History of Music- Word - Mesa Public Schools - Mesa, … first to France, then to U.S. Slide 20 Jazz 1900’s-A smorgasbord of African rhythms and Western Harmonies Early 1920’s-

Slide 1

History of Music

Slide 2

Medieval

� Gregorian Chant

� Only “perfect harmonies”; no instruments

� Music is mainly religious in tone

Slide 3

Renaissance (1400-1600)

� Instruments and harmonies added

� Music starts to become less religious in tone

� Example, Greensleeves

Slide 4

Baroque (1600-1750)

� Lively music, not centered on religion

� Harmonies grew to be more involved

� Still centered upon the melodic lines

� Style: Separate

� Introduces: the concerto grosso and the

sonata

Slide 5 Notable Composers –Baroque (1600-1750)

J. Pachelbel

b. August 30, 1653.

d. March 3, 1706

� German organist & composer

of Protestant church music

� Studied Austrian and Italian

music in Vienna

� Gave us one of the most

recognized tunes: Canon in D


A. Vivaldi 1678 - 1741

� Ordained a priest but devoted

his life to music

� Helped create a new lively

“baroque” sound

� Loved to tell a story with music:

The Four Seasons –

� Spring

� Winter


J.S. Bach 1685-1750

� Considered the greatest of the

German baroque composers,

introducing counterpoint and fugue

� Consistently had trouble with his

employers

� Married twice and was devoted to

his 20 children

� Loved to write music for fun as well

as for the church

� Wrote hundreds of pieces:

Brandenburg Concerti

Slide 8

Classical (1750-1830)

� Chord centered

� Orderly, emphasized formal, unified beauty

� Style: Crisp and Clear (well defined)

� Introduces: the mass symphonies

Slide 9 Notable Composers –Classical (1750-1830)

W.A. Mozart 1756-1791 (born in

Salzburg, lived in Vienna)

� Famed as a child performer and

composer by the age of 6

� Never attended school

� Struggled and fought with employers, was poor

� Poor health, died before age 36

� Absolutely prolific, left over 600

pieces of music

� Eine Kleine Nachtmusik

Slide 10 Notable Composers –Classical (1750-1830)

L. Beethoven 1770-1827 � Powerful German composer who moved to

Vienna

� Many tragedies in his life and in pursuing his career.

� Loss of hearing in his twenties affected personality

� Nonetheless, his work won new freedom and independence for composers.

� Ode to Joy, 5th Symphony, 9th Symphony

� Für Elise

Slide 11

Romantic (1830-1900)

� Emotional, pictorial

� Cultural overtones are found in the compositions

� Smooth, flowing, sweet, with less distinction

� Introduces: Program music

Slide 12 Notable Composers –Romantic (1830-1900)

Richard Wagner 1813-1883

� German composer who wrote

passionate operas

� Based work on great moments

in history and myth

� The ring of Nibelung and Tristan

� Ride of the Valkyries


Brahms 1833-1897 (Moved from Hamburg to Vienna)

� Poor, learned from

parents

� Gifted German

musician and pianist

who brought us the Lullaby


Johann Strauss, Jr1825-1899

� Waltz King of Vienna

� Incredible family of

musicians

� On the Beautiful,

Blue Danube


Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

May 7, 1840 -November 6, 1893

He wrote music which was distinctly Russian: plangent, introspective, with modally-inflected melody and harmony.

� Nutcracker

� Swan Lake

Slide 16

Impressionism

� Very complex in nature

� Melody is distributed through the orchestra with more and more complexity added each time

� Style: freedom, no set guidelines

� Notable Composers:

� Mahler (Symphony in D major)

� Faure

� Mussorsky (Pictures on Exhibition)

Slide 17

Gustav Mahler

� Born: May 7, 1860 – Kaliste, Bohemia

� Died: May 18, 1911 – Vienna

� he was noted as a great perfectionist

� “hyper emotional” symphonies & sound

� His innovations include melodies with far reaching implications for harmony, expressive use of combinations of instruments, in both the large and small scale, larger percussion sections, as well as combining voice and chorus in the symphony form, and more extreme voice leading in his counterpoint.

� “Von Der Schonheit”

� All info copied from: http://www.pianoparadise.com/mahler.html

Slide 18

Contemporary (1900 -

� Eclectic; neo-classicism

� 12 tone composing

Slide 19 Notable Composers –Contemporary (1900 - )

Stravinsky 1898-1937

� Russian born and trained

� Studied law but gave it up to write

compositions

� Began innovations in music: The Rite of Spring, The Firebird

� Moved first to France, then to U.S.

Slide 20

Jazz 1900’s-

� A smorgasbord of African rhythms and Western

Harmonies

� Early 1920’s- jazz signified most kinds of

American popular music.

� Since then- jazz tends to indicate a tradition in

Afro-American music that began as folk music

in the South and developed gradually into sophisticated modern art.

� Express strong emotions, and characteristics

using triplets and syncopation.

Slide 21

Benny Goodman

� Birth: May 30, 1909 in Chicago

Death: June 13, 1986 in New York City,

� "King of Swing" and "The Professor"Occupation: Band leader,

clarinetist

� Had several top 10 songs in the

30’s & 40’s

� Sing, Sing, Sing

� He is also a large part of the

Swing movement

Slide 22

Louis Armstrong

� Born: August 4, 1901

� Died: July 6, 1971

� Nicknames: Satchmo and

pops

� played the trumpet

� one of the first African

Americans to break the

color barrier

� What a Wonderful World

� Ain’t Misbehavin

Slide 23 Duke Ellington1899-1974

� Duke Ellington� “Take the A Train”

� Listen to the trumpets make the train whistle

� Long career into the 1970’s

� Wrote over 1000 pieces

� Considered by many to be the most multi-talented composer and arranger

� Music covered blues, gospel, film scores

� Earned 12 Grammy Awards

� Earned a Pulitzer Prize Award After his Death� "He is widely considered one of the most influential

figures in jazz, if not in all American music and is the twentieth century's best known band leaders and composers.” (Duke Ellington Official Website)

Slide 24

Miles Davis 1926 –1991

� Fused Jazz & Rock

� Part of the “Cool” jazz movement

� Fusion jazz includes the use of electric instruments

� Experimented with texture & tone of music

� Inducted into Rock n’ Roll Hall of Fame in 2006

� Moon Dreams

Slide 25

Harry Connick Jr.

� Fused Jazz & Classical

� Piano & vocals

� 2 Grammy’s and multi- platinum records

� Also a successful actor

� Once

Slide 26

Folk Music

Slide 27 Woody Guthrie- Folk Music

� Bio- 1912-1967� Tragic Childhood- Sister dies in fire, mother has breakdown

� Oklahoma

� Musical family

� Father lost real estate business

� Left wife and child to wander

� Listened to radio- heard the suffering

� Anti-war � (Son Arlo Guthrie- wrote preeminent anti-war song Alice’s

Restaurant)

� Pro-labor- sang at rallies and is associated w/ communists

� Rode the rails

� Used blues rhythms

� Dies of Huntington’s Disease

Slide 28

Woody Guthrie- Folk Music� Impact

� Music can be used as commentary on life

� Music as political protest

� Bob Dylan

� Arlo Guthrie protesting the Vietnam War with Alice’s Restaurant

� Encouraged his social protest themes- Common people

� Influenced the anti-war protests of the 60’s & 70’s

� Influenced other balladeers such as Springsteen

� Music can give people a voice

� Capture the emotions and history of the time

Slide 29 Woody Guthrie- Folk Music

� Famous Works- Documents the Depression

� “Do Re Mi”- Dustbowl commentary

� “I ain’t got no home”

� “House of the rising sun”

� “This land is your land”

� Workingman’s response to Irving Berlin’s “God Bless America”

� “Tom Joad” - Ballad

� “Pretty Boy Floyd”-Ballad to outlaw

Slide 30

Huddie Ledbetter (Leadbelly)� Bio- 1888-1945

� Shreveport, La.

� Famous cotton picker

� Went to prison twice for murder and attempted murder-assoc. with other men’s wives

� Released by gov. of N.Y. for a song

� Dr. John Lomax (under a grant from the WPA) visited and recorded him in prison

� Dies from Lou Gehrig’s Disease

Slide 31

Huddie Ledbetter (Leadbelly)

� Impact

� 12 String guitar

� lasting impact on early rock artist such as Elvis and the Beatles, Stones and the Yardbirds

Slide 32

Huddie Ledbetter (Leadbelly)

� Famous Works

� “Rock Island Line”

� “Midnight Special”

� Later re-recorded by CCR

� “Alberta”

� Re-recorded by Eric Clapton as well as “Goodnight Irene”

Slide 33

Bob Dylan b. 1941

� Wrote protest songs about nuclear war, civil rights, racism, and power of the military

� Rough guitar playing & harmonica gave a “bite” to the music

� Constantly changing his musical form

� Blowin’ in the Wind

Slide 34

Swing

Slide 35 Characteristics of Swing

� 1930’s – Big Band creates big sound

� Common phrasing

� Smooth notes often connected or slurred

� 3 beats for every two to the measure- Jazz

� Less improvisation

� AABA- 32 measure patterns

� Repetition

� Instruments included- Trumpet, clarinet, sax, and rhythm from the bass, drums and piano

� Saved the record industry because of the upbeat positive songs

� Danceable, singable, memorable

Slide 36

Count Basie 1904-1984

� Stride Pianist and band leader

� Kansas City influence by the Blues

� Came to NY in 1937 and brought a new type of swing

� Great eye for talent

� Lots of improvisation solos

� Less is more- minimalist- play a couple of notes & then move about the audience

� “Jumpin’ at the Woodside”

Slide 37 Glen Miller 1904-1944

� Glenn Miller

� Big during WWII

� Played for the troops

� Arranged for the Dorsey Brothers

� Featured on the Radio with the Andrew Sisters

� “In the Mood”

� Plane disappeared over the English channel on a USO trip in1944

Slide 38

Tommy Dorsey

� The Sentimental Gentleman of Swing

� Known perfectionist

� Trumpet & trombone

� National Radio Show

� Mostly white band

� Had 17 Number 1 Hits-"On Treasure

Island"

� “Opus 1” ( not a # 1 Hit)

Slide 39

Composers of America

Slide 40

Aaron Copland

Nov. 14,1900-Dec. 12, 1990 � American who integrated many styles and

forms

� Brought jazz and folk music to screen- Rodeo

� Appalachian Spring won a Pulitzer Prize and New York Music Critiques Award

� Impact� 1st great American classical composer in a true

American fashion

� Great teacher- Leonard Bernstein (Westside Story) was his most famous student

Slide 41

Aaron Copland

� Famous Works

� “Fanfare for the Common Man”- WPA

� “Appalachian Springs”- Ballet

� “Rodeo- Hoe down”- Ballet

Slide 42

George Gershwin

Sept. 26,1898-July 11, 1937

� American who began writing

popular songs at 15

� Brought “classical” jazz to the

orchestra: Rhapsody in Blue

( internationally famous).

� Won Pulitzer Prize

Slide 43

Blues - Brief Overview

� vocal and instrumental

� self-expression in African-American

communities

� Emerged from spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed

simple narrative ballads.

� Has call-and-response patterns.

� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues

Slide 44 Billie HolidayBorn: April 7, 1915

Died: July 17, 1959

� legendary vocalist

� highly original, personalized style

� innovative sense of phrasing, rhythm and harmony

� has had a tremendous impact on generations of vocalists from all genres.

� “Strange Fruit," which controversially addressed the violence of racism

� All info copied from: http://www.pbs.org/theblues/songsartists/songsbioalpha.html

Slide 45 Jimi HendrixBorn: November 27, 1942

Died: September 18, 1970

� Although he is often perceived as a rock and roll icon, his roots lie in the blues – Influenced by Muddy Waters

� Used electric devices and the wah-wah pedal and fuzz box in playing- created a “dive Bomb effect”

� By late 1966 he was a sensation in Europe, and in the U.S. shortly thereafter, mesmerizing audiences with searing electric guitar work coupled with the flash of an R&B road band —playing the guitar with his teeth, behind his neck, and between his legs.

� Influenced many later guitarist

� “Purple Haze”, “Star Spangled Banner”� Most info copied from: http://www.pbs.org/theblues/songsartists/songsbioalpha.html

Slide 46 Eric ClaptonBorn: March 30, 1945, Ripley, England

� a reputation for decades as one of Great Britain's finest guitarists.

� His playing contributed to the high profile of the electric guitar in Rock music

� Merged Blues & Rock

� 3 time inductee to Rock & Roll Hall of Fame

� He is a master of painfully expressive guitar work, matched by his emotional vocal delivery. Although much of his work is outstanding, he is probably best known for the album Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs, which is commonly considered to be a masterpiece.

� Wonderful Tonight� Most info copied from: http://www.pbs.org/theblues/songsartists/songsbioalpha.html

Slide 47 Ray CharlesBorn: September 23, 1930

Died: June 10, 2004

� innovative blend of genres of gospel, blues, jazz, pop, R&B, soul and country.

� His ability to bring together many influences, infusing them all with a gospel core, has had a huge impact on both soul and rock and roll music.

� “I Got a Woman”� All info copied from: http://www.pbs.org/theblues/songsartists/songsbioalpha.html

Slide 48

Country - Brief Overview

� roots in traditional folk music, Celtic music, gospel music, and old-time music

� evolved rapidly in the 1920s.

� Term “country” began to be applied in the 1940s when the earlier term hillbilly music

was deemed to be degrading, term was widely embraced in the 1970s.

� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music

Slide 49

Country - Brief Overview

During the 1930s and 1940s Cowboy songs, or

"Western music", which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films

made in Hollywood.

Popular singing cowboys

� Gene Autry “Back in the Saddle Again”

� Sons of the Pioneers

� Roy Rogers

Slide 50

Country - Popularization

Nashville Sound - This sound was notable for

borrowing from 1950s pop styling's: a prominent and "smooth" vocal, backed by a string section

and vocal chorus.

� Patsy Cline (1932-1963)

Rockabilly - most popular with country music fans in the 1950s, and was recorded and performed by country musicians.

Slide 51

Patsy Cline 1932-1963

� Known for her emotional and rich contralto voice

� First Solo Female Vocal artist Inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame ten years after her death

� Numerous books and movies about her life

� #1 on Country Music Women of all Time & # 11 on VH1 100 Greatest Women in Rock and Roll

� Crazy (link not in yet)

Slide 52 Johnny Cash

Born- February 26, 1932 -Died Sept. 12, 2003

� Known as the Man in Black- Only Performer besides Presley to be inducted

into both the Country & Rock n’ Roll Halls of Fame

� Mr. Cash exerted an incalculable influence on music. As Rich Kienzle

observed in Country Music magazine, he "strengthened the bonds between folk and country music so that both sides saw their similarities as well as

their differences. He helped to liberalize Nashville so that it could accept the

unconventional and the controversial and he did as much as anyone to

make the `outlaw' phenomenon possible." http://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/12/obituaries/12CND-CASH.html?

� Ring Of Fire

� “I Walk the Line”

Slide 53

Country - Progression

Outlaw Country – (Late 50’s – Early 70’s) Derived from the traditional and honky tonk sounds and mixed with the anger of an alienated subculture of the nation during the period, outlaw country revolutionized the genre of Country music.

� Willie Nelson� Waylon Jennings

Country Rock/Pop – (Late 60’s) - American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres

� The Byrds –� The Eagles –

� Dolly Parton -� Garth Brooks –� Shania Twain -

Slide 54 Waylon Jennings

1937-2002

� Singer, Songwriter & muscian

� Jennings escaped death in the February 3, 1959, plane crash that took the lives of Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J.P. "The Big Bopper"

� Sings Outlaw music

� Recorded the theme song for The Dukes of Hazard

� Inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2001

� Lived & Died in AZ and is Buried in the Mesa Cemetery.

� 2 Grammy Awards

� Waylon Jennings- Rebel Solider

Slide 55 Willie Nelson 1933- to present

� Known as the Redheaded stranger

� Guitar’s name is “Trigger”

� Sings Outlaw Country

� singer-songwriter, author, poet, actor, and activist

� Honorary Chairman of the Advisory Board of the Texas Music Project, the official music charity of the state of Texas.

� Has 9 Grammy Awards as well as numerous other awards� Willie Nelson- Living in the Promised land

Slide 56 Dolly Parton1946 to the Present

� Queen of Country Music

� 25 # 1 Singles

� a record forty-one top-10 country albums

� a top-five country hit in each of the last five decades

� is tied with Reba McEntire as the only country artists with No. 1 singles in four consecutive decades.

� Has her own Park – Dollywood

� Numerous awards

� 9 to 5 ( no link yet)

Slide 57

The Eagles formed in 1971

� Members: (Don’t need to copy)

� Don Felder (guitar; born 9/21/47),

Glenn Frey (born 11/6/48; guitar, vocals)

Don Henley (drums, vocals; born 7/22/47)

Bernie Leadon (guitar, mandolin, banjo; born 7/19/47)

Randy Meisner (bass, vocals; born 3/8/46)

Timothy B. Schmit (bass, vocals; born 10/30/47)

Joe Walsh (guitar, vocals; born 11/20/47)

� The Eagles chronicled America in the high-flying Seventies, a time of rapidly changing social mores leading up to what they called “life in the fast lane.”Between the lines, their favorite subject matter was the pursuit and unraveling of the American dream. http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-eagles

� Inducted into Rock n’ Roll Hall of Fame 1998

� Hotel California

Slide 58

Garth Brooks b. 1962

� Fuses country, honky-tonk, folk, and rock all into his music

� Friends in Low Places

� or The Thunder Rolls

� Went multi- platinum in 1991 and was the first country artist to do so.

� Recently announced he is coming out of retirement

� http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/brooks_garth/bio.jhtml

Slide 59 Shania Twain b. 1965

� Helped break the line between country & Pop/Rock

� Strong Female Country

� Best Selling Country Female artist of all Time

� Has a Grammy’s & several other awards

� Shania Twain -

� That Don’t Impress Me Much

Slide 60

Crooner

� Male vocalist

� Normally sing ballads or pop songs of a certain variety

� Came from Opera & Jazz

Slide 61 Bing Crosby 1903- 1977

� Singer, actor, songwriter

� Achieved popularity over radio, recordings & movies

� Arch type of the crooner

� Mellow & relaxed singing voice

� Influenced fellow singers & later generations

including Sinatra

� Most successful entertainer of his day

� Sold 400 million copies of his records

� Best known for his version of “White Christmas”

� Ac-Cent-Tcu-Ate the Positive

Slide 62 Frank Sinatra 1915- 1998

� One of the most sought after performers

of the 20th century

� Influenced by Bing Crosby & Tommy Dorsy

� Part of the famous RAT Pack

� Girls screamed & cried when they heard him sing

� more than 1,400 recordings

� Nickname is “Old Blue Eyes”

� Became an icon

� In the words of critic Gene Lees, “[Sinatra] learned

how to make a sophisticated craft sound as natural as an intimate conversation or personal

confession.”

� My Funny Valentine

Slide 63

Josh Groban b.1981

� Also categorized in Pop/Opera music

� 4 albums all multi platinum

� Broke into music by way of television &

auditions- gained world wide recognition when

he preformed at the Salt Lake Winter Olympics

in 2002

� Has preformed with a number of other artists

� Is involved in Charity work

� When you say you love me or You Raise Me

Up

Slide 64

Michael Buble b. 1975

� Has 2 Grammy’s

� 25 million albums world wide

� Influenced by Bing Crosby

� Songs are used for soundtracks

� Performed at the 2010 Olympics in Vancouver, Canada

� Save the Last Dance for Me

Slide 65

Rock and Roll

� 1950s – thru today

� According to the All Music Guide, "In its purest form, Rock & Roll has three chords, a strong,

insistent back beat, and a catchy melody. Early

rock & roll drew from a variety of sources,

primarily blues, R&B, and country, but also

gospel, traditional pop, jazz, and folk. All of these influences combined in a simple, blues-

based song structure that was fast, danceable,

and catchy."

Slide 66 Muddy Waters 1915-1983

� Mixed rural sound of blues with city street sounds

� Used amplification on his guitar

� Also influential in the Blues

� The Rolling Stones named themselves after an album of Water’s

� Long Distance Call

Slide 67 Bill Haley & The Cometsb. 1925- 1981 formed 1952

� First to forma Rock ‘N Roll group

� First to write own lyrics, first to sell

a million records

� First to travel with an all African-American group

� First to introduce Rock & Roll to mainstream America

� Rock around the Clock

Slide 68 Chuck BerryOct. 18, 1926

� Dubbed the "Eternal Teenager," Chuck Berry's knowledge of the pop market made it possible for him to break color barriers and play to an integrated audience.

� Berry is a musical icon who established rock and roll as a musical form and brought the worlds of black and white together in song.

� 1986 fittingly saw him inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as the very first inductee in history. As a tribute to his pervasiveness in the realm of rock, a clip of "Johnny B. Goode" was chosen played in the Voyager I spacecraft, proving Chuck Berry and his rock legacy are truly out of this world.

� "If you tried to give rock and roll another name, you might call it 'Chuck Berry'." -- John Lennon

� All info copied from: http://www.chuckberry.com/ ( official website)

Slide 69

Elvis Presley 1950’s

� Born January 8,1935- Aug.

16, 1977

� Influential for mixing blues

and gospel and for hip shaking dance moves

� Sold 250 million records

� Had a series of top charts

hits

� Helped create the role of

rebellion in teenagers

� Hound Dog

Slide 70 The Beatles 1960’s (1962-1970)

� Members: Jon Lennon- guitar , vocals

� Paul McCartney- bass, vocals� Ringo Starr- drums, vocals� George Harrison- guitar, vocals

� One of the first rock groups write most of its own material

� Centralized Pop music

� Went from love songs to extravaganzas in their music styles- Sgt. Pepper ‘s Lonely Hearts Club Band revolutionized music with songs that were connected either thematically or literally.

� Broke up in 1970

� A Hard Day’s Night

� Eleanor Rigby

� Yellow Submarine

Slide 71 The Rolling Stones

formed 1962Dartford, England, U.K.

Members:� Mick Jagger - Vocals, harp, guitar (1961-Present) Keith Richards - Rhythm Guitar, vocals

(1961-Present) Charlie Watts - Drums and percussion (1961-Present) Brian Jones - Lead guitar, Harmonica, (1961-1969) Dick Taylor - Bass (1961-1962) Ian "Stu" Stewart -Keyboards (1961-1962)

Current Rolling Stones Lineup� Mick Jagger - Vocals, harp, guitar (1961-Present) Keith Richards - Rhythm Guitar, vocals

(1961-Present) Charlie Watts - Drums and percussion (1961-Present) Ron Wood - Lead Guitar (1975-Present)

� Wanted America to see them as the opposite of the Beatles and as rebellious

“Nobody ever did the blues like the Stones, and perhaps nobody ever will. Their blues was a metaphysical, political and mystical. In fact, they married Berry's wicked ethos to the violent impulses of urban vandalism. The result was an explosive mix that the world of music, popular or classic, black or white, had never heard”. http://www.scaruffi.com/vol1/stones.html

I can’t get no satisfaction

You can’t always get what you want

Slide 72 The Beach Boys

� Surfin’ USA� Good Vibrations (Wall of Sound)

� “American rock group whose dulcet melodies and distinctive vocal mesh defined the 1960s youthful idyll of sun-drenched southern California.”

� “The original members were Brian Wilson (b. June 20, 1942, Inglewood, Calif., U.S.), Dennis Wilson (b. Dec. 4, 1944, Inglewood—d. Dec. 28, 1983, Marina del Rey, Calif.), Carl Wilson (b. Dec. 21, 1946, Los Angeles, Calif.—d. Feb. 6, 1998, Los Angeles), Michael Love (b. March 15, 1941, Los Angeles), and Alan Jardine (b. Sept. 3, 1942, Lima, Ohio). Significant later members included David Marks (b. 1948, Newcastle, Pa.) and Bruce Johnston (original name William Baldwin; b. June 24, 1944, Chicago, Ill.). “

� “Initially perceived as a potent pop act—celebrants of the surfing and hot rod culture of the Los Angeles Basin during the 1960s—the Beach Boys and lead singer-bassist-producer Brian Wilson later gained greater respect as muses of post-World War II American suburban angst”

� All of the above information except the songs was taken from Encyclopedia Britanica :http://www.biography.com/articles/The-Beach-Boys-9203085?part=0

Slide 73 Wall of Sound- Definition is obtained from Wikipedia(it had

the most condensed version) and verified from other sources.

� “a music production technique for pop and rock music recordings developed by record producer Phil Spector at Gold Star Studios in Los Angeles, California during the early 1960s. Spector, working with audio engineers such

as Larry Levine and the session musicians who later became known as The

Wrecking Crew, created a dense, layered, and reverberant sound that reproduced well on AM radio and jukeboxes popular in the era. He created

this sound by having a number of electric and acoustic guitarists perform the same parts in unison, adding musical arrangements for large groups of

musicians up to the size of orchestras, and then recording the sound using an

echo chamber.”� “To attain this signature sound, Spector gathered large groups of musicians

(playing some instruments not generally used for ensemble playing, such as electric and acoustic guitars) playing orchestrated parts—often doubling and

tripling many instruments playing in unison—for a fuller sound. Spector also

arranged the songs for large groups of musicians playing instruments traditionally associated with orchestras (such as strings, woodwinds, and

brass). Spector himself called his technique "a Wagnerian approach to rock & roll: little symphonies for the kids".[1]”

Slide 74

Janis Joplin 1943-1970

� lead singer of Big Brother and the Holding Company

� Also a solo artist

� # 46 on the Rolling Stone Greatest Artist of all Time out of 100

� Rebellion & Beat movement

� Funky, blues, throaty, screaming, are all ways to describe her music

� Cry Baby

� Me & Bobby McGee

Slide 75

Disco for 2 slides

Slide 76

Bee Gees 1970s

� The Bee Gees were a singing trio of brothers — Barry, Robin, and Maurice Gibb — that became one of the most

successful musical acts of the 20th Century (wikipedia-

yeah, I know I used wiki.)

� Established Disco as a national phenomenon along with

Donna Summer

� Their sound track to Saturday Night Fever sold 30 million copies

� Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997

� Maurice died in 2003 causing devastation for his 2 brothers

� Recently started performing again in 2009- had stopped

in 2003 after their brothers death.

� Stayin’ Alive

Slide 77

ABBA-1970s

Swedish pop group-1970-1983

The name "ABBA" is an acronym formed from the

first letters of each of the group member's given

name (Anni-Frid, Benny, Bjorn, Agnetha).

Best known for the stage production of their music

“Mama Mia”

� Dancing Queen

Slide 78

Rock n’ Roll Again

Slide 79

Elton John b. 1947

� Sold 250 million records world wide

� Known for his stage presence and costumes

� Piano playing, songwriting

� Numerous awards, Grammy’s

� Third greatest artist of all time behind Beatles &

Madonna

� Close friendship with Princess Diana

� Charity Work

� Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 1994

� Rocket Man

� Goodbye Yellow Brick Road

Slide 80

Billy Joel b. 1949

� 100 million records world wide

� sixth best-selling recording artist and the third best-selling

solo artist in the United States, according to the RIAA.

� Has won several Grammy’s

� Songwriters Hall of Fame 1992

� Rock & Roll Hall of Fame 1999

� One of the Richest Musicians

� Also has a Broadway Play based off of his Music & Twyla

Tharp’s Choreography- “Movin’ Out”.

� Piano Man

� Longest Time

Slide 81

R & B

� Rhythm and Blues (R& B)

� Performed largely by African Americans

� Jerry Wexler gave the music its name in 1949 to describe up beat music

� music's typical dependence upon four-beat measures or bars and employ a backbeat (beats two and four accented in each measure).

Slide 82 The Temptations formed in 1960

� Doo-wop, funk, R& B

� Vocals & Dance

� Harmonies

� As Influential as the Beatles

� Motown

� Grammy Award

� # 67 on Most Influential Artists of All time for Rolling Stone

� Influence modern day R& B

� Ain’t to proud to beg

Slide 83 The Supremes formed in 1959

� Diana Ross

� Florence Ballard

� Mary Wilson

� Betty McGlown

� Doo-wop, funk, R&B, soul, Broadway show tunes

� Led the way for African American Females

� Rock ‘N Roll Hall of Fame in 1988

� Paved the way for other female vocal groups in the future

like Destiny’s Child and TLC

� Motion Picture “Dream Girls” based on their lives recently

came out & won Academy Awards

� Baby Love

Do-wapo

Slide 84

Aretha Franklin b. 1942

� Queen of Soul

� # 1 on Rolling Stone’s greatest singers of All Time

� Influential in soul, jazz, blues, R& B

� Most honored artists with Grammy’s (18)

� First Female inducted into Rock ‘N Roll Hall of Fame

� Has received the Presidential Medal of Freedom

� Respect

Slide 85

Funk

� an earthy, seemingly unsophisticated style of jazz music having elements of black American blues and gospel.

Slide 86

George Clinton b.1941

� Singer, song writer, band leader

� Part of the bands Parliament and

Funkadelic

� Inducted into Rock ‘N Roll Hall of Fame in 1997

� Innovate in Funk Music

� Most sampled artist

� Atomic Dog

Slide 87

Heavy Metal - Brief Overview

� Mostly referred to as “metal”

� developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in England and the United States.

� Roots in blues-rock

� Has a thick, massive sound

� characterized by highly amplified distortion, extended guitar solos, emphatic beats, and overall loudness.

� Heavy metal or metal has several types of sub-genres

� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music

Slide 88 Heavy Metal - Early YearsLed Zeppelin- Formed in 1968

� Members:

� John “Bonzo” Bonham (drums; born May 31, 1948, died Sept. 25, 1980),

� John Paul Jones (bass, keyboards; born January 3, 1946),

� Jimmy Page (guitar; born January 9, 1944),

� Robert Plant (vocals; born August 20, 1948)

� The group’s use of familiar blues-rock forms spiced

with exotic flavors Their self-titled first album found

them elongating blues forms with extended solos and

psychedelic effects launching pithy hard-rock rave-ups http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/led-zeppelin

� Inducted into the Rock n’ Roll Hall of Fame in 1995

� Stairway to Heaven

� A Whole Lotta Love

Slide 89 Heavy Metal – Mainstream

Def Leppard formed in 1977Members:

Joe Elliott (vocals)

Rick Savage (bass guitar),

Pete Willis (guitar)

Steve Clark (guitar)

Rick Allen (drums).

Phil Collen (guitar) replaced Pete Willis in 1983

Viv Campbell (guitar) joined the band after Steve Clark's untimely death in 1991

“Pour Some Sugar on Me”, “Love Bites”

“From the first, this was a band that gloried in the power of heavy metal's musical gestures – the towering majesty of a power riff, the momentary

freedom of a guitar break, the exhilaration of a singer's scream – and as the

group has grown, its ability to manipulate that vocabulary has expanded to

the point that its songs have become mini-masterpieces of aural impact”. http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/defleppard/albums/album/307670/review/5943488/adrenalize

Slide 90 Black Sabbath formed 1968

� Ozzy Osbourne (lead vocals), Tony Lommi (guitar),

Geezer Butler (electric bass), and Bill Ward (drums and

percussion)

� Heavy Blues Rock

� Known for Stage Shows and Lyrics

� MTV ranked them as the “Greatest Metal Band of All

Time”

� 15 million records in U.S.

� Influenced other Metal bands including Metallica

� Inducted into Rock “N Roll hall of Fame in 2006

� Iron Man (I apologize if this offends anyone- it is an

edited version)

Slide 91

KISS formed in 1973

� Hard rock

� Known for their stage shows and costumes & live performances

� Paul Stanley (vocals and rhythm guitar), Gene Simmons

(vocals and bass guitar), Ace Frehley (lead guitar and

vocals), and Peter Criss (drums, percussion and vocals)

� Inducted into Rock “N Roll Hall of Fame in 2009

� Calling Dr. Love

Slide 92 Queen formed in 1971

� Known for macho and feminine

� Proud that they did not use synthesizers in their music

� Mock- Opera

� Bohemian Rhapsody- their most famous song according to VH1

� Another One Bites the Dust

Slide 93

Heavy Metal – Subgenres

Thrash Metal – Faster, more aggressive sound

� Metallica

� Anthrax

� Megadeth

� Slayer

Death Metal – Thrash Metal plus preoccupation with violence & Satanism

Black Metal – shriek & growled vocals

Power Metal – Reaction to Death & Black Metal, more upbeat & melodic

Doom & Gothic Metal – rejects speed, slows music to a crawl

Slide 94

Metallica formed in 1981

� Group members: � Drummer- Lars Ulrich,

� rhythm guitarist and vocalist -James Hetfield

� lead guitarist -Kirk Hammett,

� Bassist-Robert Trujillo.

� sophisticated, complex song structures

� serious lyrics that reflected teen obsessions with anger, despair, fear and death.

� lyrics pose deeper questions about justice and retribution, drug addiction, mental illness and political violence.

� Ride the Lightning� http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/metallica/biography

Slide 95

Heavy Metal – Progression

1990’s – 2000’s

� Heavy Metal declined in popularity with the breakthrough of alternative rock (grunge bands)

Nu-Metal – usually incorporates elements of metal with other genres (i.e. hip hop, death metal, alternative)

� P.O.D.

� Korn

� Papa Roach

� Limp Bizkit

� Slipknot

� Linkin Park

� System of a Down

Slide 96 Linkin Parkformed in 1996

� elements of hip-hop, modern rock, and atmospheric electronica into their music.

� Added to the already popular formula of rap-rock movement that paired grunge's alienation with a bold, buzzing soundtrack and introduced their technique of vocal interplay.

� Members:

� Chester Bennington- from Arizona

Rob BourdonBrad Delson

Dave "Phoenix" FarrellJoe Hahn

Mike ShinodaLinkin Park- In the End

� http://www.vh1.com/artists/az/linkin_park/bio.jhtml - Andrew Leahey

Slide 97 System of a DownFormed in 1994

� Quaking wails

� Poetry, religion are part of their lyrics

� Confront Genocide and the War on Terror in their music

� Serj Tankian (lead vocals, keyboards, rhythm guitar),

Daron Malakian (vocals, guitar), Shavo Odadjian (bass,

background vocals) and John Dolmayan (drums).

� On an indefinite hiatius� System of a Down- “X”

Slide 98

Psychedelic Music

� “Psychedelic rock bridged the transition from early blues- and folk music-based rock to progressive rock, glam rock, hard rock and as a result influenced the development of sub-genres such as heavy metal. Since the late 1970s it has been revived in various forms of neo-psychedelia”. Often involves drugs. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_rock

Slide 99 Pink Floyd formed in 1965

� Rock Opera Genre

� Flashy stage productions

� Most famous Album is The Wall which was a concept album

� Another Brick in the Wall

Slide 100 Grateful Dead formed in 1965

� Members: Jerry Garcia, Bob Weir, Phil Lesh, Ron

"Pigpen" McKernan, Bill Kreutzmann, Micky Hart, Keith

& Donna Godcheaux, Brent Mydland

� Known for their improve

� Mix of rock, blues, jazz, country, regaee

� Know as the “pioneering fathers of the Jam

band world”

� Number 55 of Greatest artists of all time by

Rolling Stone Magazine

� Casey Jones (It is edited, but still may have

inappropriate lyrics, sorry)

Slide 101

Hip Hop/Rap - Brief Overview

� consist of a rhythmic vocal style called rap

which is accompanied with backing beats.

� Hip hop music is part of hip hop culture, which

began in the Bronx, in New York City in the

1970s, predominantly among African

Americans and Latino Americans. The term rap

is often used synonymously with hip hop music. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap_music

Slide 102

Hip Hop/Rap - Brief Overview

Early Hip Hop –� The Sugarhill Gang — “Rapper’s Delight” (1979)-

� Apache

� Credited with the 1st recorded hip hop single with popular success

� Invention of Sylvia Robinson, record producer, to make a profit from “novelty of hip hop”

1980’s – “Golden Age” of Rap� Grandmaster Flash & The Furious Five

� Juice Crew

� Run-D.M.C.

� N.W.A

� Public Enemy

Slide 103

Hip Hop/Rap - Popularization

Run-D.M.C — “Walk this Way” (1986)

� Collaboration with Aerosmith – Reached

BillBoard Top Ten

� Showed mixture of hip hop & rock

Other Notable Artists

� Beastie Boys – “(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right

(To Party!)” (1986)

� LL Cool J

Slide 104

Hip Hop/Rap - Politicalization

Grandmaster Flash & The Furious Five— “The

Message” (1982)

� Early Example of recorded hip hop with socially aware tone

Other Notable Artists

� Public Enemy – “Yo! Bum Rush the Show”

Slide 105 Hip Hop/Rap - Gangsta Rap

West Coast

� N.W.A. – “Straight Outta Compton” Album

(1988)

� Controversial Subject Matter – Drugs, violence and sex

� Explicit Lyrics – Earned the enmity of

law enforcement

� Dr. Dre – “The Chronic” Album (1992)(Snoop

Dog Rapping)

� Tupac Shakur- Dear Mama

East Coast

� Notorious B.I.G.

� Sean “Puffy” Combs (P. Diddy or “Diddy”)

Tupac

Notorious B.I.G

Dr. Dre

N.W.A

Sean “Puffy” Combs, P. Diddy, or Diddy, whatever

name he goes by now

Slide 106 Hip Hop/Rap - MainstreamOther Notable Artists

� Snoop Dogg

� Eminem“Lose Yourself”

� OutKast“Hey Ya”

� Nelly

� Jay-Z� Hard Knock life

� Kanye West“Stronger”

� Lil Wayne

Slide 107

Reggae

� popular music of Jamaican origin that combines native styles with elements of rock and soul music and is performed at moderate tempos with the accent on the offbeat (Merriam Webster Dictionary-Online)

Slide 108 Bob Marley

1945-1981

� Lead singer for the Wailers

� Influential in spread of Jamaican and Rastafarian music

� Awarded the Life Time Achievement Award at the Grammy’s in 2001

� Three Little Birds

� One Love/People Get Ready

� I Shot the Sheriff

Slide 109

Latin Music

� To be considered a Latin music artist, an individual or group must have at least one of the following three features:

� Rhythm: Play musical genres that are original from Latin America or a Latin European country.

� Cultural background: Have a cultural background related to Latin America or a Latin European country.

� Language: Play melodies either in Spanish and/or Portuguese.

Slide 110

Gloria Estefan 1957 to Present

� Gloria María Milagrosa Fajardo García de Estefan

� Cuban- American

� Queen of Latin Pop

� she is in the top 100 best selling music artists

� 100 million albums sold worldwide

� 7 Grammy Awards

� Top 10 hits on the Billboard Hot 100: "Conga” #

10 "Rhythm Is Gonna Get You" # 5

Slide 111

Julio Iglesias 1943 to Present

� Julio José Iglesias de la Cueva

� Spanish- Born in Spain

� sold over 300 million records worldwide in 14

languages and released 77 albums.

� Sings Romantic Ballads

� According to Sony Music Entertainment, he is one

of the top 10 best selling music artists in history

� “El Amor”

Slide 112 Carlos Santana1947 to Present

� Carlos Augusto Selva Santana

� Mexican American

� pioneered rock, salsa and jazz fusion

� Rolling Stone named Santana number 15 on their list of the

100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time in 2003

� 10 Grammy Awards, 3 Latin Grammy Awards

� currently uses a Santana II model guitar using PRS

Santana III pickups with nickel covers and a tremolo, with

.009-.042 gauge D'Addario strings. necks and fretboards

are constructed out of a single solid piece of Brazilian

Rosewood

� “Curacion” & “Jingo” (Only a music video)

Slide 113

Back to Rock ‘N Roll and Pop Music

Slide 114 The Doors formed 1965

� vocalist Jim Morrison, keyboardist Ray Manzarek, drummer John Densmore, and guitarist Robby Krieger.

� Very controversial group- pushed the boundries

� Poetic lyrics, wild stage antics (Morrison)

� New Documentary coming out Titled “When your Strange” in 2010 narrated by Johnny Depp.

� Light my fire

Slide 115 Bruce Springsteen

b. 1949

� Singer, songwriter, band leader

� Known as “The Boss”

� Best known for his stage shows & his E-Street Band

� Important more as a performer than as a musician- although he does blend rock, folk, and soul with intensity

� Dancing in the Dark

� Born in the U.S.A

Slide 116

Madonna 1980s

� Queen of Pop/Rock

� born August 16, 1958

� Visual appeal

� Materialism

� Madonna is ranked by the Recording Industry of America as the "Best Selling Female Rock Artist of the Twentieth Century"

� known for her shocking behavior and lyrics

� Rock N’ Roll Hall of Fame in 2008� Like a Prayer

Slide 117 U2 1980sformed in 1976

� Members: � Bono (vocals and guitar),

� The Edge (guitar, keyboards and vocals),� Adam Clayton (bass guitar) and� Larry Mullen Jr. (drums and percussion).

� Known for their charity work

� guitar riffs performed by The Edge

� More Grammy’s than any other band� Inducted into the Rock and Roll hall of Fame

� # 22 of top 100 artists/bands of all time by Rolling Stone

� Highest grossing Concert of all time 2010-2011

� ( also Mrs. Sokol’s favorite band)� Sunday Bloody Sunday

Slide 118 Michael Jackson- 1980s

Born Aug. 29, 1958- Died June 25, 2009

� King of Pop� Known for voice & dance moves

� Part of the Jackson 5- a family singing group run by his father

� started a solo career in 1972� MTV helped launch his career

� People originally flocked to him for his “clean cut “ image (which was later tranished) and he was compared as the biggest thing since Elvis or the Beatles

� hit it big in 1979 with Off the Wall and in 1982 with Thriller which is one of the first music videos

� Billie Jean

Slide 119 New Kids on the Block

(NKOTB) 1980”s & 90’s

Formed in 1984

� boy band (one of the first)

� Members:� consist of brothers Jordan and Jonathan Knight,

� Joey McIntyre,

� Donnie Wahlberg

� Danny Wood

� Sold over 80 million albums worldwide,

� paved the way for acts like Backstreet Boys, Take That and *NSYNC.

� won two American Music Awards

� Album Hangin’ Tough is the most famous

� They reunited in 2008 and took on a new style, released a new album,

and embarked on a concert tour in the fall. The album, entitled The

Block was released on September 2, 2008 (wikipedia.com)

� Hangin’ Tough

Slide 120 Cold Play formed in 1997

� Members:

� Guy Berryman - bass guitar, synthesizer, harmonica, backing

vocals

� Jon Buckland - lead guitar, harmonica, backing vocals

� Will Champion - drums/percussion, piano, backing vocals

� Chris Martin - lead vocals, lead piano/keyboard, guitar

� Cold Play is a post-Britpop/alternative rock band from London, United Kingdom well known for their rock melodies and introspective lyrics. Formed in 1999. Have been compared to the Beatles and U2

� Yellow

� Alternative music

Slide 121

Grunge

� rock music incorporating elements of punk rock and heavy metal (Webster Dictionary)

� Often has nihilism, dissatisfaction, or apathy in the lyrics (free dictionary)

Slide 122 Nirvana 1990sformed in1987

� Spokesman for generation X

� Members:

� singer/guitarist Kurt Cobain, bassist Krist Novoselic, drummer DaveGrohl.

� popularized what would later be termed grunge music

� band became even more popular after Cobain committed suicide

� In a late 1989 interview, Cobain noted that the band's music was changing. He said, "The early songs were really angry ... But as time goes on the songs are getting poppier and poppier as I get happier and happier. The songs are now about conflicts in relationships, emotional things with other human beings."

� Smells Like Teen Spirit

Slide 123

Punk

� rock music with deliberately offensive lyrics expressing anger and social alienation; in part a reaction against progressive rock (free dictionary) –often the fans or artists will dress in accordance (Mohawks, piercings, dyed hair, eyeliner, etc)

Slide 124 Sex Pistols formed in 1975

� Brought Punk to U.K.

� Gave rise to Punk

� Inspired other bands � Members: vocalist Johnny Rotten, guitarist Steve Jones,

drummer Paul Cook and bassist Glen Matlock. Matlock

was replaced by Sid Vicious

� Influenced bands like The Clash, Guns ‘N Roses, Nirvana, & Green Day

� God Save the Queen-

Slide 125 Green Day

Formed in 1987� Members:� Billie Joe Armstrong (guitar, vocals),

� Mike Dirnt (bass; born Mike Pritchard) � Tre’ Cool ( drums)

� punk revivalists, recharging the energy of speedy, catchy three-chord punk-pop songs.

� influence was far-reaching because they opened the doors for a flood of American neo-punk, punk metal, and third wave skarevivalists.( all media-www.billboard.com/bbcom/bio/index.)

� Huge success with “American Idiot “ album- which is now a Broadway musical

� When I come around

Slide 126

Techno

� electronic dance music that features a fast beat and synthesized sounds usually without vocals or a conventional popular song structure- circa 1987

Slide 127

Daft Punk formed 1993

� French musicians Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo and Thomas Bangalter

� 2 Grammy Awards

� Considered the premier Techno band

� Use images during concerts

� One More Time

Slide 128

Ska

� popular music of Jamaican origin that combines elements of traditional Caribbean rhythms and jazz circa 1964

Slide 129 Mighty MightyBosstones

formed in 1985

� Laid the ground work for Ska and Skametal

� Tim Bridewell, Dicky Barrett (vocals), Nate Albert (guitar),

Joe Gittleman (bass), Josh Dalsimer (drums), and Tim

"Johnny Vegas" Burton (saxophone), plus dancer Ben

Carr.

� Mixed ska and hard punk

� Known as party music

� The Impression That I get

Slide 130 Sublime formed in 1988

� Members: Bradley Nowell (vocals and guitar), Bud Gaugh (drums and percussion), and Eric Wilson (bass guitar)

� Along with Green Day and other Bands it is credited with reviving Punk Rock

� Ska- punk

� Music was known for grooves & rhythms

� Badfish

Slide 131

New Age

� Of or relating to a complex of spiritual and consciousness-raising movements originating in the 1980s and covering a range of themes from a belief in spiritualism and reincarnation to advocacy of holistic approaches to health and ecology.

Slide 132

Enya b 1961

� Irish Vocalist, instrumentalist, and composer

� 4 Grammy awards & an Academy Award Nomination

� Music is described as ethereal and she is known for the unique sound and voice layering as well as synthesized sound

� Only Time

� Wild Child

Slide 133

American Idol

� The pop culture phenomenon that started in 2002 and

continues thru today. Thousands of regular people audition before a panel of judges (Simon Cowell, Paula

Abdul, left show, Randy Jackson, Kara DioGuardi, Ellen

DeGeneres and host Ryan Seacrest) and television

crews to become the next “American Idol”. The winner

will receive a recording contract and hopefully fame.

There have been 8 winners so far with a 9th ready to be

announced.

Slide 134 Kelly Clarkson b. 1982

� Became famous thanks to American Idol

� Was the first season winner of American

Idol

� Won 2 Grammy Awards

� 4 Albums released

� highest-selling American Idol alum overall, with around 23 million albums sold worldwide.

� Since U Been Gone

� Behind These Hazel Eyes

Slide 135 Carrie Underwood b. 1983

� Another American Idol Winner

� Grammy awards, multi platinum albums

� Passed Kelly Clarkson as best selling American Idol artist

by only 100 thousand records in the U.S.

� inducted into the Grand Ole Opry, is a three-time

Academy of Country Music and Country Music

Association Female Vocalist winner, and the current ACM

Entertainer of the Year. She is the first ever female artist

to win back-to-back Academy of Country Music (ACM)

Awards for Entertainer of the Year (2009/2010).

� Before He Cheats

Slide 136

Movie Sound Tracks

� Music added to theatrical productions.

� The music adds emotion, heightens experience, and helps the audience participate in the movie.

� Adds to the overall atmosphere and helps create the effect the director, producer, and writer wish to create.

Slide 137

John Williams b. 1932

Orchestra compositions for movies:

� Olympic Fanfare, “E.T.”,“Star Wars”, “Jaws”, “Indiana Jones”, “Harry Potter”

films, and all but 2 of Steven Spielberg’s films.

� Boston Pops conductor (1980-93), composer, conductor, pianist

� 21 Grammy Awards

� 4 Golden Globes

� 5 Academy Awards (nominated for 45)

Slide 138

Today’s music

� Today’s music ranges from punk, rap, to alternative and techno.

� Music comes in a variety of forms and everyone has their own preference.

� With digital music making its way onto the stage,, You Tube and Musical TV, music will continue to change with society.

Slide 139

Works Cited / referenced

� http://www.muddywaters.com/bio.htm

� http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/

� http://www.biography.com/

� http://www.rockabillyhall.com/BillHaley.html

� http://randb.about.com/od/rb12/a/Rhythm_Blues.htm

� http://onlinedictionary.datasegment.com/word/funk

Slide 140

Works Cited/ Referenced

� http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/

� http://www.thefreedictionary.com/

� Wikipedia