HISTORY OF ITALY

HISTORY OF ITALYA brief introduction to the birth of the Italian State21600-1815Italy remains split into a dozen separate states while European nations are formingThe feudal system lingers on in the south

Europe 16483Napoleon conquers Italy in the 1790sAfter his defeat in 1815, most Italian states go back to their former rulers:

Lombardy-Venetia to Austria

Naples and Sicily to Spain

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Napoleonic expansion5

1815: CONGRESS OF WIEN (Italy after Napoleon)

6The Risorgimento(Resurgence)Hatred of foreign rule increases

Liberation movement begun by Giuseppe Mazzini in Piedmont with the support of Charles Albert, king of Sardinia-Piedmont (House of Savoy)

Scattered revolts in 1848 were unsuccessful

Giuseppe MazziniNationalist in ItalyItalians were inspired by the French Revolution.Congress of Vienna kept Italy separated.Austria controlled portions of northern Italy.Other independent states kept unification hard to do.A group of Italian tried to keep it alive.This group was called the Risorgimento resurgence.Secret society.Giuseppe MazziniFormed the Young Italy movement.Forced Austrian out of Lombardy and Venetia.Seized control of RomeA republic was formed by Mazzini and two other leaders.His victories were not long lived.Austria gain control of northern states.Only Sardinia remained independent.SardiniaWas ruled by King Victor Emmanuel II.Chief Minister was Camillo Benso di Cavour. Was more powerful than King.Wanted to expand Sardinian territory.Wanted to lead in uniting Italy.He strengthened the military and Industry.Allied with France and England.

10Expansion beginsUnder King Victor Emanuel I, son of Charles Albert, Count Camillo Cavour, the prime minister, made a treaty with France against Austria.

Count Camillo CavourSardinia and FranceAustria was the greatest barrier to Italian unity.French Emperor Napoleon III wanted to increase French influence in Italy.Cavour hoped that with Austria out, Italian states would join with him.

War with AustriaSardinia provoked Austria to war and France sent troops to help.Austria was quickly defeated in Italy.States of Lombardy, Venetia, Tuscany, Modena, and Parma join Sardinia.French signs treaty with Austria.Austria gets Ventia back. France gets Nice and Savoy. Sardinia gets Lombardy.131859: Austria defeatedItaly gained Lombardy, but Austria kept Venetia

Unifying the SouthSouthern half of Italy was made up of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.Giuseppe Garibaldi was leader of nationalistic movement.Formed and army of 1,000 men and captured Sicily and Naples.Marched to Papal States.Cavour thought that Garibaldi was becoming to popular and set up his own republic.Garibaldi stepped aside for Sardinia.15General Garibaldi drives out the Bourbons from Sicily and Naples

General Giuseppe Garibaldi16Unification of Italy1861: Victor Emanuel II crowned King of Italy1866: Venetia regained from Austria

171870: Papal States capturedThe French army was assigned to protect the Papal States, but was called to join the fighting in the Prussian War.

The Italian army took the opportunity to capture the Papal States, thus adding central Italy to the union.18

Steps to UnificationProblems of UnificationPapal states were added to Italy by 1870 and Austria was ran out of Italy in 1866.Few Italians had experienced self-government.There were cultural differences between the south and north.North was more industrial and south agricultural.

20Constitutional Monarchy: 1870 - 1922Birth of modern ItalyHeavy taxation to pay war debtsParliamentary government new and strange to many ItaliansEconomic growth supported the changesThe North

Rich More industry Contained commercial farms21The South

Natural DisastersPoor soilPeasants lacking land and capitalPowerful clans and mafiaThis all lead to the economic and social backwardness of the south.High unemployment rate22Economic Difficulties1880s Italian industry was undercut by foreigners

1887 Government responded by introducing tariffs

This lead to a tariff war

Whole areas of Italy were ruined

23More Problems Leagues that supported socialist ideas were formed: Fasci Strikes, riots and arson broke out 1894, the Fasci were banned and a thousand people deported 1898, political parties and organisations considered subversive were banned Inflation24Economic developmentSo were there any economic developments between 1880-1914?bItaly was lacking basic resources e.g. coal and iron.aIndustrialisation in the North worsened the North-South divide.aHigh taxes on the poor

The only positive point was the industrial development in the North after 1900.

2526World War I1915: Italy rejected its standing alliances with Austria, Germany, and Hungary when Austria invaded Serbia. It joined the Allies (England, France, and Russia)

At the end of the war, the last two regions were joined to Italy: Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia.27