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Historic Roots of Terrorism An exploration of early terrorism and of the historic roots of modern terrorism Michael A. Bozarth, Ph.D. Department of Psychology University at Buffalo www.PsychologyofTerrorism.com

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth l Terrorism is not new it been used for to affect political, social, economic, and religious change for centuries l The causes of modern conflicts leading to terrorism are not new they have developed over decades and in many cases over centuries

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth l Presentation briefly examines terrorism from a historical perspective historic basis of some contemporary terrorist organizations examples of historically significant North American terrorist organizations

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Early History l Zealots (2nd C B.C. - 1st C A.D.) Jewish fighters resisting Roman occupation, most notably 66-73 A.D. used terrorist attacks against Romans and against Jews conforming to Roman subjugation last Zealot garrison at Masada was taken by the Romans with 900 defenders committing mass suicide

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth More Early History l Assassins (1200 - 1400+ CE) Arabic for user of hashish secret order of the Ismaili sect of Shiites also called Hashshashin spread quickly through Syria & Persia, eventually throughout the Moslem world some surviving groups are reputed to exist today in Northern Syria

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Terrorism in the Name of God l Early Christians eradication of paganism schismsespecially 1054 & the Reformation l Catholic Church religious inquisition as terrorism suppression of dissonant views persecution of religious minorities

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Huguenots l French Protestants (also called the Reformed Church of France) l Considered heretics by the Roman Catholic Church l Challenged papal authority and Roman Catholic dogma l Many were nobles who were (too) active in French politics

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth The Huguenot Heresy l Criticized Roman Catholic ritualspraying to saints images church hierarchy l Promoted Calvinist belief that Christian life is to be lived not just practiced by performing rituals, prayers, and pilgrimages

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Huguenots in Catholic France l Persecuted in Catholic France Edict of Orleans (1561declared tolerance) St. Bartholomews Day Massacre (1572) 8,000-10,000 killed in Paris over two days 50,000-70,000 killed during the following weeks in other French cities Edict of Nantes (1598declared tolerance) Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685) mass exodus from France including from the Alsace region (Huguenot Diaspora) Simon Bossard emigrated to Jamestown (1700)

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Papal Celebration of the Huguenot Massacre l Pope Gregory XIII celebrated the St. Bartholomews Day Massacre (1572) by issuing a special medal to commemorate the slaughter of the Huguenots l The medal shows Gods angels smiting the Huguenots, inscribed [translation] Slaughter of the Huguenots

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Final Reconciliation with Catholic France l Edit of Tolerance (1787) l Recognized as full citizens after the French Revolution (1789) l But France was saved from the Protestant Reformation Protestant population decreased from 15 to 20% during the 17th Century to 1.7% today Muslims (6.9%) constitute a larger proportion of the population of modern France (Jews, 1.3%)

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth More Terrorism in the Name of God l Fight over the Holy Land Christian Crusades Islamic Jihad

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Crusades to Reclaim the Holy Land l First Crusade, 109599 l Second Crusade, 114749 l Third Crusade, 118992 l Fourth Crusade, 12021204 l Childrens Crusade, 1212 l Fifth Crusade, 121721 l Sixth Crusade, 122829 l Seventh Crusade, 124854 l Eight Crusade, 1270 l Ninth Crusade, 127172 Crusader States, c. 1100

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Irony of Contemporary Religious Conflict l Jews, Christians, and Moslems descended from a common Father People of The Book Old TestamentJews, Christians, Moslems New TestamentChristians, Moslems KoranMoslems struggled against polytheism social injustice

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Historical Basis of Some Current Conflicts l Chechnya (Russian Federation) l Basque Separatists (Spain) l Sudans Darfur region l Northern Ireland l Middle East

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Contrasting Conflicts l Northern Ireland attacks limited to British Isles little impact worldwide l Arab-Israeli Conflict attacks extended outside of region major impact worldwide anti-American sentiment potential global economic disruption

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Early Ireland l Five Gaelic kingdoms l St. Patrick (432 C.E.) l Irish centers of enlightenment during the European dark ages l Norse raids (795-1014 C.E.) l Pope awarded Ireland to the English Crown (1155/1172)

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth The British Conquest l English invasion (1171) l Plantation of Ulster (17th Century) l 1641 Rebellion suppressed by Oliver Cromwell (1649) l William of Orange (1690) l Act of Union (1801) l Genocide through famine (1840s) (population: 1846, 8.3 million; today, 5.2 million)

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Irish Independence l Easter Rebellion (1916) l Anglo-Irish War (1919-1921) l Irish Free State (1922) dominion with 6 northern counties remaining part of United Kingdom Irish Civil War (1922-1923) l Republic of Ireland (1949) l Admitted to UN (1955)

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth The Solution Partitioning Ireland into the Irish Free State and the Northern Counties which remain part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Northern Ireland l Limited independence 1921-1972 dominated by the Unionist party Catholics excluded from government l Home rule suspended 1972 l Conflict continues between Unionists (Protestant) majority and Republicans (Catholic) minority

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth British Home Office Proscribed Irish Organizations l Continuity Army Council l Cumann na mBan l Fianna na hEireann l Irish National Liberation Army l Irish People's Liberation Organisation l Irish Republican Army l Loyalist Volunteer Force l Orange Volunteers l Red Hand Commando l Red Hand Defenders l Saor Eire l Ulster Defence Association l Ulster Freedom Fighters l Ulster Volunteer Force

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth The Disputed Holy Land l Roman Era (6 C.E.) Jewish Diaspora (135 C.E.) l Christian Era (c. 391 - 636 C.E.) l Arab Conquest/Ottoman Empire l Post World War I (1918) Arab nationalism Zionism l Post World War II (1945)

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Formation of Israel l Zionist movement (19th Century) l Immigration to the Holy Land 19th through early 20th Century pre World War II (c. 1930s) post World War II l Independence declared (1948) l First Arab-Israeli War (1948) l Admitted to UN (1949)

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Jewish Terrorist Groups l Several terrorist groups, including Irgun Tsvai-Leumi (Military-National Organization) or Etzel Lehi or Lohamei Herut Israel ("Fighters for the Freedom of Israel") or Stern gang l Attacked British & Arab interests "Neither Jewish morality nor Jewish tradition can negate the use of terror as a means of battle.

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Terrorism in the Israeli Fight for Independence Haifa market bombing (1939) Lord Moyne assassination (British government minister): advocated limiting Jewish immigration to Palestine (1944) King David Hotel bombing (1946) British Embassy bombing, Rome (1946) Count Folke Bernadotte assassination (UN mediator): supported Arab rights (1948) Deir Yassin massacre: reprisal (1948)

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth The Proposal The Reality UN Partition Plan for Palestine (1947) Map of Israel

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Arab Response l Rejected UN proposal Drive the Jews back into the sea! Israel immediately attacked by Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Lebanon Palestinian Exodus (Nakba: tragedy) l Sustained terrorist campaign against Israel l Intermittent wars with Israel

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Arab-Israeli Wars l First Arab-Israeli war (1948) l Other wars 1956 (Suez War) 1967 (Six Day War) 1970 (War of Attrition) 1973 (Yom Kippur War) 1982 (Lebanon War) l Numerous skirmishes & raids

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Palestine Population Shifts with Israeli Independence

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Events Related to Shifting Population in Palestine Important Events 1800sRise of Zionism 1917Balfour Declaration 1930sRise in European anti-Semitism 1948Israeli Independence Arab Nakba 1991Dissolution of the Soviet Union Note: Arab population statistics include 8-10% Christians.

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Progress Towards Peaceful Resolution l Recognition of the right for the state of Israel to exist Anwar Sadat (1977) Yassar Arafat (1989) l Recognition of the right for an independent Palestinian state l Israeli withdrawal from some occupied lands

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth North American Terrorist Groups l SDS Weatherman l Symbionese Liberation Army l FLQ (Quebec) l Ku Klux Klan (KKK) l The New Anarchists

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth SDS Weathermen l Active 1969-1976 l More militant faction of the SDS l Advocated the overthrow of the U.S. government and capitalism l Organized bombings, jailbreaks, and riots (with few casualties) l Members diffused back into society escaping prosecution

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) l Active 1973-1975 l 13-member group committed two murders and several bank robberies l Kidnapped publishing heiress Patty Hearst (1974-1975) l Criminal terror masquerading as sociopolitical terrorism?

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Patty Hearst as Tania (Extreme Stockholm Syndrome?) l After her kidnapping and forced indoctrination, she became an active member of the SLA l iconic photograph with assault rifle while robbing a bank (1974) l captured in 1975 l released from prison in 1979 with sentence commuted by President Carter; pardoned by President Clinton (2001)

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth FLQ (Qubec) l Front de Libration du Qubec (Quebec Liberation Front) l Active 1963-1970 l Organized bombings, bank robberies, and kidnappings targets included English owned businesses, banks, McGill University, and homes of prominent anglophones in the wealthy Westmount area of Montral; murdered Quebec Vice-Premier and Minister of Labour Pierre Laporte

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Response to FLQ l Climax reached during the October Crises (1970) when the Canadian government evoked the War Measures Act resulting in troops and tanks in downtown Montral and hundreds of people arrested and detained without charge l After 1970 the separatist movement became less violent and more political, electing the Parti Qubcois (PQ) in 1976 l Canadian government claims its strong response deterred further political violence

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Troops in Downtown Montral (1970) l A few terrorists or a provincial insurrection? l The Canadian government sent a strong message to Qubec separatists l The separatist movement had widespread popular support, but nobody knows the actual number of terrorists l Qubec independence remains a prominent issue today

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Ku Klux Klan (KKK) l First KKK: 1866-1869 (1880) l Second KKK: 1915-1944 l Current KKKs: various competing factions American Knights of the Ku Klux Klan Imperial Klans of America Knights of the White Kamelia

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth KKK Orientation l Considered a white-supremacist organization, but also excludes Jews, Catholics, and other non-Protestant whites l Has used terrorist tactics throughout its history, often instigating actions rather than acting as the official KKK

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth KKK Self-Perception l Protector of the White Anglo- Saxon Protestant (WASP) way of life exemplified by the romantic, pre-Civil War American South Christian Patriotic Fraternal protector of weak widow women

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth A Knightly Meeting? l Ghosts of the Confederate Army or Teutonic Knights, the effect is largely the sameif they didnt have guns under those costumes, it would be comedic!

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth The First KKK (1866-1880) l Anti-reconstruction, attacking freed slaves exercising their new rights enforced by Federal troops in the South white Northern liberals & carpet baggers l Undermined by disbanding (1869) by its founder (Nathan Bedford Forrest) because it became too violent The Klan Act and The Enforcement Act (1871) (probably Americans first antiterrorist acts)

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth The Second KKK (1915-1944) l Founded 1915 (Patriotic Movement) l Popularity peaked around 1922 with over 4 million members including many in Northern States l Added socialists and communists to its list of undesirables and targets l Lost popularity by the 1930s l Officially disbanded in 1944

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth The Little KKKs (1960s-present) l Popularity of white-supremacist groups resurfaced with the civil rights movement during the early 1960s and continues subdued today l Currently three KKK factions exist little popularity or power U.S. Hate-Crime laws & aggressive law enforcement have proved effective in minimizing their impact on American society

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth The Klan Today Once America's preeminent terrorist organization, the Ku Klux Klan today is a fragmented and amorphous collection of independent groups and individuals, constantly squabbling over diminishing memberships and limited resources. Passed over by most young white supremacists, who consider Klansmen to be ineffectual and faintly ridiculous old-timers, the group presents far less of a threat to public order than at any time in the past century. Despite its dwindling influence, however, the Klan continues to be a specter that haunts the American psyche and the sight of a flaming cross can still inspire both horror and terror. Anti-Defamation League (www.ADL.org)

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth The New Anarchists One-Man Terrorist Cells? l Unabomber (1978- 1996) l Oklahoma City bombing (1995) Psychopathology or disorganized terrorist movement?

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Unabomber (1978-1996) l Theodore John Kaczynski (b. 1942) l UC-Berkeley professor (Ph.D., mathematics) l mail bombs killed 3, injured 29 l 6-year break in bombings (1987-1993) l Unabomber Manifesto (1995) Industrial Society and Its Future reluctantly published by the New York Times and the Washington Post l arrested Lincoln, Montana, April 3, 1996 l pleaded guilty January 22, 1998 l sentenced to life in prison without possibility of parole

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Oklahoma City Bombing (1995) l Timothy McVeigh (1968-2001) l decorated Gulf War veteran l 5,000 lb. truck bomb: 168 killed including 19 children in a day care center, over 800 injured l destroyed Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building l arrested within an hour after attack l convicted June 2, 1997 l executed June 11, 2001 l others convicted Terry Nichols sentenced to life in prison (manslaughter) Michael Fortier sentenced to 12 years in prison (failure to warn)

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Status of American Domestic Terrorists l American domestic terrorists are probably not a serious threat to anybody but themselves white-supremacist groups exist but lack power or widespread support solitary anarchists are few and probably detectable by their underlying psychopathologies

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Status of Terrorism in Northern Ireland l The troubles in Northern Ireland remain unresolved, but IRA and Ulster terrorist activities have diminished to a whisper, and the conflict is strictly regional

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Status of Arab-Israeli Terrorism through 2004 l Continues although there is renewed optimism for a resolution the Palestinian conflict is the dominant issue today focus for anti-American sentiment in the Arab world and elsewhere part of the justification for terrorist attacks on America peaceful coexistence seems possible

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Recent Progress in the Arab-Israeli Conflict l 2005 signaled more progress Yassar Arafat died: many believed his dominant control of the Palestinian government and his tacit support of terrorism were obstacles to peace Israel relinquished control of several key areas claimed by the Arab Palestinians: the land included valuable agricultural areas that could provide considerable economic opportunity for the Palestinian people (the U.S. government provided over $100 million in compensation to Israel for the loss and continues to provide economic aid to both Israel and the Palestinians)

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Current Set-Back in the Arab-Israeli Conflict l 2005 ended and 2006 began with renewed tensions Iran suppressed its movement towards liberalization with a new conservative president who pledges to destroy Israel: Iran continues to support radical Islamic fundamentalist in Iraq and may be resuming work towards developing atomic weapons Hamas won a major victory in a democratic election and will most likely form the new Palestinian government: Hamas maintains its terrorist organization status committed to the destruction of Israel

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Prospects for Peace in the Middle East l Radical Islamic fundamentalists in Iran (official government) and in Iraq (Shiite majority) may present a unified threat l Palestinian struggle provides the focal point, but the objective is to destabilize secular governments and to restore Islamic rule in the Middle East while obliterating Israel

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Development of Global Terrorism l Radical Islamic Fundamentalists view the West as the source for Arab problems demand American and other Western influences out of the nations of Islam

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Radical Islamic Fundamentalists l Short-term goal (majority view) Predominantly Muslim countries should be governed by Islamic law l Intermediate goal (plurality view) Reconquest of Muslim lands l Long-term goal (minority view?) Global Islamic state and the conversion of all nonbelievers

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Muslim World Views l Many are progressive l Some are conservative l A few are fundamentalists l Only a very few fundamentalists are radicals who preach intolerance and terror in the name of God

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth The Radical Islamic Fundentalist Threat l The threat comes from the very few and from those driven to adopt their radical beliefs by socioeconomic and other conditions that deprive Muslims l Despotic rulers, apostates, and evil Western leaders are believed to be the source of the Arab problem

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth Global Terrorism in the New Millennium l Unable to achieve success in their home countries l Now targeting the United States and other Western powers the West is viewed as the supporters of despotic, apostate Arab regimes the West is viewed as easier, soft targets l Islamic terrorists are considered the most serious threat worldwide

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Copyright 2005-2006 Michael A. Bozarth The ruling to kill the Americans and their alliescivilians and militaryis an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it. Osama bin Laden (1998)