History of higher education libraries Reported by: Rochel A. Villar BLIS- 3 June 26, 2010

History of higher education libraries

Reported by: Rochel A. Villar

BLIS- 3June 26, 2010

Terms An academic library is a library which serves an institution of

higher learning, such as a college or a university— libraries in secondary and primary schools are called school libraries. These libraries serve two complementary purposes: to support the school's curriculum, and to support the research of the university faculty and students.

The University Grants Committee was an advisory committee of the British government, which advised on the distribution of grant funding amongst the British universities. It was in existence from 1919 until 1989. Its functions have now largely been taken over by the higher education funding councils

Provision- something provided; a measure or other means for meeting a need.

Higher education refers to a level of education that is provided at academies, universities, colleges, vocational universities, community colleges, liberal arts colleges, institutes of technology and certain other collegiate-level institutions, such as vocational schools, trade schools, and career colleges, that award academic degrees or professional certifications.

Highlights in the history of books and librariesPeople or period

Approx. dates Kinds of libraries

Examples of libraries

Antiquity►SumeriansBabyloniansAssyrians

3600 BC626 BC

TempleGovernmentPrivateRoyal

TellohBorsipaNineveh

Egyptians 3000 BC TempleGovernmentPrivate

GizehThebes

Greeks (Crete)

Greeks

2d millennium BC6th century BC- 146 BC

PrivateRoyalGovernment

Alexandrian libraryLibrary at PergamumAristotle’s library

Romans 173 BC- 476 AD Private, Government, Public, Christian, Pagan

Ulpian Library

Middle Ages12th century- 15th century Renaissance

Private, RoyalChurch, monastery, university

University of Paris

Invention of printing with movable types

15th century Public, Private, Government, Royal

1500- 1900Europe

National, Private, Public, University, Royal

Vatican libraryOxfordCambridgeBritish MuseumBibliotheque Nationale

America 1607- 1776 College, University, Private, Subscription

Harvard, Yale, William & MaryPrinceton

America 18th and 19th century College, university, private, public, Government

Library of CongressBoston Public Library

America 20th century AcademicSpecialPublicSchoolResearchPrivateGovernmentRare Book Archives

New York Public LibraryMajor university librariesMajor public libraries

Development of Academic libraries

In United Kingdom In the United States of America In the Philippines

Approx. date Events/ Development

Person responsible

19th Century Establishment of universities and their libraries

20th Century Libraries continued to grow graduallyUGC published a report in 1921, which made one of the most supportive and appreciative statements about libraries

1967 Emergence of the Parry Report

Mr. Thomas Parry

1975 Atkinson Report

1992 Follet Report Sir Brian Follet

1994 Anderson Report Prof. Michael Anderson

2001 Establishment of the Research Support Libraries Group

Sir Brian Follet

2003 Publishing of the Report of the Group

2004 Founding of the Research Libraries Network

19th Century Establishment of mechanics

institutes “senior academic” are the ones who

perform the role of the librarian Edward Nicholson at the Bodleian,

founder of the Library Association


Person responsible




Mr. Thomas Parry


20th CenturyThe UGC report’s statement

“The character and efficiency of a university may be gauged by it’s treatment of its central organ- the library. We regard the fullest provision for library maintenance as the primary and most vital need in the equipment of a university.”


Person responsible




Mr. Thomas Parry


Parry Report Influenced by the new thinking about academic

libraries which had been brought about by the creation of new universities

The library had been regarded as symbolic to the universities themselves, and was placed centrally on the campus

Recognized that the libraries are expensive to build and maintain, and recommended that universities should devote a mminimum of around 6% of their revenue expenditure to the library

Introduced library cooperation


Person responsible




Mr. Thomas Parry


Atkinson Report Propose the concept of a “self- renewing”

library Recommended new space norms for

libraries Urged greater cooperation and reliance on

interlibrary loan




Sir Brian Follet



Follet ReportBackground Terms of reference:

a. )the planned expansion of higher educationb. ) the current potential impact of IT on information provisionc. )the possibilities of greater cooperation and sharing of capital and recurrent resources

Recommendations:a. ) the development of library buildingsb. ) a program of development to enable the exploitation of the potential of information technology

Evidencea. ) massive expansion of student numbersb. )very little funding available for capital building projectsc. )increase in cost which is far above the annual rate of general inflationd. )changes in teaching and learning methods in institutions

Increasing proportions of mature and part- time students, who tended to make different demands on libraries

Modularization of degree courses Learning methods which put more stress on student

centered learning A decline in book purchasing by students

Recommendationsa.) information strategiesb.) library expenditurec.) performance indicatorsd.) staffing and staff managemente.) purchasingf.) quality assessment and quality auditg.) space and space managementh.) library cooperation in support of readingi.) library provisions and the needs of researchersj.) information technology

Academic libraries in the 1990’s→ institutions were continuing to epand

their student numbers and to compete for recognition of research excellence

→ Increasing IT capabilities→ international collaboration was

becoming more significant→ The issue of lifelong learning also

started to have an impact on academic libraries




Sir Brian Follet



Anderson report► the report of this body stressed the

need for all major libraries in UK to cooperate to ensure that researchers had adequate support

► Establishment of the Research Support Libraries Programme (RSLP)1. supporting access to major library holdings2. collaborative collection management projects3. research support for humanities and social science collections4. targeted retrospective conversion of catalogues

Research Libraries Network

Would carry out a strategic planning and coordination role alongside the universities themselves, the British library and national libraries of Scotland and Wales

Development of Academic Libraries in the USA

Approx. dates Event/ DevelopmentAmerican Revolution Most books were imported from

England1639- 1776 Local presses produced about

60 books per year1776 Increase in publications in

America1804 Catalog listed 1, 338 American

publications in print

John Harvard donated approximately 300 of his books to Harvard University, and so he created the first academic library in the colony

19th CenturyEarly 1800’s Serial publications gained in

importanceHarvard and Yale were the first to establish endowments during this period

1800- 1880 Literary society flourished1841 Harvard constructed the first

freestanding library building1876 Adoption of the Dewey Decimal

Classification SystemJohn Hopkins University was established and faulty used the German seminar method for instruction instead of the recitation methodDepartmental libraries predominated

1873 Charles Eliot, long time president of Harvard University, stated that the library is the “heart of the university”

1856- 1876 Number of volumes in the collection at Harvard increased by an average of 63% per yearEmphasis was primarily on supporting the curriculum rather than researchHours are extended and services were improved

20th CenturyBy World War 1 Most academic libraries have

reference department1947 Harvard opened the first library

building dedicated to undergraduate services

1906- 1941 Carnegie Corporation of New York gave grant funding to 248 college libraries to develop book collections for undergraduate students and to 108 institutions for library buildingsUndergraduate libraries developed and became a measure of the quality of library collections, this authoritative guide to purchasing of books became known as the “Shaw list”

Development of Libraries in the Philippines The Colonial Philippine Library Period

(1565-1780) The first collections came with the Spanish

missionaries. The earliest records speak of a private collection in 1583. It was owned by Bishop Domingo de Salazar and was probably the first of its kind in the islands.

Other collections of an academic nature followed: those of the Augustinian Convent of San Pablo, the University of Santo Tomás, and the College of San Ignacio.

Printing was being introduced Need and urgency made them use the xylographic

method to produce the first printed book in the Philippines in 1593, the Doctrina Christiana

Philippine library developments during the 17th and 18th centuries had a common feature: the urgently felt need for books. Books from Europe seemed to have poured constantly into the Philippines, as attested to by news from different parts of the Philippine islands.

Modest but Modern Philippine Library (1780-1898)

The roots of the modern Philippine library may be traced to the so-called Age of Enlightenment, which seized and dominated European thought during the 18th century.

he Sociedad Económica was established in 1781 by Governor José de Basco y Vargas, and it engaged mostly in the free distribution of books.

Although the libraries of the Sociedad did not yield any record of holdings until 1877, its creation signaled the beginning of a new era in Philippine library history: popular and public reading.

A culture of reading, created in the highest strata of Philippine society, motivated the collection of books in private libraries by Filipino scholars and heroes of the 1896 and 1898 Philippine War of the Independence.

This passion for collecting books and the growing interest in library management carried over a library tradition to the 20th century: the scholarly library.

Libraries in religious schools and the new secular academic institutions had also grown in importance, pushed by political and ideological forces, but lacking in means and handled by non-professional library staff.

The three seminaries of the Islands, the religious schools in Manila, and the new secular institutions, like the Escuela de Artes y Oficios, had libraries supporting their curriculum.

The University of Santo Tomás had a collection of 12,000 titles, the largest in the archipelago. The library's holdings reached 20,000 by the beginning of the 20th century.

Turnover in Philippine Modern Library (1898-1945)

Opening of the American Circulating Library Establishment of what we know today as

librarianship American pioneers introduced modern library

standards, while Filipinos contributed with their collections, scholarly support, and leadership.

But the foundation of Philippine librarianship was forged by Lois Osborn, Mary Polk, and James Robertson in 1914, through the establishment of library courses in the University of the Philippines and the Philippine Normal School.

The universe of the private sector comprised an expanding number of schools and universities, a few business libraries, private collections, and libraries in the houses of religious institutions. In 1941, there were 19 private colleges and universities.

Their libraries had grown from small collections, managed by working students and faculty, to comprehensive holdings, maintained by trained librarians and organized according to the new trends.

University of Santo Tomás-which started offering library courses in 1932; the Ateneo de Manila-praised as one of the best organized libraries in the Philippines; the College of San Beda and a few others

Modern Libraries for the Philippine Republic (from 1946 to Today)

"The outbreak of World War II in the Philippines in December 1941 tolled the death-knell of almost all the rich depositories of Filipiniana materials in the country.

government libraries, school libraries, and scholarly collections in religious houses, and in most of the private universities were also destroyed or looted.

During this half-century, libraries in the Philippines had undergone re-establishment, organization, and modernization, three stages that provide a fitting division of our analysis into historical periods.

The books distributed among the public libraries did not suit the needs of readers, but the University of the Philippines obtained three large shipments of important publications through the University of Michigan and the University of Southern California at Los Angeles.

Librarianship has been pushed through Increase in the growing body of library

professionals resulted to establishments of library organizations

Automation of library services

To solve the problem, the conference of 1952 proposed a plan for the improvement of library services outlined in a five-stage draft: (1) regular meetings; (2) cooperative organization and cataloguing; (3) the compilation of a union catalog and a union list; (4) the publication of a monthly listing of combined acquisitions; and (5) cooperation with other government agencies. The implementation of this plan was assigned to a new department, the Interdepartmental Reference Service (IDRS), which spearheaded the establishment of the Association of Special Libraries of the Philippines (ASLP) in 1954.

At the turn of the millennium, the collections and services of Philippine libraries reflect both the national identity and the country's level of technical development. Much still needs to be done. The enthusiasm of a few can change a country when their efforts are channeled into training, cooperation, and association. And a strong will is necessary when circumstances are most trying.

Documents

History of higher education libraries Reported by: Rochel A. Villar BLIS- 3 June 26, 2010