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Wars of Religion: 1559-1648The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)
Most important war of the 17th c Failure of the Peace of Augsburg 1555
First Phase: Bohemian Phase Defenestration of
Prague (1618) Holy Roman Emperor
placed sever restrictions on Protestantism
Two HRE officials thrown out a window and fell 70 feet
The Emperor then sought to annihilate the Calvinist nobility in Bohemia
Protestant forces defeated and Protestantism was eliminated in Bohemia
Second Phase: Danish Phase Height of Catholic power
during the war Albrecht von Wallenstein
(1583-1634) Mercenary general paid by
the emperor Edict of Restitution (1629)
All church territories that had been secularized since 1552 automatically restored to Catholic Church
Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans, of their religious rights
Third Phase: Swedish Phase Protestants liberated
territory lost in Danish Phase Gustavus Adolphus (King of
Sweden) Led army that pushed
Catholic forces back to Bohemia
Battle of Breitenfeld 163--Ended Hapsburg hopes of reuniting Germany
HREer reluctantly annulled the Edict of Restitution
France feared resurgence of Catholicism in the HRE
Forth Phase: French (International) Phase Cardinal Richelieu
Allied with the Protestant forces to defeat the HRE
Policies reflected Catholic France’s paramount diplomatic concerns as political, not religious; thus politique
Most Destructive Agriculture collapsed 8 million dead Massive inflation Trade crippled throughout
Europe France did not want strong
state on eastern border
Treaty of Westphalia 1648 Ended Catholic Reformation in Germany Renewal of Peace of Augsburg but added Calvinism as a
politically accepted faith Germany remain divided for centuries
Dissolution of HRE confirmed Netherlands and Switzerland gained their independence from
Spain 300+ German states become sovereign Pope denied right to intervene in HRE affairs
France, Sweden, and Brandenburg (future Prussia) received various territories and gained international stature
The two Hapsburg branches were weakened Spanish saw empire dramatically Austrian lost much influence in Germany
Results of the Thirty Years’ War
Germany physically devastated Further divided by decline of the HREEnds the wars of religionBeginning of the Rise of France as the
dominant European power; also accelerated the continued rise of Britain and the Netherlands Balance of power diplomacy emerges in Europe