satisfying stable and satisfying

relationships.relationships.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Anxiety is a generalizedAnxiety is a generalizedapprehension that is a apprehension that is a reaction to vague or reaction to vague or imagined dangers.imagined dangers.

Generalized Anxiety Generalized Anxiety Disorder is a continuous, Disorder is a continuous, generalized anxiety. generalized anxiety. Fearing Fearing unknown unknown andand unforeseen circumstances, unforeseen circumstances, people people suffering from the disorder aresuffering from the disorder are unable unable to make decisions or enjoy life.to make decisions or enjoy life.

Generalized Anxiety DisorderGeneralized Anxiety Disorder

Trouble dealing with Trouble dealing with family/family/ friendsfriendsTrouble fulfilling responsibilitiesTrouble fulfilling responsibilitiesFeel trapped in a vicious cycle:Feel trapped in a vicious cycle: Worry DifficultyWorry Difficulty WorryWorry

Physical symptomsPhysical symptoms: muscle tension; : muscle tension; can’t relax; strained face; poor appetite; can’t relax; strained face; poor appetite; indigestion, diarrhea; frequent urinationindigestion, diarrhea; frequent urination

SoSo preoccupied with internal preoccupied with internal problems, problems, people havepeople have: :

Panic DisorderPanic Disorder

Sudden, unexplainableSudden, unexplainable attack of intense fear—attack of intense fear— sense of inevitable doomsense of inevitable doom or even death.or even death.

Sx: smotheringSx: smothering

chokingchokingnauseanausea

difficulty breathing difficulty breathing chest painschest pains

Panic disorder probably can be traced back Panic disorder probably can be traced back to the Amygdala in the limbic system of the to the Amygdala in the limbic system of the brain (unconscious, emotional pathways)brain (unconscious, emotional pathways)

Now, we’ll watch a brief Now, we’ll watch a brief film clip from the film clip from the Today Today

ShowShow on NBC about panic on NBC about panic disorder and its treatment.disorder and its treatment.

Would somebody please Would somebody please define the term define the term “agoraphobia“agoraphobia??””

Fear of the marketplace—fear may experienceFear of the marketplace—fear may experience some kind of attack in large places; become some kind of attack in large places; become prisoners in their own homes prisoners in their own homes (Emily Dickenson)(Emily Dickenson)

2% of the 2% of the Population;Population;

more womenmore womenthan menthan men

Phobic DisorderPhobic DisorderSevere anxiety focused Severe anxiety focused on a particular object, on a particular object, activity or situation when activity or situation when compared to real dangercompared to real dangerSpecific phobias Specific phobias Social phobias Social phobias

Often elaborate plans to avoid Often elaborate plans to avoid feared situations. For examplefeared situations. For examplethe situation in this film clip:the situation in this film clip:

Agoraphobia Agoraphobia

12% of all Americans 12% of all Americans

My therapist said I have many My therapist said I have many phobias. What kinds of phobias phobias. What kinds of phobias

do people experience?do people experience?

Mohini, there are Mohini, there are many different many different phobias. Some phobias. Some

examples are clowns, examples are clowns, spiders, cats or spiders, cats or

chickens.chickens.

AcrophobiaAcrophobiaAerophobiaAerophobiaAgliophobiaAgliophobiaAlektorophobiaAlektorophobiaAlliumphobiaAlliumphobiaAmaxophobiaAmaxophobiaAnuptaphobiaAnuptaphobiaApiphobiaApiphobiaArachnophobiaArachnophobiaAtychiphobiaAtychiphobia

HeightsHeightsDraftsDraftsPainPainChickensChickensGarlicGarlicRiding in a carRiding in a carStaying singleStaying singleBeesBeesSpidersSpidersFailure Failure

AulophobiaAulophobiaAutophobiaAutophobiaAviophobiaAviophobiaBlennophobiaBlennophobiaCacophobiaCacophobiaClaustrophobiaClaustrophobiaCoulrophobiaCoulrophobiaCynophobiaCynophobiaDementophobiaDementophobiaDromophobiaDromophobia

FlutesFlutesBeing aloneBeing aloneFlyingFlyingSlimeSlimeUglinessUglinessConfined spacesConfined spacesClownsClownsDogs or rabiesDogs or rabiesInsanityInsanityCrossing streets Crossing streets

ElurophobiaElurophobiaEphebiphobiaEphebiphobiaHerpetophobiaHerpetophobiaHominophobiaHominophobiaKatagelophobiaKatagelophobiaLachanophobiaLachanophobiaMetrophobiaMetrophobiaNecrophobiaNecrophobiaPhotophobiaPhotophobiaScotophobia Scotophobia Thalassophobia Thalassophobia Vestiphobia Vestiphobia

CatsCatsTeenagersTeenagersReptilesReptilesMenMenRidicule Ridicule VegetablesVegetablesPoetry Poetry Dead things Dead things LightLightDarknessDarknessThe seaThe seaClothing Clothing

Now, we’ll watch two Now, we’ll watch two brief film clips from the brief film clips from the

Today ShowToday Show on NBC; one on NBC; one about phobias and their about phobias and their treatment, and the other treatment, and the other about social phobias and about social phobias and

their treatment.their treatment.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Obsession: UncontrollablyObsession: Uncontrollablythinking same thoughtsthinking same thoughtsover and over again.over and over again.

Compulsion: RepeatedlyCompulsion: Repeatedlyperforming irrational actionsperforming irrational actions

We all have obsessions and We all have obsessions and compulsions. What are some of compulsions. What are some of yours or of someone you know?yours or of someone you know?

Obsessive-Compulsive Obsessive-Compulsive Only a psychological problem whenOnly a psychological problem when thoughts and activitiesthoughts and activities interfere with interfere with what a person wants and needs to do.what a person wants and needs to do.

Some people experience bothSome people experience bothobsession and compulsion together—obsession and compulsion together—Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

+

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Observe MelvinObserve Melvin in the following filmin the following film clip from James L.clip from James L. Brooks’ Brooks’ As Good As It GetsAs Good As It Gets and list and list as many instances of his compulsiveas many instances of his compulsive behavior as you can.behavior as you can.

Have you ever known anyone who can Have you ever known anyone who can be characterized as obsessive-be characterized as obsessive- compulsive? compulsive?

Now, we’ll watch another Now, we’ll watch another brief film clip from the brief film clip from the Today ShowToday Show on NBC on NBC

about Obsessive-about Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Compulsive Disorder and

its treatment.its treatment.

Post-TraumaticPost-TraumaticStress DisorderStress Disorder

Person who has Person who has experienced aexperienced a traumatic event feels severe andtraumatic event feels severe and long-lasting after-effects.long-lasting after-effects.War War veteransveterans

Victims of naturalVictims of naturaldisastersdisasters

Victims of human aggressionVictims of human aggression

Experiencing physical symptoms Experiencing physical symptoms for for which there is no apparent which there is no apparent physical physical cause .cause .ConversionConversion DisorderDisorder

HypochondriasHypochondriasisis

Conversion DisorderConversion DisorderConvert emotional difficulties into theConvert emotional difficulties into theloss of a specific physiological function.loss of a specific physiological function.

Real, prolonged handicap:Real, prolonged handicap:Sudden paralysis, not caused bySudden paralysis, not caused by anything physical. . .anything physical. . .. . . the victim accepts the malady. . . the victim accepts the maladywith relative calmwith relative calm

Victims unconsciously invent physicalVictims unconsciously invent physical symptoms to gain freedom from symptoms to gain freedom from unbearable conflict.unbearable conflict.

Glove anesthesia: a pattern of Glove anesthesia: a pattern of insensitivity to touch or pain that insensitivity to touch or pain that fits the patient “like a glove;” but fits the patient “like a glove;” but the the symptoms do not match any symptoms do not match any possiblepossiblepattern of nerve impairment pattern of nerve impairment

HypochondriasisHypochondriasis

Person Person who iswho is in good health in good health becomesbecomespreoccupied with imaginary ailments.preoccupied with imaginary ailments.Spends much time looking for signsSpends much time looking for signs of serious illnessof serious illness—misinterprets—misinterprets minor aches, pains, etc. as minor aches, pains, etc. as something very serious.something very serious.

Hypochondriacs, such as Hypochondriacs, such as the character Felix Unger the character Felix Unger in the in the Odd CoupleOdd Couple. .

A person experiencesA person experiences alterations in alterations inmemory, identity, or consciousness:memory, identity, or consciousness:3 types3 types Dissociative amnesiaDissociative amnesia: cannot recall : cannot recall important personal events or informationimportant personal events or informationEscape problems by blotting them out, Escape problems by blotting them out, often resulting from a traumatic eventoften resulting from a traumatic event

Dissociative fugueDissociative fugue: amnesia plus flight: amnesia plus flight

Depersonalization DisorderDepersonalization DisorderThe sensation that mind and body have The sensation that mind and body have separated (also known as “out-of-body”separated (also known as “out-of-body” experiences)experiences)External observers in own bodies or feelExternal observers in own bodies or feel like in a dreamlike in a dreamOCD and personality disorders often OCD and personality disorders often accompany this conditionaccompany this condition

Dissociative identity disorder: Dissociative identity disorder: a person a person exhibitsexhibits two or more personality states, two or more personality states,each with its own patterns of thinking each with its own patterns of thinking and behaving.and behaving.

Primarily a problem of Primarily a problem of cognition, cognition, rather than a problem of rather than a problem of emotionemotionConsiderable loss of contact Considerable loss of contact with with realityreality

Emotions blunted Emotions blunted Thoughts: bizarre; language: strange Thoughts: bizarre; language: strange twists twists Memory may become fragmented Memory may become fragmented Breaks the unity of the mind—sendsBreaks the unity of the mind—sends the victim on meaningless mental the victim on meaningless mental detoursdetours Confused verbalizations (word salads) Confused verbalizations (word salads)

Lives life as an unreal dream Lives life as an unreal dream

No single cause or single cure No single cause or single cure

A collection of symptoms A collection of symptoms that that indicates an individual hasindicates an individual has serious serious difficulty in meeting the demands of difficulty in meeting the demands of life life

Half of the patients in U.S. mental Half of the patients in U.S. mental hospitals hospitals Confused & disordered thoughts Confused & disordered thoughts and perceptions and perceptions

Many experienceMany experience delusions— delusions— false beliefs maintained in false beliefs maintained in the face of contrary evidencethe face of contrary evidence

Many experienceMany experience hallucinations—hallucinations—sensations in the absence of sensations in the absence of appropriate stimulationappropriate stimulation Some experienceSome experience incoherence— incoherence—a a

marked decline in thought processmarked decline in thought process Some experienceSome experience disturbances of disturbances of affect—emotions that are affect—emotions that are inappropriate for circumstances inappropriate for circumstances

Some experience aSome experience a marked marked decline in previous levels of decline in previous levels of functioning—functioning—serious productivity serious productivity decline at workdecline at work Some experienceSome experience diverted attention: diverted attention: often caused by “cognitive flooding” often caused by “cognitive flooding” inability to focus attention inability to focus attention

Disorganized schizophrenia– Disorganized schizophrenia– incoherent language, incoherent language, inappropriate emotions, giggling inappropriate emotions, giggling for no apparent reason, generally for no apparent reason, generally disorganized motor behavior, disorganized motor behavior, delusions and hallucinations delusions and hallucinations

Catatonic schizophrenia Catatonic schizophrenia Motionless for long periods, Motionless for long periods, exhibiting “waxy flexibility”–exhibiting “waxy flexibility”– limbs limbs in unusual positions may take a in unusual positions may take a long time to the resting, or relaxed, long time to the resting, or relaxed, position.position.

Paranoid Schizophrenia Paranoid Schizophrenia

Delusions, including grandeur, or Delusions, including grandeur, or persecutionpersecution

Undifferentiated schizophrenia—Undifferentiated schizophrenia— hallucinations and delusions, hallucinations and delusions, scrambled speech and thought scrambled speech and thought processes processes

Residual: individuals who have sufferedResidual: individuals who have sufferedfrom a schizophrenic episode in the pastfrom a schizophrenic episode in the pastbut currently have no major symptoms;but currently have no major symptoms;rather, their thinking is mildly disturbed or rather, their thinking is mildly disturbed or emotional lives impoverishedemotional lives impoverished

Typical symptoms: chronic history of poor Typical symptoms: chronic history of poor judgment, disordered thinking, emotional judgment, disordered thinking, emotional disturbances, disrupted social relationships, disturbances, disrupted social relationships, or or lack of impulse control lack of impulse control

Narcissistic Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Pervasive pattern of Pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for grandiosity, need for admiration and lack of admiration and lack of empathyempathyFive or more of followingFive or more of following::Grandiose sense of self-importanceGrandiose sense of self-importancePreoccupied with fantasies of unlimited Preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, etc.success, power, etc.Believes is special and unique—only Believes is special and unique—only associate with other high-status peopleassociate with other high-status peopleRequires excessive admirationRequires excessive admirationSense of entitlementSense of entitlement

Narcissistic Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Interpersonally exploitiveInterpersonally exploitiveLacks empathyLacks empathyOften envious of others or Often envious of others or believes others are believes others are envious of him/herenvious of him/herShows arrogant or haughty behaviors or Shows arrogant or haughty behaviors or attitudesattitudes

Narcissistic Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Antisocial Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder •Long-standing pattern of disregardLong-standing pattern of disregard for other people’s rightsfor other people’s rights•Occurred since age 15Occurred since age 15•Majority of following symptomsMajority of following symptomsFailure to conform to social normsFailure to conform to social normsDeceitfulnessDeceitfulnessImpulsivityImpulsivityIrritability & aggressivenessIrritability & aggressivenessReckless disregard for safetyReckless disregard for safetyConsistent irresponsibilityConsistent irresponsibilityLack of remorseLack of remorse

Long-standing & complex pattern Long-standing & complex pattern of feelings of inadequacy;of feelings of inadequacy;Extreme sensitivity to what others Extreme sensitivity to what others think about themthink about themSocial inhibitionSocial inhibitionMajority of followingMajority of following::Avoids occupational activitiesAvoids occupational activities involving interpersonal contactinvolving interpersonal contactUnwilling to get involved with Unwilling to get involved with peoplepeopleRestraint within intimate relationshipsRestraint within intimate relationshipsPreoccupied with being criticizedPreoccupied with being criticizedViews self as socially ineptViews self as socially ineptUsually reluctant to take personal risks Usually reluctant to take personal risks

Avoidant Personality Disorder Avoidant Personality Disorder

Unibomber, Unibomber, Ted KaczynskiTed Kaczynski

Borderline Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder Labile interpersonal Labile interpersonal relationships char-relationships char-acterized by instability acterized by instability

labilelabile \LAY-byl\, \LAY-byl\, adjectiveadjective::Constantly or readily undergoing chemical, Constantly or readily undergoing chemical, physical, or biological change or breakdown; physical, or biological change or breakdown; unstable. unstable.

May exhibit impulsive or unstable behaviors;May exhibit impulsive or unstable behaviors;unpredictable moods; stormy interpersonalunpredictable moods; stormy interpersonalrelationships; little tolerance for frustrationrelationships; little tolerance for frustration(substance abuse, promiscuity, gambling,(substance abuse, promiscuity, gambling,binge eating, reckless driving, etc.) binge eating, reckless driving, etc.)

Paris HiltonParis Hilton

Majority of followingMajority of following::Frantic efforts to avoidFrantic efforts to avoid real or imagined real or imagined abandonmentabandonmentPattern of unstable & intense interpersonalPattern of unstable & intense interpersonal relationships, characterized by alternating relationships, characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization &between extremes of idealization & devaluationdevaluationIdentity disturbanceIdentity disturbanceImpulsivity in at least two of the following:Impulsivity in at least two of the following: spending, sex, substance abuse, spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eatingreckless driving, binge eatingRecurrent suicidal behavior, threats, etc.Recurrent suicidal behavior, threats, etc.

Borderline Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder

Affective instabilityAffective instabilityChronic feelings of Chronic feelings of emptinessemptinessInappropriate, intense Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling angeranger or difficulty controlling angerTransient, stress-related paranoid ideation Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms or severe dissociative symptoms

Borderline Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder

Long-standing need to Long-standing need to be taken care of plus a be taken care of plus a fear of being abandonedfear of being abandonedor separated from or separated from important individuals;important individuals;Clinging behavior;Clinging behavior;Majority of followingMajority of following::Difficulty making everyday decisions withoutDifficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advicean excessive amount of adviceNeed others to assume responsibilityNeed others to assume responsibilityDifficulty expressing disagreementDifficulty expressing disagreementDifficulty initiating projectsDifficulty initiating projectsExcessive lengths to gain nurturance Excessive lengths to gain nurturance

Dependent Personality Disorder Dependent Personality Disorder

Pattern of excessive emotionality &Pattern of excessive emotionality & attention seekingattention seekingFive or more of followingFive or more of following::Uncomfortable if not center of Uncomfortable if not center of attentionattentionInteraction often characterized by Interaction often characterized by inappropriate sexually seductive inappropriate sexually seductive or provocative behavioror provocative behaviorRapidly shifting & shallow Rapidly shifting & shallow expression of emotionsexpression of emotionsConsistently uses physical Consistently uses physical appearance to draw attention to selfappearance to draw attention to selfImpressionistic style of speech; lacking detail Impressionistic style of speech; lacking detail

Histrionic Personality Disorder Histrionic Personality Disorder

Histrionic Personality Disorder Histrionic Personality Disorder

Self-dramatization and exaggeratedSelf-dramatization and exaggerated expression of emotionexpression of emotionEasily influenced by othersEasily influenced by othersConsiders relationships to be more Considers relationships to be more intimate than they actually are intimate than they actually are

She’s She’s madly in madly in love with love with

me!.me!.

What a What a weirdo! weirdo!