THE 20TH CENTURY

HISTORY OF MUSIC- UNIT 6

Hombre con guitarra, Braque (1911) MOMA.

THE 20TH CENTURY (P.97)

Dramatic social, scientific and technological advances. (ex. book)

Great wars: Holocaust, atomic bomb (invention), USA vs. USSR.

Totalitarian, dictatorial regimes: Hitler and Mussolini (fascism), Lenin, Stalin, Mao (communism) and Franco (Spain).

First World War(1914-1918): between Germany and Astro-Hungarian Empire. IT on one side, and FR, UK, RS on the other side.

Russian revolution-1917: led by Lenin. End to absolutism, stared the Union of Soviet Socialism Republics (USSR).

Second World War (1939-1945): cause by the military expansion on Germany (nazi).

Cold War (1945-1991): political tension between Capitalism Bloc (USA) and Communism Bloc (USSR). It ended with the dissolution of the USSR.

La masacre, Renato (1963)

ART (P.97)

Fauvism: Matisse (intense colors and antinatural).

Expressionism: Kandinsky, Munch (aimed to reflect emotions and feelings)

Cubism: Braque, Picasso (broke away from the traditional perspective. Use geometric shapes to recreate reality)

Futurism: Boccioni, Balla (modeled itself on the machines of modern world)

Dadaism: Dunchamp

Surrealism: Salvador Dalí, Joan Miró (explored the world of the subconscious and dreams).

FAUVISM- MATISSE

Henri Matisse, The

dance and The music

(1909-1910).

The dance: holding

hands vs. The music:

separate from each

other.

Colors: cobalt blue (sky),

turquoise green (grass),

orange red (people).

EXPRESSIONISM- MUNCH

The Scream, Munch (1893).

Emotions: anxiety, loneliness and despair.

Loneliness: industrial society (end of XIX).

Left (of the railing): the screamer and his desperation.

Right: the world, the empty, the incomprehension.

CUBISM- PABLO PICASSSO

The three musicians,

Picasso (1921).

Three figures.

Left: a pierrot (comic

Italian theatre) playing the

clarinet.

Middle: harlequin with a

guitar.

Right: a monk who’s

holding a sheet music and

singing.

CUBISM + EXPRESSIONISM - PICASSO

Guernica, Picasso (1937)

Guernica, Pablo Picasso (1937)

To express his outrage over the

Nazi bombing of a Basque city in

northern Spain, ordered by

General Franco

An international symbol of

genocide committed during

wartime.

Horse: in the centre.

Representing innocent people

Blazing light: symbolizes

incendiary bombs.

Dove: peace.

SURREALISM- SALVADOR DALÍ

The Persistence of Memory, Dalí (1931).

Inspired by the surrealist perception of a Camembert (cheese) melting in the sun.

The sea and the sky (bottom) melt in the middle. The land (forefront).

'Melting Clocks’ may symbolize the passing of time.

SURREALISM- JOAN MIRÓ

The Harlequin’s Carnival, Miró (1924-25).

Although the harlequin resembles a guitar, he still retains some of his harlequin characteristics such as a checkered costume, a mustache, an admiral’s hat, and a pipe,

The harlequin in this painting is sad. This detail may refer to Miró’s personal life experiences, because at this point in his life he did not have much money for food and was on the brink of starvation.

POP ART – ANDY WARHOL

Marilyn Monroe, Andy

Warhol (1964).

The work was completed

during the weeks after

Marilyn Monroe’s death.

It contains fifty images of

the actress which are all

based on a single

publicity photograph.

From the film Niagara.

SCULPTURE- BOTERO

The Maternity, Fernando

Botero (1989).

Oviedo.

800 kg, 2,5 m.

Exaggerated volume: can

represent political

criticism or humor.

EDUARDO CHILLIDA

The Comb of the Wind,

Chillida (1977).

San Sebastián.

There are three of them.

10 tons each, embedded

in natural rocks rising from

the Cantabrian Sea.

A viewing area was created

on the nearby coast that

includes wave-driven

outlets for air and water.

DADAISM- DUNCHUMP

Bicycle wheel (1913). First “ready made”** of this author. A monument of the modern crisis.

Fountain (1917). In December 2004 was voted the most influential artwork of the 20th century. He said “ I threw the bottle-rack and the urinal into their faces as a challenge and now they admire them for their aesthetic beauty.”

** Ordinary manufactured objects that the artist selected and modified, as an antidote to what he called “retinal art”.

20TH CENTURY- MUSIC

Numerous conceptions,

all of them revolutionary,

appeared about what

was, or wasn’t, music.

There had never been so

many different musical

movements at the same

time.

Characterized by

Pursuing novelty,

experimentation and

originality.

Searching for new musical

language that broke away

from precious concepts of

tone, rhythm and timbre.

Exploring different ways of

representing music.

Using new computer and

instrumental resources.

MUSICAL MOVEMENTS- AUTHOR(S) CHARACTERISTICS

POSTROMANTICISM- C. Saint-Saens,

Mahler, Strauss

Loneliness. Rebellion against the bourgeois.

Free spirit. Against the social values.

EXPRESSIONISM- Schoenberg It might sound strange to our ears because

of: atonalism, dodecafonismo (12 notes).

NUEVA SONORIDAD- Stravinsky A mix of multiples styles.

NEOCLASSICISM- Joaquín Rodrigo They pretend to conect with the audience

with music that is not strange to our ears.

Classical models (Classical period and

Baroque).

FUTURISM – Edgar Varèse Introduccion to noises and machines in

music. They were inspired on the industrial

society.

ALEATORIC MUSIC- John Cage. Technological develop . Music: record with

musical instruments, objects (recording

those sounds).

ELECTRONIC MUSIC - Stockhauasen Sound: with an electronic instrument.

MINIMAL MUSIC- Phillip Glass Music based on minimal materials. They

used only some notes or words, also with

objects (glass, wheels…), natural sounds

(river…).

AUDITIONS

POSTROMANTICISM: C. Saint-Saens – Fósiles https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vGI-hYVslPU

EXPRESSIONISM: Arnold Schönberg: Pierrot Lunaire - 9. Gebet an Pierrot https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7A7qTcdWIoY

NUEVA SONORIDAD: Igor Stravinsky - The Rite of Spring https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFPjFjUonX8

NEOCLASICISM: Joaquín Rodrigo, Concierto Serenata Para Arpa Y Orquesta

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fjv3troNnRk

FUTURISM: Edgard Varèse, Ionisation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wClwaBuFOJA

ALEATORIC MUSIC: John Cage's 4'33“ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JTEFKFiXSx4

ELECTRONIC MUSIC: Karlheinz Stockhausen Gesang Der Jünglinge (Canto de los adolescentes) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Psx24n3rM

MINIMALISM : Philip Glass - Escape! | The Hours soundtrack https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=no_dWLcXiyQ

Women composers 20th century: Amy Beach Piano Concerto https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Nzg3Ot1Yj8

Sofia Gubaidulina - In Tempus Praesens https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L8JVSYj-qV8

María Teresa Prieto

Fátima Miranda, cantos robados https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gsFLcDJolq0

Rebeca Clarcke, Passacaglia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0oc6y1H6O8