History 321: State and Society in Early Modern Europe:

The Thirty Years War

Hist. 321 Reminders1. Test next week: Tuesday, 27 January.2. Leading class discussion: volunteers

required! See http://www.sfu.ca/~pabel/321 discussion.pdf

3. Choose the topic of your research paper! Preliminary Bibliographies are due on 5 February. Meticulously follow the format for bibliography posted on the 321 home page.

RULES FOR TESTS1. Put all personal items under your chair.2. You may have only a pen on your desk. No aids

(e.g. dictionaries, text book, notes) are allowed.3. Do NOT write your name or anything on or in the

examination booklet. The booklet is only for storage.4. Open the booklet ONLY when I tell you. Then take

out the test paper and write your name on the test paper where indicated. Write answers only in the space provided.

5. You have 30 minutes to complete the test, which starts at 11:30 sharp. Don’t arrive late!

6. When the time is up or when you have completed the quiz, place the test paper in the booklet, and return the booklet to me.

From Rudolf II to Matthias, 1582-1612

Religion and the German Princes Confession and Imperial Politics to 1608 Union and Liga 1608-9 The Jülich-Cleves Crisis 1609-10

Did the Empire succumb to an intractable confessional polarization before 1618?

Did the Empire succumb to an intractable confessional polarization

before 1618? Landsberg Alliance (1556) Protestant Union (1608) Catholic League (1609) “While tensions mounted in the Empire,

there was no inexorable slide towards war, however. The problems were certainly serious, but not insurmountable, particularly if the emperor was prepared to act more forcefully and consistently to provide the impartial guidance most princes desired” (p. 197).

A lack of confessionally united fronts

Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn, Prince Bishop of Würzburg (1573-1617)

Wittelsbach Bavaria and the Austrian Habsburgs

a Catholic empire

A lack of confessionally united fronts

two Protestant leaders Electorates: Rhenish Palatinate vs.

Saxony itio in partes

A lack of confessionally united fronts

Protestant dynasties: partible inheritance vs. primogeniture: “…partitions emasculated Protestant territories by dissipating their resources or creating debilitating inheritance disputes” (p. 204) Hessen-Kassel (Calvinist) vs. Hessen-Darmstadt

(Lutheran) over Hessen-Marburg Guelph family and Brunswick: Lüneburg vs.

Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel more disunity: larger vs. smaller territories;

struggle for ecclesiastical property

Cologne Dispute, 1583-1590 Significance

a test of the Peace of Augsburg the preservation of a Catholic majority in the

electoral college

the extension of Bavarian influence in the Holy Roman Empire

Ecclesiastical electors

Secular electors

Mainz BohemiaCologne SaxonyTrier Palatinate

Brandenburg

More controversies Strassburg Bishops’ War,

1592-1604 Bishop-elect Johann Georg,

Lorraine, Württemburg An international

Protestant alliance to oppose a Catholic plot? militant Palatinate vs.

politic Saxony Christian of Anhalt

(Calvinist), governor of Upper Palatinate, 1595

More controversies Four Monasteries

Dispute, 1599-1601 militant Palatinate vs.

Reichskammergericht stubborn Saxony

Bavaria devout Duke

Maximilian I (1598-1651)

vs. itio in partes

More controversies FIC Donauwörth

prominence of Reichshofrat 1606: Battle of the Flags 1607: Imperial Ban

Document 3: What did it mean for Rudolf II to impose the

imperial ban on Donauwörth? Why does he mention Maximilian of Bavaria?

1608 Reichstag confirm Peace of Augsburg respect 1552 impasse; waning of moderation

Protestant Union, Catholic League Common problems

dynastic, security interests “adventurous policies more likely” (p. 228) confessional League vs. Habsburgs primary purpose:

preparations for an inevitable war pressure tactic to make the Emperor see

reason spreading the cost of defence (Bavaria) deterrence for Protestants

Documents 3-51. What did it mean for Rudolf II to impose the

imperial ban on Donauwörth? Why does he mention Maximilian of Bavaria?

2. How did the Protestant Union and Catholic League justify their establishment?

3. Why do the articles of the Protestant Union and Catholic League refer to the Emperor, the imperial constitution, and imperial laws?

4. Do you notice parallels and / or differences between the articles of the Protestant Union and Catholic League? What are they?

5. Does the language of the articles of the Protestant Union and Catholic League point to confessional polarisation?

Jülich-Cleves Crisis, 1609-10 “The lack of major conflict in 1609-10

stemmed from widespread opposition to violence and a general desire to negotiate a peaceful solution” (p. 230).

location: Rhineland; near Spanish, Dutch, French territory

population: Catholics, Protestants: growing Calvinist community, esp. in Cleves

1609: death of Duke Johann Wilhelm of Jülich-Cleves

claimants: Pfalz-Neuberg, Brandenburg Treaty of Dortmund (1610)

Jülich-Cleves Crisis, 1609-10 intervention of Archduke Leopold intervention of France

contradiction: opposing Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs; asserting Catholic identity

slow march German intervention

Catholic League kept its distance. Rhenish Palatinate mobilized troops. 1 September 1610: garrison in Jülich

surrendered to French, Dutch, and Union soldiers.

prohibitive costs, unwilling contributors

Chapter 8: On the Brink Central question:

Was the Empire on the brink of war by 1617? Central problem:

Who will succeed Emperor Matthias (1612-1619)?

“Rudolf’s death and Archduke Matthias’s succession in 1612 saw many problems being tackled with considerable success” (p. 239).

Successor for Rudolf II

Archduke Leopold’s army enters Prague, 1611

Archduke Matthias’ army enters Prague, 1611

Matthias elected Holy Roman Emperor on 13 June 1612. (Rudolf II died on 20 January.)

Melchior Klesl and compromise Austrian Estates composition before

succession bi-partisan

committee goal of compromise Protestant suspicions,

Catholic anxiety 1613 Reichstag disrupting the

Catholic league

Jülich-Cleves dispute, 1614 Calvinist Brandenburg governor vs. Pfalz-

Neuburg governor (Wolfgang Wilhelm who announced his conversion to Catholicism in 1614)

Spanish and Dutch involvement: 3:1 garrisons Protestant Union falters (p. 254) cases about violation of religious peace

decline caseload of Reichshofrat increases

Uskok War and the Habsburg Succession, 1615-1617

“The main threat to peace was not confessional tension in the Empire, but the continued uncertainty surrounding the Habsburg succession. Matters were brought to a head by renewed trouble on the Ottoman-Habsburg frontier that led to far more serious fighting than that around Jülich” (p. 255) Why is this quotation important in the context

of Wilson’s argument?

Uskok War and the Habsburg Succession, 1615-1617

Uskoks vs Venice Anglo-Dutch support for Venice Spanish support for Uskoks / Austrian

Habsburgs Solution 1: Treaty of Madrid (1617)

The Habsburgs agree to relocate the Uskoks in return for Venice’s military withdrawal.

Solution 2: Oñate Treaty (1617) = Document 91. What is the basic quid pro quo of this treaty?2. Why did it make sense for Ferdinand to keep

this treaty secret?

On the brink? Protestant disunity

the plight of the Union Palatine millenarianism stalwart Saxony

Matthias Hoë von Hoënegg

1617 celebrations Composition fails

Catholics and Protestant disunity

succession vs. resolution of religious disputes

Review of key personalities

Frederick V Christian of Anhalt Johann Georg of

Saxony Maximlian I of Bavaria Matthias (1612-1619) Melchior Klesl Ferdinand II (1619-

1637)