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Early 20th Century: MODERNISM
FauvismExpressionism
Die BruckeDer Blaue Reiter
CubismFuturism
SuprematismConstructivism
DadaDeStijl
BauhausPrecisionismSurrealismArt Deco
Organic ArtDepression Era Art
“Less is MORE”
What was happening at this point in HISTORY?
Imperialist Expansion: Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain, Portugal AfricaBritain IndiaDutch IndochinaRussia Central Asia and Siberia
• Japan as its own rising formidable power in the Pacific 1917 The US entered World War I1930s Great Depression: Huge economic difficulties in the US and other
Western countries1920s-1930s Rise of Totalitarianism: Mussolini in Italy, Stalin in the Soviet Union, Hitler in Germany1941 The US entered World War II with the bombing of Pearl Harbor by the
Japanese1945 WWII ends: The Allied forces defeated Germany, US dropped atomic
bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki
How did this effect artists?
Artists began searching for a new definition of and use for art in a changed world!
Avant-garde artists were ahead of their time and transgressed the limits of established art ideals
EXPRESSIONISM
• Term used to describe a wide range of art
• Result of an artist’s “unique inner or personal vision”
• Often emotionally driven
How does Expressionism contrast the art created since the Renaissance?
FauvismFauves = wild beasts- Interest in color and in altering of space- Fauves first gained attention at the Salon d’Automne of 1905- Movement didn’t last long, began to fall apart almost as soon as it emerged but
still contributed greatly to the direction of painting from then on
Best known Fauvists: Henri Matisse
and Andre Derain
Henri Matisse
Red Room (Harmony in Red)
1908-1909oil on canvas5 ft. 11 in. x 8 ft. 1 in.
Henri Matisse
Woman with the Hat
1905oil on canvas2 ft. 7 3/4 in. x 1 ft. 11 1/2 in.
“What characterized fauvism was that we rejected imitative colors, and that with pure colors we obtained stronger reactions”
André Derain
The Dance
1906oil on canvas
6 ft. 7/8 in. x 6 ft.10 1/4 in.
André Derain
Turning Road, L’Estaque
1906oil on canvas51 x 76 3/4 in.
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
Street, Dresden
1908oil on canvas4 ft. 11 1/4 in. x 6 ft. 6 7/8 in.
German Expressionism – Fauvist color + distortion, agitation, discomfort
DIE BRUCKE (the Bridge) – Dresden, Germany 1905 – Led by Kirchner“bridging the old and the new”
- Influenced by German Medieval Art
Franz Marc
The Large Blue Horses
1911oil on canvas40 3/4 x 70 7/8 in.
Der Blaue Reiter – “the Blue Rider”Led by Kandinsky and Marc• Called that because they…. loved blue and horses • Like Die Brucke, Der Blaue Reiter captured their feelings in visual form while
eliciting intense visceral responses from viewers
Vassily Kandinsky
Improvisation 28
1912oil on canvas3 ft. 7 7/8 in. x 5 ft. 3 7/8 in.
1st abstract painting!!!!!
Franz Marc
Fate of the Animals
1913oil on canvas6 ft. 4 3/4 in. x 8 ft. 9 1/2 in.
Kathe Kollwitz
Woman with Dead Child
1903etching
1’4 x 1’87”
Cubism• Initiated by Picasso & Braque, worked together to develop it• Reduced, fractured, many vantage points at once • Emphasized the two-dimensionality of the canvas• Inspiration: Primitivism and non-western cultures (AFRICA)• What would have sparked this interest in “primitive” cultures?
• Most popular subjects: still lifes, human faces and figures
Pablo Picasso
Gertrude Stein
1906-1907oil on canvas3 ft. 3 3/8 in. x 2 ft. 8 in.
“Primitivism”
Pablo Picasso
Les Demoiselles d’Avignon
1907oil on canvas8 ft. x 7 ft. 8 in.
Georges Braque
The Portuguese
1911oil on canvas3 ft. 10 1/8 in. x 2 ft. 8 in.
Analytic Cubism
“The hard-and-fast rules of perspective … were a ghastly mistake which…has taken four centuries to redress”
Pablo Picasso
Still Life with Chair-Caning
1912oil and oilcloth on canvas10 5/8 in. x 1 ft. 1 3/4 in.
Georges Braque
Bottle, Newspaper, Pipe and Glass
1913charcoal and various papers pasted on paper1 ft. 6 7/8 in. x 2 ft. 1 3/4 in.
Attributed to developing papier collé (collage) which revolutionized art-making
Synthetic Cubism
Aleksandre Archipenko, Woman Combing Her Hair, 1915, bronze, approximately 1 ft. 1 3/4 in. high
Julio González, Woman Combing Her Hair, ca. 1930-1933, iron, 4 ft. 9 in. high
FuturismCUBISM + DIVISIONISM- Launched by “Le Futurisme” by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, a Futurist
manifesto- Glorified the energy and speed of modern life along with the dynamism
and violence of new technology MOVEMENT- Supported war as a
“cleansing agent”
Giacomo Balla
Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash
1912oil on canvas2 ft. 11 3/8 in. x 3 ft. 7 1/4 in.
Umberto Boccioni
Unique Forms of Continuity in Space
1913bronze3 ft. 7 7/8 in. x 2 ft. 10 7/8 in. x 1 ft. 3 3/4 in.
"Let us fling open the figure and let it incorporate within itself whatever may surround it."
Gino Severini
Armored Train
1915oil on canvas3 ft. 10 in. x 2 ft. 10 1/8 in.
Dada – the anti-movement (1916-1925)
Dada had only one rule: Never follow any known rules• Began in Zurich in response to WWI
• Where does the word “dada” come from?• Intended to provoke an emotional reaction from the viewer (typically
SHOCK or OUTRAGE)• Nonsensical to the point of whimsy. Almost all of the people who created it
were ferociously serious, though.• Main influences: Abstraction and Expressionism• No predominant medium in Dadaist art.
All things from geometric tapestries to glass to plaster and wooden reliefs were fair game. Assemblage, collage, photomontage and the use of ready made objects all gained wide acceptance.
• Spawned many offshoots: best-known is Surrealism.
Jean Arp
Collage Arranged According to the Laws of Chance
1916-17torn and pasted paper19 1/8 x 13 5/8 in.
Marcel Duchamp
Fountain
1917porcelain urinal
What is art?
Is craft required?
Is aesthetic experience required?
THE READYMADE
Marcel Duchamp
The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass)
1915-23oil, lead wire, foil, dust, varnish, glass8 ft. 11 in. x 5 ft. 7 in.
The Role of CHANCE
Marcel Duchamp
Bicycle Wheel
1913assemblage23 3/4 in. high
Marcel Duchamp
L.H.O.O.Q.
1919drawing on photographic reproduction7 3/4 in. x 4 1/8 in.
Hannah Höch
Cut with the Cake Knife
1919-20photomontage 11 7/8 x 35 3/8 in.
AMERICA, 1900 to 1930• Many American artists began their careers and then continued them in Europe and vice
versa• Art “Matronage” – Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, Peggy Guggenheim, Mary Quinn
Sullivan and the like• Jon Sloan and The Eight – American “Realism” “The apostles of ugliness”• The Armory Show – huge display of Modern Art, over 1,600 pieces
Marcel Duchamp
Nude Descending a Staircase No. 2
1912oil on canvas58 x 35 in.
Man Ray
Gift
1921flatiron with nails6 1/2 in. high
Charles Demuth
My Egypt
1927oil on composition board2 ft. 11 3/4 in. x 2 ft. 6 in.
PRECISIONISMEuropean cubist ideas + American sensibilities
Georgia O’Keeffe
New York, Night
1929oil on canvas3’4” x 1’7”
Georgia O’Keeffe
Jack in the Pulpit IV
1930oil on canvas
Alfred Stieglitz
The Steerage
1907Photogravure (on tissue)
4 11/16 x 3 1/8 in.
PHOTOGRAPHY
“…to hold a moment, to record something so completely that those who see it would relive an equivalent of what has been expressed.”
Edward Weston
Nude
1925gelatin-silver print
Edward Weston
Pepper No. 30
1930gelatin-silver print
Pablo Picasso
Guernica
1937Oil on Canvas
11’ 5” x 25’5” EUROPE 1920-1945
“Painting is not made to decorate apartments. It is an instrument for offensive and defensive war against the enemy.”
Guernica after the bombing, reports 1,654 dead
Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity)
Neue Sachlichkeit artists had been in the army or participated in WWI- Deeply influenced their
worldviews and informed their art
- Clear, direct and genuine depictions of war
George GroszFit for Active Service (The Faith Healers)
1916-17pen, brush, ink on paper20 x 14 3/8 in.
Max Beckmann
The Night
1918-19oil on canvas55 1/2 x 37 3/4 in.
Otto Dix
Der Kreig
1929-1932oil and tempera on wood6 ft. 8 1/3 in. x 13 ft. 4 3/4 in.