HISTORIAA - PACTO DE Mayflower

7/23/2019 HISTORIAA - PACTO DE Mayflower

1/24

_G@CFNUCJ KG DGO[WUN ? KG BGEUGUJ 55

-HC_[JUCN CFADG_N-

%Cf {hg fn`g jb Ajk$ N`gf& Qg$ qhjsg fn`gs nug wfkguquc{{gf$ {hg Djnd _weigo{s

jb jwu kugnk _jrgugcaf Djuk$ Mcfa In`gs$ e {hg Aunog jb Ajk$ jb Gfadnfk$ Bunfog

nfk Cugdnfk$ Mcfa$ Kgbgfkgu jb {hg Bnc{h$ g"&

Hnrcfa wfkgu{nmgf bju {hg Adju jb Ajk$ nfk Nkrnfog`gf{ jb {hg Ohucs{cnf Bnc{h$

nfk {hg Hjfjwu jb jwu Mcfa nfk Ojwf{u$ n rjnag {j |dnf{ {hg bcus{ ojdjf cf {hg

fju{hguf |nu{s jb Rcuacfcn= kj e {hgsg |ugsgf{s$ sjdg`fd nfk `w{wndd cf {hg

\ugsgfog jb Ajk nfk jfg jb nfj{hgu$ ojrgfnf{ nfk oj`ecfg jwusgdrgs {jag{hgu cf{j n

ocrcd Ejk \jdc{com$ bju jwu eg{{gu Jukgucfa nfk \ugsgurn{cjf$ nfk Bwu{hgunfog jb {hg

Gfks nbjugsnck= Nfk e Rcu{wg hgugjb {j gfno{$ ojfs{c{w{g$ nfk bun`g$ swoh iws{ nfk

g~wnd Dnqs$ Jukcfnfogs$ No{s$ Ojfs{c{w{cjfs nfk Jbbcogs$ buj` {c`g {j {c`g$ ns shndd

eg {hjwah{ `js{ `gg{ nfk ojfrgfcgf{ bju {hg Agfgund ajjk jb {hg Ojdjf= wf{j qhcoh

qg |uj`csg ndd kwg swe`csscjf nfk jegkcgfog&

Cf Qc{fgss qhgugjb qg hnrg hgugwf{j swesoucegk jwu fn`gs n{ On|g Ojk {hg gdgrgf{h

jb Fjrg`egu$ cf {hg Ugcaf jb jwu _jrgugcaf Djuk$ Mcfa In`gs jb Gfadnfk$ Bunfog

nfk Cugdnfk$ {hg gcah{ggf{h$ nfk jb _oj{dnfk {hg bcb{-bjwu{h& Nffj Kj`cfc$ >25


2/24


-HC_[JUCN CFADG_N-

{qj sgrgundd ojdjfcgs nfk oj`|nfcgs$ {hg jfg ojfscs{cfa jb ogu{ncfg Mfcah{gs$

agf{dg`gf$ `nuohnff{gs nfk j{hgu nkrgf{wugus jb jwu oc{{cg jb Djfkjf$ nfk

gdsgqhgug$ qhcoh nug nfk buj` {c`g {j {c`g shndeg ijcfgk wf{j {hg` qhcoh kjg

kgscug {j egacf {hgcug |dnf{nocjfs nfk hnec{nocjfs cf sj`g bc{{ nfk ojfrgfcgf{g |dnog

eg{qggf bjqgu nfk {hcu{cg nfk jfg nfk bju{cg kgauggs jb {hg snck dn{c{wkg ndd ndjfags{

{hg ojns{g jb Rcuacfcn nfk ojns{gs jb N`gucon nbjugsnck nfk {hg j{hgu ojfscs{cfa jbsjfkucg Mfcah{gs$ agf{dg`gf$ `guohnff{gs$ nfk j{hgu nkrgf{wugus jb jwu oc{{cgs jb

Eucs{jdd nfk Gxg{gu$ nfk jb jwu {jqfg jb \d`jw{hg$ nfk jb j{hgu |dnogs qhcoh kjg

ijcfg {hg`sgdrgs wf{j {hn{ ojdjfcg qhcoh kjg kgscug {j egacff {hgcug |dnf{nocjfs

nfk hnec{nocjfs cf sj`g bc{{ nfk ojfrgfcgf{ |dnog eg{qggfg gcah{g nfk {hcu{cg

kgauggs nfk bcrg nfk bju{cg kgauggs jb {hg snckg dn{c{wkg ndd ndjfas{ {hg snckg ojns{g

jb Rcuacfcn nfk N`gucon ns {hn{ ojns{g dcg{h=

Qgg$ augn{gd oj``gfkcfa nfk aunocjwsd noog|{cfa jb {hgcug kgscugs {j {hg

bwu{hgunfog jb sjg fjedg n qjumg qhcoh `n$ e {hg |ujrckgfog jb Nd`cah{cg Ajk$

hgugnb{gu {gfkg {j {hg adjucg jb Hcs Kcrcfg @nigs{cg cf |uj|nan{cfa jb Ohucs{cnf

ugdcacjf {j swohg |gj|dg ns g{ dcrg cf knumgfgssg nfk `csgunedg cafjunfog jb {hg{uwg mfjqgdgkag nfk qjushc||g jb Ajk nfk `n cf {`g eucfa {hg cfbckgds nfk

sndrnags dcrcfa cf {hjsg |nu{s {j hw`nfg ocrcdc{cg nfk {j n sg{dgk nfk ~wcg{

ajrgu`gf{g$ kjg e {hgcsg jwu dg{{ugs |n{gf{s aunocjwsd noog|{g jb nfk naugg {j

{hgcug hw`edg nfk qgdd cf{gfkgk kgscugs=

Nfk kjg$ {hgugbjug$ bju ws$ jwu hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ aunff{g nfk naugg {hn{ {hg

snckg _cu [hj`ns An{gs$ _cu Agjuag _w`gus$ Ucohnukg Hnomdwc{ nfk Gkqnukg @nucn

Qcfahbgcdkg$ nkrgf{wugus jb nfk bju jwu oc{{cg jb Djfkjf$ nfk ndd swohg j{hgus ns nug

ju shndeg ijcfgk wf{j {hg` jb {hn{ Ojdjfcg$ shndeg onddgk {hg Bcus{g Ojdjfcg$ nfk

{hg shndd nfk `n egacffg {hgcug snckg bcus{g |dnf{nocjf nfk sgn{g jb {hgcug bcus{g

nejnkg nfk hnec{nocjf n{ nfcg |dnog w|jf {hg snckg ojns{g jb Rcuacfcn ju N`guconqhgug {hg shndd {hcfomg bc{{ nfk ojfrgfcgf{g eg{qggfg {hg snckg bjqgu nfk {hcu{cg

nfk jfg nfk bju{cg kgauggs jb {hg snckg dn{c{wkg= nfk {hn{ {hg shndd hnrg ndd {hg

dnfkgs$ qjjks$ sjcdg$ aujwfkgs$ hnrgfs$ |ju{s$ ucrgus$ `cfgs$ `cfgundds$ `nushgs$

qn{gus$ bcshcfags$ oj``jkc{cgs nfk hgugkc{n`gf{gs qhn{sjgrgu$ buj` {hg snck bcus{

sgn{g jb {hgcug |dnf{nocjf nfk hnec{nocjf e {hg s|nog jb bcb{cg `cdgs jb Gfadcshg

s{n{w{g `gnswug ndd ndjfags{ {hg snckg ojns{g jb Rcuacfcn nfk N`gucon {jqnukgs {hg

qgs{g nfk sjw{hg qgs{g ns {hg ojns{g dcg{h$ qc{h ndd {hg csdnfkgs qc{hcf jfg hwfkugk

`cdgs kcugo{dcg jrgu nancfs{g {hg sn`g sgn ojns{g= nfk ndsjg ndd {hg dnfkgs$ sjcdg$

aujwfkgs hnrgfs$ |ju{s$ ucrgus$ `cfgs$ `cfgundds$ qjjks$ `nuucshgs ]`nushgsP$

qn{gus$ bcshcfags$ oj``jkc{cgs nfk hgugkc{n`gf{gs qhn{sjgrgu$ buj` {hg snckg

|dnog jb {hgcug bcus{g |dnf{nocjf nfk hnec{nocjf bju {hg s|nog jb bcb{cg dcmg Gfadcshg

`cdgs$ ndd ndjfags{ {hg snckg ojns{g jb Rcuacfcn nfk N`gucon {jqnukgs {hg gns{g nfk

fju{hgns{g ]ju {jqnuk {hg fju{hP ns {hg ojns{g dcg{h$ {jag{hgu qc{h ndd {hg csdnfkgs

qc{hcf jfg hwfkugk `cdgs kcugo{dcg jrgu nancfs{g {hg sn`g sgn ojns{g= nfk ndsjg ndd

{hg dnfkgs$ qjjkgs$ sjcdg$ aujwfkgs$ hnrgfs$ |ju{gs$ ucrgus$ `cfgs$ `cfgundds$

`nuucshgs$ qn{gus$ bcshcfags$ oj``jkc{cgs nfk hgugkc{n`gf{gs qhn{sjgrgu$ buj` {hg

sn`g bcb{cg `cdgs grgucg qncg jf {hg sgn ojns{g kcugo{d cf{j {hg `ncfg dnfkg e {hg

s|nog jb jfg hwfkugk dcmg Gfadcshg `cdgs= nfk shndd nfk `n cfhnec{ nfk ug`ncfg

{hgug= nfk shndd nfk `n ndsjg ewcdkg nfk bju{cbcg qc{hcf nfcg {hg sn`g bju {hgcug

eg{{gu snbganukg nfk kgbgfog$ noojukcfa {j {hgcug egs{ kcsougocjfs nfk {hg kcugo{cjf

jb {hg Ojwfsgdd jb {hn{ Ojdjfcg= nfk {hn{ fjg j{hgu jb jwu sweigo{gs shndeg |gu`c{{gkju swbbgugk {j |dnf{g ju cfhnec{ eghcfkg ju jf {hg enomsckg jb {hg` {jqnukgs {hg

5


3/24


-HC_[JUCN CFADG_N-

`ncfg dnfkg$ qc{hjw{ {hg gx|ugssg dcogfog ju ojfsgf{g jb {hg Ojwfsgdd jb {hn{

Ojdjfcg {hgugwf{j cf quc{cfa bcus{g hnk ju je{ncfgk&

Nfk qgg kjg dcmgqcsg bju ws$ jwu hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ e {hgcsg |ugsgf{gs aunff{g

nfk naugg {hn{ {hg snckg [hj`ns Hnffn` nfk Undgcahg Acdegukg$ Qcddcn` \numgu

nfk Agjuag \j|hn`$ nfk ndd j{hgus jb {hg {jqfg jb \d`jw{hg cf {hg ojwf{cg jbKgrjf$ ju gdsgqhgug$ qhcoh nug ju shndeg ijcfgk wf{j {hg` jb {hn{ Ojdjfcg$ shndeg

onddgk {hg _gojfkg Ojdjfcg= nfk {hn{ {hg shndd nfk `n egacffg {hgcug snckg bcus{g

|dnf{nocjf nfk sgn{g jb {hgcug bcus{ nejnkg nfk hnec{nocjf n{ nfcg |dnog w|jf {hg

snckg ojns{g jb Rcuacfcn nfk N`gucon$ qhgug {hg shndd {hcfomg bc{{ nfk ojfrgfcgf{g$

eg{qggfg gcah{g nfk {hcu{cg kgauggs jb {hg snckg dn{c{wkg nfk bcrg nfk bju{cg kgauggs

jb {hg sn`g dn{c{wkg= nfk {hn{ {hg shndd hnrg ndd {hg dnfkgs$ sjcdg$ aujwfkgs$ hnrgfs$

|ju{s$ ucrgus$ cfgs$ cfgundds$ qjjks$ `nucshgs$ qn{gus$ bcshcfags$ oj``jkc{cgs nfk

hgugkc{n gf{s qhn{sjgrgu$ buj` {hg bcus{g sgn{g jb {hgcug |dnf{nocjf nfk hnec{nocjf

e {hg s|nog jb bcb{cg dcmg Gfadcshg `cdgs$ ns cs nbjugsnckg$ ndd ndjfags{g {hg snckg

ojns{g jb Rcuacfcn nfk N`gucon {jqnukgs {hg qgs{g nfk sjw{hqgs{$ ju {jqnukgs {hg

sjw{hg$ ns {hg ojns{g dcg{h$ nfk ndd {hg csdnfkgs qc{hcf jfg hwfkugk `cdgs kcugo{dcgjrgu nancfs{g {hg snckg sgn ojns{g= nfk ndsjg ndd {hg dnfkgs$ sjcdg$ aujwfkgs$ hnrgfs$

|ju{gs$ ucrgus$ `cfgs$ `cfgundds$ qjjks$ `nucshgs$ qn{gus$ bcshcfags$ oj``jkc{cgs

nfk hgugkc{n`gf{gs qhn{sjgrgu$ buj` {hg snckg |dnog jb {hgcug bcus{g |dnf{nocjf nfk

hnec{nocjf bju {hg s|nog jb bcb{cg dcmg `cdgs ndd ndjfags{ {hg snckg ojns{g jb Rcuacfcn

nfk N`gucon {jqnukgs {hg gns{g nfk fju{hgns{g ju {jqnukgs {hg fju{hg$ ns {hg ojns{g

dcg{hg$ nfk ndd {hg csdnfkgs ndsjg qc{hcf jfg hwfkugk `cdgs kcugo{d jrgu nancfs{g {hg

sn`g sgn ojns{g= nfk ndsjg ndd {hg dnfkgs$ sjcdg$ aujwfkgs$ hnrgfs$ |ju{s$ ucrgus$

qjjkgs$ `cfgs$ `cfgundds$ `nucshgs$ qn{gus$ bcshcfas$ oj``jkc{cgs nfk

hgugkc{n`gf{s qhn{sjgrgu$ buj` {hg sn`g bcb{cg `cdgs grgucg qncg jf {hg sgn ojns{g$

kcugo{dcg cf{j {hg `ncfg dnfkg e {hg s|nog jb jfg hwfkugk dcmg Gfadcshg `cdgs= nfk

shndd nfk `n cfhnec{ nfk ug`ncfg {hgug= nfk shndd nfk `n ndsjg ewcdkg nfk bju{cbcgqc{hcf nfcg {hg sn`g bju {hgcug eg{{gu snwbganukg noojukcfa {j {hgcug egs{g

kcsougocjfs nfk {hg kcugo{cjf jb {hg Ojwfsgdd jb {hn{ Ojdjfcg= nfk {hn{ fjfg jb jwu

sweigo{gs shndeg |gu`c{{gk ju swbbgugk {j |dnf{g ju cfhnec{ eghcfkg ju jf {hg enomg

jb {hg` {jqnukgs {hg `ncfg dnfkg qc{hjw{ {hg gx|ugssg dcogfog ju ojfsgf{g jb {hg

Ojwfsgdd jb {hn{ Ojdjfcg$ cf quc{cfa {hgugwf{j$ bcus{g hnk nfk je{ncfgk&

\ujrckgk ndqncgs$ nfk jwu qcdd nfk |dgnswug hgugcf cs$ {hn{ {hg |dnf{nocjf nfk

hnec{nocjf jb swohg jb {hg snckg Ojdjfcgs ns shndd dns{g |dnf{g {hg`sgdrgs$ ns

nbjugsnck$ shndd fj{ eg `nkg qc{hcf jfg hwfkugk dcmg Gfadcshg `cdgs jb {hg j{hgu jb

{hg` {hn{ bcus{g eganffg {j `nmg {hgcug |dnf{nocjf$ ns nbjugsnckg&

Nfk qgg kjg ndsjg jukncfg$ gs{nedcshg nfk naugg bju ]wsP$ jwu hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$

{hn{ gnohg jb {hg snckg Ojdjfcgs shndd hnrg n Ojwfsgdd qhcoh shndd ajrgufg nfk

jukgu ndd `n{{gus nfk onwsgs qhcoh shndd nucsg$ aujqg$ ju hn||gf {j ju qc{hcf {hg

sn`g sgrgundd Ojdjfcgs$ noojukcfa {j swoh dnqgs$ jukcfnffogs nfk cfs{uwo{cjfs ns

shndeg cf {hn{ eghndbg$ acrgf nfk scafgk qc{h jwu hnfkg ju scafg `nfwgdd nfk |nssg

wfkgu {hg \ucrcg _gndg jb jwu ugnd`g jb Gfadnfkg= gnohg jb qhcoh Ojwfsgdds shndd

ojfscs{ jb {hcu{ggfg |nusjfs nfk {j eg jukncfgk$ `nkg nfk ug`jrgk buj` {c`g {j

{c`g noojukcfa ns shndeg kcugo{gk nfk oj`|ucsgk cf {hg sn`g cfs{uwo{cjfs= nfk shndd

hnrg n sgrgundd sgndg bju ndd `n{{gus {hn{ shndd |nssg ju ojfogufg {hg sn`g sgrgundd

Ojwfsgdds$ gnohg jb qhcoh sgndgs shndd hnrg {hg Mcfags nu`gs gfaunrgf jf {hg jfg

sckg {hgug jb nfk hcs |jwu{unc{wug jf {hg j{hgu= nfk {hn{ {hg sgndg bju {hg Ojwfsgdd jb

?


4/24


-HC_[JUCN CFADG_N-

{hg snckg Bcus{g Ojdjfcg shndd hnrg gfaunrgf ujwfkg nejw{ jf {hg jfg sckg {hgcsg

qjukgs9 _cacddw` Ugacs @nafg Euc{nfcg$ Bunfocg ]g{P Hcegufcg= jf {hg j{hgu sckg {hcs

cfsouc|{wug ujwfkg nejw{9 \uj Ojfscddcj \uc`g Ojdjfcg Rcuacfcg& Nfk {hg sgndg bju

{hg Ojwfsgdd jb {hg snckg _gojfkg Ojdjfcg shndd ndsjg hnrg gfaunrgf ujwfkg nejw{

{hg jfg sckg {hgugjb {hg bjugsnckg qjukgs9 _cacddw` Ugacs @nafg Euc{nfcg$ Bunfocg

]g{P Hcegufcg= nfk jf {hg j{hgu sckg9 \uj Ojfscdcj _gowfkg Ojdjfcg Rcuacfcg&

Nfk {hn{ ndsjg {hgu shndeg n Ojwfsgdd gs{nedcshgk hgug cf Gfadnfkg qhcoh shndd cf

dcmg `nffgu ojfscs{ jb {hcu{ggf |nusjfs {j eg$ bju {hn{ |wu|jsg$ n||jcf{gk e ws$ jwu

hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ qhcoh shndeg onddgk jwu Ojwfsgdd jb Rcuacfcn= nfk shndd buj`

{c`g {j {c`g hnrg {hg sw|gucju `nfnacfa nfk kcugo{cjf jfgdcg jb nfk bju ndd `n{{gus

{hn{ shndd ju `n ojfogufg {hg ajrgu`gf{g$ ns qgdd jb {hg snck sgrgundd Ojdjfcgs ns

jb nfk bju nfcg j{hgu |nu{g ju |dnog qc{hcf {hg nbjugsnckg |ugocfo{gs jb bjqgu nfk

{hcu{cg nfk bcrg nfk bju{cg kgauggs nejrg`gf{cjfgk= qhcoh Ojwfsgdd shnd cf dcmg

`nffgu hnrg n sgndg bju `n{{gus ojfogufcfa {hg Ojwfsgdd ]ju OjdjfcgsP qc{h {hg dcmg

nu`gs nfk |wu{unc{wug ns nbjugsnckg$ qc{h {hcs cfsouc|{cjf gfaunrgf ujwfkg nejw{ {hg

jfg sckg9 _cacddw` Ugacs @nafg Euc{nfcg$ Bunfocg ]g{P Hcegufcg= nfk ujwfkg nejw{{hg j{hgu sckg9 \uj Ojfscdcj _wj Rcuacfcg&

Nfk `jug jrgu qgg kjg aunff{g nfk naugg bju ws$ jwu hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ {hn{ {hg

snckg sgrgundd Ojwfsgdds jb nfk bju {hg snckg sgrgundd Ojdjfcgs shndd nfk dnqbwdd

`n e rgu{wg hgugjb$ buj` {c`g {j {c`g$ qc{hjw{ cf{guw|{cjf jb ws$ jwu hgcugs ju

swoogssjus$ acrg nfk {nmg jukgu {j kcaa$ `cfg nfk sgnuohg bju ndd `nffgu jb `cfgs jb

ajwdkg$ scdrgu nfk oj||gu$ ns qgdd qc{hcf nfcg |nu{g jb {hgcug snckg sgrgundd Ojdjfcgs

ns jb {hg snckg `ncfg dnfkgs jf {hg enomsckg jb {hg sn`g Ojdjfcgs= nfk {j hnrg nfk

gfij {hg ajwdkg$ scdrgu nfk oj||gu {j eg aj{{gf {hgug jb {j {hg wsg nfk eghjjbg jb

{hg sn`g Ojdjfcgs nfk {hg |dnf{nocjfs {hgugjb= gcdkcfa {hgugbjug gugdcg {j ws$ jwu

hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ {hg bcb{g |nu{g jfgdcg jb ndd {hg sn`g ajwdkg nfk scdrgu nfk {hgbcb{ggf{h |nu{g jb ndd {hg sn`g oj||gu sjg {j eg aj{{gf ju hnk$ ns cs nbjugsnck$ nfk

qc{hjw{ nfcg j{hgu `nffgu jb |ujbc{{ ju nooj`|{g {j eg acrgf ju gcdkgk {j ws$ jwu

hgcugs ju swoogssjus$ bju ju cf ugs|go{g jb {hg sn`g&

Nfk {hn{ {hg shndd ju dnqbwddcg `n gs{nedcshg nfk onqsg {j eg `nkg n ojcfg$ {j

|nssg owuunf{ {hgug eg{qgfg {hg |gj|dg jb {hjsg sgrgundd Ojdjfcgs bju {hg `jug gnsg

jb {unbcc~wg nfk enuancfcfa eg{qggfg nfk n`jfags{ {hg` nfk {hg fn{crgs {hgug$ jb

swoh `g{{ndd nfk cf swoh `nffgu nfk bju`g ns {hg sn`g sgrgundd Ojwfsgdds {hgug

shndd dc`c{{ nfk n||jcf{g& Nfk qgg kjg dcmgqcsg bju ws$ jwu hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$

e {hgcsg |ugsgf{s acrg bwdd |jqgu nfk nwo{juc{cg {j {hg snck _cu [hj`ns An{gs$ _cu

Agjuag _w`gus$ Ucohnukg Hnomdwc{$ Gkqnukg @nucn Qcfahbgcdkg$ [hj`ns Hnffn`$Undgcahg Acdegukg$ Qcddcn` \numgu nfk Agjuag \j|hn`$ nfk {j grgucg jb {hg`$ nfk

{j {hg snckg sgrgundd Oj`|nfcgs$ |dnf{nocjfs nfk Ojdjfcgs$ {hn{ {hg nfk grgucg jb

{hg` shndd nfk `n n{ ndd nfk grgucg {c`g nfk {c`gs hgugnb{gu hnrg$ {nmg nfk dgnkg

cf {hg snckg rjnag$ nfk bju nfk {jqnukgs {hg snckg sgrgundd |dnf{nocjfs nfk

Ojdjfcgs$ nfk {j {unrgdd {hc{hguqnukg nfk {j neckg nfk cfhnec{ {hgug cf grgucg jb {hg

snckg Ojdjfcgs nfk |dnf{nocjfs$ swoh nfk sj`nfcg jb jwu sweigo{gs ns shndd

qcddcfadcg nooj`|nfcg {hg`$ ju nfcg jb {hg`$ cf {hg snckg rjnags nfk |dnf{nocjfs$

qc{h swbbcocgf{g shc||cfa nfk bwufc{wug jb nu`jwu$ qgn|jf$ jukjffnfog$ |jqkgu$

rco{ndd$ nfk ndd j{hgu {hcfags fgogssnucg bju {hg snckg |dnf{nocjfs nfk bju {hgcug wsg

nfk kgbgfog {hgug9 |ujrckgk ndqncgs {hn{ fjfg jb {hg snck |nusjfs eg swoh ns

hgugnb{gu shndeg s|gocnddcg ugs{uncfgk e ws$ jwu hgcugs ju swoogssjus&

;


5/24


-HC_[JUCN CFADG_N-

@jugjrgu$ qgg kjg e {hgcsg |ugsgf{s$ bju ws$ jwu hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ acrg nfk

aunff{g dcogfog wf{j {hg snck _cu [hj`ns An{gs$ _cu Agjuag _w`gus$ Ucohnukg

Hnomdwc{g$ Gkqnukg @nucn Qcfahbgcdkg$ [hj`ns Hnffn $ Undgcahg Acdegukg$

Qcddcn` \numgu nfk Agjuag \j|hn`$ nfk {j grgucg jb {hg snck Ojdcfcgs$ {hn{ {hg

nfk grgucg jb {hg` shndd nfk `n$ buj` {c`g {j {c`g nfk n{ ndd {c`gs bju grgu

hgugnb{gu$ bju {hgcug sgrgundd kgbgfogs$ cfojwf{gu ju gx|wdsg$ ug|gdd nfk ugscs{$ nsqgdde sgn ns e dnfkg$ e ndd qncgs nfk gnfgs qhn{sjgrgu$ ndd nfk grgucg swohg |nusjf

nfk |nusjfs ns qc{hjw{ gs|cocndd dcogfog jb {hg snck sgrgundd Ojdjfcgs nfk

|dnf{nocjfs shndd n{{g`|{g {j cfhnec{ qc{hcf {hg snckg sgrgundd |ugocfo{s nfk dc`c{{s

jb {hg snckg sgrgundd Ojdjfcgs nfk |dnf{nocjfs$ ju nfcg jb {hg $ ju {hn{ shndd

gf{gu|ucsg ju n{{g`|{ n{ nfcg {c`g hgugnb{gu {hg hwu{g$ kg{uc`gf{g ju nffjnfog jb

{hg snckg sgrgundd Ojdjfcgs ju |dnf{nocjfs&

Acrcfa nfk aunff{cfa e {hgcsg |ugsgf{s wf{j {hg snckg _cu [hj`ns An{gs$ _cu

Agjuag _j`gus$ Ucohnukg Hnomdwc{g$ nfk Gkqnukg @nucn Qcfahbgcdkg$ nfk {hgcug

nssjocn{gs jb {hg snck Bcus{g Ojdjfcg$ nfk wf{j {hg snck [hj`ns Hnffn`$ Undgcahg

Acdegukg$ Qcddcn` \numgu nfk Agjuag \j|hn`$ nfk {hgcug nssjocn{gs jb {hg snckg_gojfk Ojdjfcg$ nfk {j grgucg jb {hg` buj` {c`g {j {c`g nfk n{ ndd {c`gs bju grgu

hgugnb{gu$ |jqgu nfk nwo{juc{cg {j {nmg nfk swu|ucyg e ndd qncgs nfk `gnfgs

qhn{sjgrgu ndd nfk grgucg |nusjf nfk |nusjfs qc{h {hgcug shc||s$ rgssgds$ ajjks nfk

j{hgu bwufc{wug$ qhcoh shndeg bjwfkg {unbbc~wgcfa cf{j nfcg hnueju ju hnuejus$

ouggmg$ ouggmgs ju |dnog qc{hcf {hg dc`c{{s ju |ugocfo{s jb {hg snckg sgrgundd Ojdjfcgs

nfk |dnf{nocjfs$ fj{ egcfa jb {hg sn`g Ojdjfcg$ wf{cdd swoh {c`g ns {hg$ egcfa jb

nfcg ugnd`gs ju kj`cfcjfs wfkgu jwu jegkcgfog$ shndd |ncg ju naugg {j |ncg {j {hg

hnfkgs jb {hg [ugsjugu jb {hg Ojdjfcg$ qc{hcf qhjsg dc`c{{s nfk |ugocfo{s {hgcg shndd

sjg {unbbc~wg$ {qjg nfk n hndbg w|jf nfcg hwfkugk jb nfcg {hcfa sjg e {hg

{unbbc~wgk$ ejwah{g ju sjwdkg= nfk egcfa s{unffagus nfk fj{ sweigo{s wfkgu jwu

jegsnffog$ wf{cdd {hg shndd |ncg bcrg w|jf grgucg hwfkugk jb swohg qnugs nfkoj``jkc{cg ns {hgcg shndd {unbbc~wg$ ew ju sgdd qc{hcf {hg |ugocfo{s jb {hg snckg

sgrgundd Ojdjfcgs qhgugcf {hgcg shndd sjg {unbbc~wg$ ew ju sgdd$ ns nbjugsnckg= qhcoh

sj``gs jb `jfg ju egfgbc{{$ ns nbjugsnckg$ bju nfk kwucfa {hg s|nog jb jfg nfk

{qgf{cg gugs fgx{g gfswcfa {hg kn{g hgugjb shndeg qhjddcg c`|djcgk {j {hg wsg$

egfgbc{{ nfk eghjjbg jb {hg snckg sgrgundd |dnf{nocjfs qhgug swoh {unbbco~wg shndeg

`nkg= nfk nb{gu {hg snckg jfg nfk {qgf{cg gugs gfkgk {hg sn`g shndeg {nmgf {j {hg

wsg jb ws$ jwu hgcugs nfk swoogssjus e swoh jbbcogu nfk `cfcs{gu ns e ws$ jwu hgcugs

nfk swoogssjus shndeg {hgugwf{j nsscafgk ju n||jcf{gk&

Nfk qgg kjg bwu{hgu$ e {hgcsg |ugsgf{gs$ bju ws$ jwu hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ acrg nfk

aunff{g wf{j {hg snckg _cu [hj`ns An{gs$ _cu Agjuag _w`gus$ Ucohnukg Hnomdwc{$

nfk Gkqnukg @nucn Qcfahbgcdkg$ nfk {j {hgcug nssjocn{gs jb {hg snckg Bcus{g

Ojdjfcg nfk |dnf{nocjf$ nfk {j {hg snckg [hj`ns Hnffn`$ Undgcahg Acdegukg$

Qcddcn` \numgu nfk Agjuag \j|hn`$ nfk {hgcug nssjocn{gs jb {hg snckg _gojfkg

Ojdjfcg nfk |dnf{nocjf$ {hn{ {hgcg nfk grgucg jb {hg` e {hgcug kg|w{cgs$ `cfcs{gus

nfk bno{jus `n {unfs|ju{ {hg ajjks$ ohn{{gdds$ nu`ju$ `wfc{cjf nfk bwufc{wug$

fggkbwdd {j eg wsgk e {hg` bju {hgcug snckg n||nuugdd$ kgbgfog ju j{hguqcsg cf

ugs|go{g jb {hg snckg |dnf{nocjfs$ jw{ jb jwu ugnd`gs jb Gfadnfkg nfk Cugdnfkg nfk

ndd j{hgu jwu kj`cfcjfs buj` {c`g {j {c`g$ bju nfk kwucfa {hg {c`g jb sgnrgf gugs

fgx{g gfswcfa {hg kn{g hgugjb bju {hg eg{{gu ugdgcbg jb {hg snck sgrgundd Ojdjfcgs nfk

|dnf{nocjfs$ qc{hjw{ nfcg ows{j`g$ swesckcg ju j{hgu kw{cg wf{j ws$ jwu hgcugs juswoogssjus {j eg gcdkgk ju |nckg bju {hg sn`g&

7


6/24


-HC_[JUCN CFADG_N-

Ndsjg qgg kjg$ bju ws$ jwu hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ kgodnug e {hgcsg |ugsgf{gs {hn{ ndd

nfk grgucg {hg |nusjfs egcfa jwu sweigo{s qhcoh shndd kqgdd nfk cfhnec{ qc{hcf

grgucg ju nfcg jb {hg snckg sgrgundd Ojdjfcgs nfk |dnf{nocjfs nfk grgucg jb {hgcug

ohcdkugf qhcoh shndd hn||gf {j eg ejufg qc{hcf {hg dc`c{{s nfk |ugocfo{s jb {hg snck

sgrgundd Ojdjfcgs nfk |dnf{nocjfs shndd hnrg nfk gfij ndd dcegu{cgs$ bunfohcsgs nfk

c``wfc{gs qc{hcf nfcg jb jwu j{hgu kj`cfcjfs {j ndd cf{gf{s nfk |wu|jsgs ns cb {hghnk eggf neckcfa nfk ejufg qc{hcf {hcs jwu ugnd`g jb Gfadnfkg ju nfcg j{hgu jb jwu

snckg kj`cfcjfs&

@jugjrgu jwu aunocjws qcdd nfk |dgnswug cs$ nfk qgg kjg e {hgcsg |ugsgf{s$ bju ws$

jwu hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ kgodnug nfk sg{{ bju{hg$ {hn{ cb nfcg |nusjf ju |nusjfs

qhcoh shndeg jb nfcg jb {hg snck Ojdjfcgs nfk |dnf{nocjfs ju nfcg j{hgu$ qhcoh shndd

{unbbco~wg {j {hg snckg Ojdjfcgs nfk |dnf{nocjfs ju nfcg jb {hg`$ shndd n{ nfcg {c`g

ju {c`gs hgugnb{gu {unfs|ju{g nfcg qnugs$ `nuohnfkcyg ju oj``jkc{cgs jw{ jb ]nfP

jwu kj`cfcjfs qc{h n |ug{gfog nfk |wu|jsg {j dnfkg$ sgdd ju j{hguqcsg kcs|jsg {hg

sn`g qc{hcf nfcg {hg dc c{{s nfk |ugocfo{s jb nfcg jb {hg snckg Ojdjfcgs nfk

|dnf{nocjfs$ nfk g{ fgrgu{hgdgs egcfa n{ {hg sgn ju nb{gu hg hn{h dnfkgk {hg sn`gqc{hcf nfcg jb {hg snck Ojdjfcgs nfk |dnf{nocjfs$ shndd onuucg {hg sn`g cf{j nf

j{hgu bjuuncfg ojwf{ucg qc{h n |wu|jsg {hgug {j sgdd ju kcs|jsg jb {hg sn`g qc{hjw{

{hg dcogfog jb ws$ jwu hgcugs ju swoogssjus cf {hn{ eghndbg bcus{ hnk ju je{ncfgk$ {hn{

{hgf ndd {hg ajjks nfk ohn{{gds jb {hg snckg |nusjf ju |nusjfs sjg jbbgfkcfa nfk

{unfs|ju{cfa$ {jag{hgu qc{h {hg snck shc||g ju rgssgdd qhgugcf swohg {unfs|ju{nocjf

qns `nkg$ shndd eg bjubgc{gk {j ws$ jwu hgcugs nfk swoogssjus&

\ujrckgk ndqncgs$ nfk jwu qcdd nfk |dgnswug cs nfk qgg kjg hguge kgodnug {j ndd

Ohucs{cnf mcfags$ |ucfogs nfk gs{n{gs$ {hn{ cb nfcg |nusjf ju |nusjfs qhcoh shndd

hgugnb{gu eg jb nfcg jb {hg snck sgrgundd Ojdjfcgs nfk |dnf{nocjfs$ ju nfcg j{hgu$ e

hcs$ {hgcug$ ju nfcg jb {hgcug dcogfog ju n||jcf{`gf{$ shndd n{ nfcg {c`g ju {c`gshgugnb{gu ujee ju s|jcdg e sgn ju e dnfkg ju kjg nfcg no{g jb wfiws{ nfk wfdnqbwdd

hjs{cdc{cg {j nfcg {hg sweigo{s jb ws$ jwu hgcugs ju swoogssjus$ ju nfcg jb {hg sweigo{s

jb nfcg mcfa$ |ucfog$ uwdgu$ ajrgufju ju s{n{g egcfa {hgf cf dgnawg ju n`c{cg qc{h ws$

jwu hgcugs ju swoogssjus$ nfk {hn{ w|jf swohg cfiwucg ju w|jf iws{g oj`|dncf{g jb

swoh |ucfog$ uwdgu$ ajrgufju ju s{n{g ju {hgcu sweigo{s$ qgg$ jwu hgcugs ju swoogssjus$

shndd `nmg j|gf |ujodn`n{cjf qc{hcf nfcg {hg |ju{s jb jwu ugnd`g jb Gfadnfkg$

oj``jkcjws bju {hn{ |wu|jsg$ {hn{ {hg snckg |nusjf ju |nusjfs hnrcfa oj``c{{gk

nfcg swoh ujeegucg ju s|jcdg shndd$ qc{hcf {hg {gu`g {j eg dc c{{gk e swohg

|ujodn`n{cjfs$ nmg bwdd ugs{c{wocjf ju sn{csbno{cjf jb ndd swohg cfiwucgs kjfg$ sjg ns

{hg snckg |ucfogs ju j{hgus sjg oj`|dncfgk `n hjwdkg {hg`sgdrgs bwdd sn{csbcgk

nfk ojf{gf{gk= nfk {hn{ cb {hg snckg |nusjf ju |nusjfs hnrcfa oj``c{{gk swoh

ujeegucg ju s|jcdg shndd fj{ `nmg ju onwsg {j eg `nkg sn{csbno{cjf noojukcfad

qc{h]cfP swoh {c`g sjg {j eg dc`c{{gk$ {hn{ {hgf c{ shndeg dnqbwdd {j ws$ jwu hgcugs nfk

swoogssjus {j |w{ {hg snckg |nusjf ju |nusjfs hnrcfa oj``c{{gk swoh ujeegucg ju

s|jcdg nfk {hgcug |ujowugus$ neeg{{jus ju oj`bju{jus jw{ jb jwu nddgagnffog nfk

|uj{go{cjf= nfk {hn{ c{ shndeg dnqgbwdd nfk bugg bju ndd |ucfogs nfk j{hgus {j |wuswg

qc{h hjs{cdc{cg {hg snckg jbbgfkgus nfk grgucg jb {hg` nfk {hgcug nfk grgucg jb {hgcug

|ujowujus$ nckgus$ neeg{{jus nfk oj bju{gus cf {hn{ eghndbg&

Nfk bcfnddcg qgg kjg$ bju ws$ jwu hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ aunff{g nfk naugg$ {j nfk

qc{h {hg snckg _cu [hj`ns An{gs$ _cu Agjuag _w`gus$ Ucohnukg Hnomdwc{ nfk

Gkqnukg @nucn Qcfahbgcdkg$ nfk ndd j{hgu jb {hg snckg Bcus{g Ojdjfcg$ {hn{ qgg$ jwu

2


7/24


-HC_[JUCN CFADG_N-

hgcugs ju swoogssjus$ w|jf |g{cocjf cf {hn{ eghndbg {j eg `nkg$ shndd$ e dg{{ugs

|n{gf{s wfkgu {hg Augn{g ]_gndgP jb Gfadnfkg$ acrg nfk aunff{g wf{j swoh |nusjfs$

{hgcug hgcugs nfk nsscafggs$ ns {hg Ojwfsgdd jb {hn{ Ojdjfcg ju {hg `js{ |nu{ jb {hg`

shndd bju {hn{ |wu|jsg fj` cfn{g nfk nsscafg$ ndd {hg dnfkgs$ {gfg`gf{s nfk

hgugkc{n`gf{s qhcoh shndeg qc{hcf {hg |ugocfo{s dc`c{{gk bju {hn{ Ojdjfcg$ ns cs

nbjugsnck$ {j eg hjwdkgf jb ws$ jwu hgcugs nfk swoogssjus ns jb jwu `nffju jbGns{auggfqcohg cf {hg ojwf{cg jb Mgf{g$ cf bugg nfk oj``jf sjoonag jfgdcg nfk fj{

cf on|c{g&

Nfk kjg$ cf dcmg `nffgu$ aunff{g nfk naugg$ bju ws$ jwu hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ {j

nfk qc{h {hg snckg [hj`ns Hnffn`$ Undgcahg Acdeguk$ Qcddcn` \numgu nfk Agjuag

\j|hn`$ nfk ndd j{hgus jb {hg snckg _gojfkg Ojdjfcg$ {hn{ qgg$ jwu hgcugs ]nfkP

swoogssjus$ w|jf |g{c{cjf cf {hn{ eghndbg {j eg `nkg$ shndd$ e dg{{ugs |n{gf{gs wfkgu

{hg Augn{ _gndg jb Gfadnfkg$ acrg nfk aunff{g wf{j swoh |nusjfs$ {hgcug hgcugs nfk

nsscafggs$ ns {hg Ojwfsgdd jb {hn{ Ojdjfcg ju {hg `js{ |nu{g jb {hg` shndd bju {hn{

|wu|jsg fj` cfn{g nfk nsscafg$ ndd {hg dnfkgs$ {gfg`gf{gs nfk hgugkc{n`gf{s

qhcoh shndeg qc{hcf {hg |ugocfo{gs dc`c{gk bju {hn{ Ojdjfcg ns cs nbjug snck$ {j eghjwdkgf jb ws$ jwu hgcugs nfk swoogssjus ns jb jwu `nffju jb Gns{auggfqcoh cf {hg

ojwf{cg jb Mgf{g$ cf bugg nfk oj``jf sjoonag jfgdcg nfk fj{ cf on|c{g&

Ndd qhcoh dnfkgs$ {gfg`gf{s nfk hgugkc{n`gf{s sjg {j eg |nssgk e {hg snckg

sgrgundd dg{{ugs |n{gf{s$ shndeg$ e swbbcocgf{ nsswunfogs buj` {hg sn`g |n{gf{ggs$

sjg kcs{ucew{gk nfk kgrckgk n`jfags{ {hg wfkgu{nmgus bju {hg |dnf{nocjf jb {hg snck

sgrgundd Ojdjfcgs$ nfk swoh ns shndd `nmg {hgcug |dnf{nocjf cf gc{hgu jb {hg snck

sgrgundd Ojdjfcgs$ cf swoh `nffgu nfk bju`g nfk bju swoh gs{n{gs ns shndd ]egP

jukgugk nfk sg{{ ]kjqfgP e {hg Ojwfsgdd jb {hg sn`g Ojdjfcg$ ju {hg `js{ |nu{ jb

{hg`$ ugs|go{crgd$ qc{hcf qhcoh {hg sn`g dnfks$ {gfg`gf{s nfk hgugkc{n`gf{s shndd

d ju eg& Nd{hjwahg gx|ugssg `gfocjf ]jb {hg {uwg gnud rndwg ju ogu{ncf{ jb {hg|ug`csgs$ ju nf jb {hg`$ ju jb nf j{hgu acb{s ju aunf{s$ e ws ju nf jwu

|ujagfc{jus ju |ugkgogssjus$ {j {hg nbjugsnck _cu [hj`ns An{gs$ Mf{& _cu Agjuag

_j`gus$ Mf{& Ucohnuk Hnomdwc{$ Gkqnuk-@nucn Qcfabcgdk$ [hj`ns Hnfhn $

Undgah Acdegu{$ Qcddcn` \numgu$ nfk Agjuag \j|hn`$ ju nf jb {hg`$ hgug{jbjug

`nkg$ cf {hgsg |ugsgf{s$ cs fj{ `nkg= ju nf s{n{w{g$ no{$ jukfnfog$ ju |ujrcscjf$

|ujodn`n{cjf$ ju ugs{uncf{$ {j {hg ojf{unu hgugjb hnk$ `nkg$ jukncfgk$ ju nf j{hgu

{hcfa$ onwsg$ ju `n{{gu qhn{sjgrgu$ cf nf qcsg fj{qc{hs{nfkcfa&P Cf qc{fgssg

qhgujb ]qg hnrg onwsgk {hgsg jwu dg{{gus {j eg `nkg |n{gf{s=P qc{fgssg jwu sgdbg n{

Qgs{`cfcs{gu {hg x{h kn jb N|ucdd ]>222


8/24


-HC_[JUCN CFADG_N-

Qhgugns$ n{ {hg hw`edg swc{g nfk ug~wgs{ jb sjfkucg jwug djrcfag nfk qgdd kcs|jsgk

sweigo{s cf{gfkcfag {j kgkwog n ojdjfcg nfk {j `nmg hnec{nocjf nfk |dnf{nocjf jb

sjfkucg jb jwug |gj|dg cf {hn{ |nu{g jb N`gucon oj`jfdcg onddgk Rcuacfcn$ nfk j{hgu

|nu{ nfk {guuc{jucgs cf N`gucon gc{hgu n||gu{gfcfag wf{j ws ju qhcoh nug fj{

no{wndd |jssgssgk jb nfcg Ohucs{cnf |ucfog ju |gj|dg qc{hcf ogu{ncfg ejwfk nfk

ugacjfs$ qgg hnrg bju`gud$ e jwug dg{{ugs |n{gf{s egnucfag kn{g {hg {gf{h jb N|ucddcf {hg bjwu{h gnug jb jwug uncafg jb Gfadnfk$ Bunwfog$ nfk Cugdnfk$ nfk {hg fcfg

nfk {hcu{cg{h jb _oj{dnfk$ aunwf{gk {j _cu [hj`ns An{gs$ _cu Agjuag _j`gus nfk

j{hgus$ bju {hg `jug s|ggkcg nooj`|dcsh`gf{ jb {hg snck |dnf{nocjf nfk hnec{nocjf$

{hn{ {hg shjwdkg kgrckg {hg sgdrgs cf{j {qjg ojddjfcgs{hg jfg ojfscs{cfag jb

kcrgus Mfcah{s$ agf{dg`gf$ `guohnwf{s nfk j{hgus jb jwu oc{{cg jb Djfkjf$ onddgk

{hg Bcus{ Ojddjfcg= nfk {hg j{hgu jb sjfkucg Mfcah{s$ agf{dg`gf nfk j{hgus jb {hg

oc{{cgs jb Eucs{jdd$ Gxg{gu$ {hg {jqfg jb \d`jw{h$ nfk j{hgu |dnogs$ onddgk {hg

_goojfk Ojddjfcgnfk hnrg cgdkgk nfk aunwf{gk `ncfg nfk sjfkucg |ucrcdgkags nfk

dcegu{cgs {j gnoh Ojddjfcg bju {hgcu ~wcg{ sg{dcfag nfk ajjk ajrguf`gf{ {hgugcf$ ns

e {hg snck dg{{ugs |n{gf{s `jug n{ dnuag n||gnug{h&

Fjqg$ bjuns`woh ns kcrgus nfk sjfkucg jb jwug djrcfag sweigo{s$ ns qgdd

nkrgf{wugus ns |dnf{gus$ jb {hg snck Bcus{ Ojddjfcg (qhcoh hnrg ndugnkcg gfanagk

{hg` sgdrgs cf bwu{hgucfag {hg ewscfgssg jb {hg snck |dnf{nocjf nfk kjg bwu{hgu

cf{gfkg e {hg nsscs{nfog jb Nd`cah{cg Ajk {j |ujsgow{g {hg sn`g {j n hn||cg gfkg#

hnrg jb dn{g egf hw`edg swc{gus wf{j ws {hn{$ cf ugs|go{ jb {hgcu augn{ ohnukgags nfk

{hg nkrgf{wug jb `nfcg jb {hgcu dcrgs qhcoh {hg hnrg hnynukgk cf {hg snck

kcsojrgucg nfk |dnf{nocjf jb {hg snck ojwf{ucg$ qgg qjwdkg eg |dgnsgk {j aunwf{

{hg` n bwu{hgu gfdnuag`gf{ nfk gx|dnfnocjf jb {hg snck aunwf{g$ |ucrcdgkag nfk

dcegu{cgs$ nfk {hn{ swohg ojwfsgddjus nfk j{hgu jbbcogus `ncg eg n||jcf{gk

n`jffags{ {hg` {j `nfnag nfk kcugo{ {hgcu nbbncugs ]nsP nug qcddcfag nfk ugnkcg {j

nkrgf{wug qc{h {hg`= ns ndsj qhjsg kqgddcfas nug fj{ sj bnuu ug`j{g buj` {hg oc{{gjb Djfkjf ew{ {hn{ {hg `ncg n{ ojfrgfcgf{ {`gs eg ugnkcg n{ hnfkg {j acrg nkrcog

nfk nsscs{nfog w|jf ndd joonocjfs ug~wcsc{g&

Qg$ augn{dcg nbbgo{cfag {hg gbbgo{wnd |ujsgowocjf nfk hn||cg swoogssg jb {hg snck

|dnf{nocjf nfk oj`gfkcfag {hgcu ajjk kgscugs {hgcucf$ bju {hgcu bwu{hgu

gfojwunag`gf{ cf nooj`|dcshcfag sj gxogddgf{ n qjumg$ `woh |dgnscfag {j Ajk nfk

|ujbc{nedg {j jwug Mcfakj`gs$ kjg$ jb jwug s|gocndd aunog nfk ogu{gcfg mfjqdgkag

nfk `ggug `j{cjf$ bju ws$ jwug hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ acrg$ aunwf{ nfk ojfbcu`g {j

jwug {uws{cg nfk qgdegdjrgk sweigo{s$

Nfk {j swoh nfk sj `nfcg ns {hg kjg ju shndd hgugnb{gu nk`c{{ {j eg ijfgk qc{h{hg`$ cf bju`g hgugnb{gu cf {hgcs |ugsgf{gs gx|ugssgk$ qhg{hgu {hg ajg cf {hgcu

|gusjfs {j eg |dnf{gus {hgug cf {hg snck |dnf{nocjf$ ju qhg{hgu {hg ajg fj{$ ew{ kjg

nkrgf{wug {hgcu `jfgs$ ajjks ju ohn{{gds$ {hn{ {hg shndeg jfg ejkcg ju

oj``wfnd{cg |gu|g{wndd nfk shndd hnrg |gu|g{wnd swoogsscjf nfk jfg oj``jf sgndg

{j sgurg bju {hg snckg ejkcg ju oj``wfnd{cg= nfk {hn{ {hg nfk {hgcu swoogssjus

shndeg mfjqfg$ onddgk nfk cfoju|jun{gk e {hg fn`g jb [hg [ugsjugu nfk Oj`|nfcg

jb Nkrgf{wugus nfk \dnf{gus jb {hg Oc{{ jb Djfkjf bju {hg Bcus{g Ojddjfcg cf

Rcuacfcn&

Nfk {hn{ {hg nfk {hgcu swoogssjus shndeg buj` hgfsbju{h$ bjugrgu gfnedgk {j {nmg$

no~wcug nfk |wuohnsg$ e {hg fn`g nbjugsnck (dcogfs bju {hg sn`g buj` ws$ jwug

hgcugs ju swoogssjus bcus{ hnk nfk je{ncfgk# nfcg `nffgu jb dnfks$ {gfg`gf{s nfk

8


9/24


-HC_[JUCN CFADG_N-

hgugkc{n`gf{s$ ajjks nfk ohn{{gds$ qc{hcf jwug ugnd`g jb Gfadnfk nfk kj`cfcjf jb

Qndgs= nfk {hn{ {hg nfk {hgcu swoogssjus shndeg dcmgqcsg gfnedgk$ e {hg fn`g

nbjugsnck$ {j |dgnkg nfk {j eg c`|dgnkgk egbjug nfcg jb jwug iwkags ju iws{cogs$ cf

nfcg jwug ojwu{s$ nfk cf nfcg noocjfs ju swc{s qhn{sjgrgu&

Nfk qgg kjg ndsj$ jb jwug snck s|gocndd aunog$ ogu{ncfg mfjqdgkag nfk `gug`jocjf$ acrg$ aunff{g nfk ojfbcu`g wf{j {hg snck [ugsjugu nfk Oj`|nfcg$ nfk {hgcu

swoogssjus$ wfkgu {hg ugsgurnocjfs$ dc c{{nocjfs nfk kgodnunocjfs hgugnb{gu

gx|ugssgk$ ndd {hjsg dnfks$ ojwf{ucgs nfk {guuc{jucgs soc{wn{$ dcgcfag nfk egcfag cf {hn{

|dnog jb N`gucon onddgk Rcuacfcn$ buj` {hg |jcf{g jb dnfkg onddgk On|g ju \jcf{g

Oj`bju{ ndd ndjfag {hg sgnojs{g {j {hg fju{hqnuk {qjg hwfkugk `cdgs nfk buj` {hg

snck |jcf{g jb On|g Oj`bju{ ndd ndjfag {hg sgn ojns{ {j {hg sjw{hqnuk {qjg hwfkugk

`cdgs= nfk ndd {hn{ s|nog nfk ocuowc{ jb dnfkg dcgcfag buj` {hg sgn ojns{g jb {hg

|ugocfo{ nbjugsnck w|| wf{j {hg dnfkg$ {hujwahjw{g$ buj` sgn {j sgn$ qgs{ nfk

fju{hqgs{= nfk ndsj ndd {hg csdnfk egcfag qc{hcf jfg hwfkugk `cdgs ndjfag {hg ojns{g

jb ej{hg sgns jb {hg |ugocfo{g nbjugsnck= {jagn{hgu qc{h ndd {hg sjcdgs$ aujwfkgs$

hnrgfs nfk |ju{gs$ `fgs$ nsqgdd ujndd `fgs jb ajdkg nfk scdrgu ns j{hgu`cfgundds$ |gnudgs nfk |ugocjws s{jfgs$ ~wnuucgs$ qjjks$ ucrgus$ qn{gus$ bcshcfas$

oj`jkc{cgs$ iwucskco{cjfs$ ujnd{cgs$ |ucrcdgkags$ bunfohcscgs nfk |ughg cfgfogs

qc{hcf {hg snck {guuc{jucg nfk {hg |ugocfo{s {hgug jb qhn{sjgrgu= nfk {hgug{j ju {hgug

nejw{s$ ej{h e sgn nfk dnfkg$ egcfag ju cf nfcg sju{g egdjfacfag ju n||gu{nfcfag$

nfk qhcoh qgg e jwug dg{{ugs |n{gf{s `ncg ju onff aunwf{g= nfk cf ns n`|dg

`nffgu nfk sju{g ns qgg ju nfcg jwug fjedg |ujagfc{jus hnrg hgug{jbjug aunwf{gk {j

nfcg oj`|nfcg$ ejkcg |jddc{c~wg ju oju|jun{g$ ju {j nfcg nkrgf{wugu ju nkrgf{wugus$

wfkgu{nmgu ju wfkgu{nmgus$ jb nfcg kcsojrgucgs$ |dnf{nocjfs ju {unbbc~wg jb$ cf$ ju cf{j

nfcg bjuuncfg |nu{s qhn{sjgrgu= nfk cf ns dnuag nfk n`|dg `nffgu ns cb {hg sn`g

qgug hgucf |nu{cowdgud `gf{cjfgk nfk gx|ugssgk9 {j hnrg$ hjwdkg$ |jssgssg nfk

gfijg ndd nfk scfawdgu {hg snck dnfkgs$ ojwf{ucgs nfk {guuc{jucgs qc{h ndd nfk scfawdguj{hgu {hg |ug`cssgs hgug{jbjug e {hgcs ]|ugsgf{sP aunwf{gk ju `gfocjfgk {j eg

aunff{gk$ {j {hg`$ {hg snck [ugsjugu nfk Oj`|nfcg$ {hgcu swoogssjus nfk nsscafgs$

bjugrgu= {j {hg sjdg nfk |uj|gu wsg jb {hg`$ {hg snck [ugsjugu nfk Oj`|nfcg$ {hgcu

swoogssjus nfk nsscafgs ]bjugrguP$ {j eg hjdkgf jb ws$ jwug hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ ns

jb jwug `nffjwu jb Gs{auggfgqcoh$ cf bugg nfk oj``jf sjonag nfk fj{ cf on|c{g=

gdkcfag nfk |ncfag$ {hgugbjug$ {j ws$ jwug hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ {hg bcb{g |nu{g

jfdcg jb ndd jnug jb ajwdk nfk scdrgu {hn{ buj` {r`g {j {c`g$ nfk n{ ndd {c`gs

hgugnb{gu$ shndeg {hgug aj{{jf$ hnk nfk je{ncfgk$ bju ndd `nffgu jb sgurcog&

Nfk$ fgrgu{hgdgs$ jwug qcdd nfk |dgnswug cs$ nfk qgg kjg e {hgcs |ugsgf{gs ohnukag$

oj``nffkg$ qnuunf{ nfk nwo{jucyg$ {hn{ {hg snck [ugsjugu nfk Oj`|nfcg nfk {hgcu

swoogssjus$ ju {hg `niju |nu{g jb {hg` qhcoh shndd eg |ugsgf{ nfk nssg`edgk bju {hn{

|wu|jsg$ shndd buj` {c`g {j {c`g wfkgu {hgcu oj``jf sgndg kcs{ucew{g$ ojfrg$

nsscafg nfk sg{ jrgu swoh |nu{cowdgu |juocjfs jb dnfks$ {gfg gf{s nfk

hgugkc{n gf{s$ e {hgcsg |ugsgf{s bju`gud aunff{gk$ wf{j swoh jwug djrcfag

sweigo{s fn{wunddcg ejufg jb kgfcygfs$ ju j{hgus$ nsqgdd nkrgf{wugus ns |dnf{gus$ ns

e {hg snck Oj`|nfcg$ w|jf n oj` csscjf jb swurg nfk kcs{ucewocjf gxgow{gk nfk

ug{jwufgk bju {hn{ |wu|jsg$ shndeg fn`gk$ n||jcf{gk nfk nddjqgk$ qhgugcf jwug qcdd

nfk |dgnswug cs$ {hn{ ugs|go{ eg hnk ns qgdd jb {hg |uj|juocjf jb {hg nkrgf{wug]uP ns

{j {hg s|gocndd sgurcog$ hnynukg$ gx|djc{g ju `guc{{ jb nfcg |gusjf sj ns {j eg

ugoj`|gfogk$ nkrnffogk ju ugqnukgk&

3


10/24


-HC_[JUCN CFADG_N-

Nfk bju ns `wohg ns {hg ajjk nfk |ujs|gujws swoogssg jb {hg snck |dnf{nocjf

onffj{ ew{ ohgcbdcg kg|gfkg$ fgx{ wfkgu {hg edgsscfag jb Ajk nfk {hg sw||ju{g jb

jwug ujndd nwo{hjuc{cg$ w|jf {hg |ujrckgf{ nfk ajjk kcugoocjf jb {hg qhjdg

gf{gu|ucsg e n onugbwdd nfk wfkgus{nfkcfag Ojwfsgdd$ nfk {hn{ c{ cs fj{ ojfrgfcgf{

{hn{ ndd {hg nkrgf{wugus shndeg sj jb{gf kunqfg {j `gg{g nfk nssgèdg ns shndeg

ug~wcsc{g bju {hg` {j hnrg `g{cfas nfk ojfbgugfog nejw{g {hgcug nbbncugs$ {hgugbjugqg kjg jukncfg$ gs{nedcshg nfk ojfbcu`g {hn{ {hgug shndeg |gu|g{wndd jfg Ojwfsgdd

hgug ugsckgf{$ noojukcfag {j {hg {gfju jb jwug bju`gu dg{{ugs |n{gf{s$ qhcoh Ojwfsgdd

shndd hnrg n sgndg bju {hg eg{{gu ajrgufg gf{ nfk nk`cfcs{unocjf jb {hg snck

|dnf{nocjf egsckgs {hg dgandd sgndg jb {hg Oj`|nfcg ju Oju|junocjf$ ns cf jwug

bju`gu dg{{ugs |n{gf{s cs ndsj gx|ugssgk&

Nfk bwu{hgu qgg gs{nedcshg nfk jukncfg {hn{&

shndeg jwug Ojwfsgdd bju {hg snck Oj`|nfcg jb Nkrgf{wugus nfk \dnf{gus cf

Rcuacfcn&

Nfk {hg snck _cu [hj`ns _`c{h qgg jukncfg {j eg [ugsjugu jb {hg snck Oj`|nfcg$

qhcoh [ugsjugu shndd hnrg nwo{hjuc{cg {j acrg jukgu bju {hg qnufcfag jb {hg Ojwfsgdd

nfk sj``jfcfag {hg Oj`|nfcg {j {hgcu ojwu{s nfk `gg{cfas&

Nfk {hg snck Ojwfsgdd nfk [ugsjugu ju nfcg jb {hg shndeg buj` hgfogbju{h

fj`cfn{gk$ ohjsgf$ ojf{fwgk$ kcs|dnogk$ ohnwfagk$ nd{gugk nfk sw||dcgk$ ns kgn{h

ju j{hgu sgrgundd joonscjfs shndd ug~wcug$ jw{ jb {hg Oj`|nfcg jb {hg snck

nkrgf{wugus e {hg rjcog jb {hg augn{gu |nu{g jb {hg snck Ojwfsgdd nfk nkrgf{wugus cf

{hgcu nssgèdcg bju {hn{ |wu|jsg= |ujrckgk ndqncgs {hn{ grgucg Ojwfogddju sj fgqdcg

gdgo{gk shndeg |ugsgf{gk {j {hg Djuk Ohnffogddju jb Gfadnfk$ ju {j {hg Djuk Hcahg

[ugnswugu jb Gfadnfk$ ju {hg Djuk Ohnèdgfg jb {hg hjwshjdkg jb ws$ jwug hgcugsnfk swoogssjus$ bju {hg {`g egcfag {j {nmg hcs jn{hg jb n Ojwfsgddju {j ws$ jwug

hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ bju {hg snck Oj`|nfcg nfk Ojddjfcg cf Rcuacfcn&

Nfk qgg kjg e {hgcs |ugsgf{s$ jb jwug gs|gocndd aunog$ ogu{ncfg mfjqdgkag nfk

`ggug `j{cjf$ bju ws$ jwug hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ aunff{g wf{j {hg snck [ugsjugu nfk

Oj`|nfcg nfk {hgcu swoogssjus$ {hn{ cb c{ hn||gf n{ nfcg {c`g ju {c`gs {hg [ugsjugu

bju {hg {`g egcfag {j eg scom$ ju {j hnrg nfcg swoh onwsg jb nesgf{g buj` {hg oc{{cg

jb Djfkjf ns shndeg nddjqgk e {hg snck Ojwfsgdd ju {hg augn{gu |nu{g jb {hg`

nssgèdgk$ sj ns hg onffj{ n{{gfkg {hg nbbncugs jb {hn{ Oj`|nfcg$ cf grgucg swoh

onsg c{ shndd nfk `ncg eg dnqbwdd bju swoh [ugsjugu bju {hg {`g egcfag {j nsscafg$

ojfs{c{w{g nfk n||jcf{g jfg jb {hg Ojwfsgdd bju Oj`|nfcg {j eg dcmgqcsg nddjqgk e{hg Ojwfsgdd ju {hg augn{gu |nu{g jb {hg` nssgèdgk {j eg {hg kg|w{cg [ugsjugu bju

{hg snck Oj`|nfcg= qhcoh Kg|w{cg shndd hnrg |jqgu {j kjg nfk gxgow{g ndd {hcfas

qhcoh egdjfag {j {hg snck [ugsjugu kwucfag swoh {`g ns swoh [ugsjugu shndeg scom

ju j{hguqcsg nesgf{$ w|jf onwsg nddjqgk jb e {hg snck Ojwfsgdd ju {hg `niju |nu{g

jb {hg` ns nbjugsnck$ sj bwddcg nfk qhjdcg nfk cf ns dnuag nfk n`|dg `nffgu nfk

bju`g nfk {j ndd cf{gf{s nfk |wu|jsgs ns {hg snck [ugsjugu cb hg qgug |ugsgf{

hc`sgdbg `ncg ju `cah{ kjg nfk gxgow{g {hg sn`g&

Nfk bwu{hgu jb jwug gs|gocndd aunog$ ogu{ncfg mfjqdgkag nfk `ggug `jocjf$ bju ws$

jwug hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ qgg kjg e {hgcs |ugsgf{s acrg nfk aunff{ bwdd |jqgu

nfk nwo{hjuc{cg {j jwug snck Ojwfsgdd hgug ugsckgf{ nsqgdd n{ {hcs |ugsgf{ {`g nshgugnb{gu$ buj` {c`g {j {c`g$ {j fj`cfn{g$ `nmg$ ojfs{c{w{g$ jukncfg nfk ojfbcu`g

>


11/24


-HC_[JUCN CFADG_N-

e swoh fn`g ju fn`gs$ s{cdg ju s{cdgs ns {j {hg` shndd sgg`g ajjk$ nfk dcmgqcsg {j

ugrjmg$ kcsohnukag$ ohnffag nfk nd{gu nsqgdd ndd nfk scfawdgu ajrgufjus$ jbcogus nfk

`cfcs{gus qhcoh ndugnkcg hn{h egf `nkg$ ns ndsj qhcoh hgugnb{gu shndeg e {hg`

{hjwah{ bc{{ nfk `ggkgbwdd {j eg `nkg ju wsgk bju {hg ajrguf`gf{ jb {hg snck

Ojdjfcg nfk |dnf{nocjf&

Nfk ndsj {j `nmg$ jukncfg nfk gs{nedcshg ndd `nffgu jb jukgus$ dnqgs$ kcugo{cjfs$

cfs{uwo{cjfs$ bju gs nfk ogug`jfcgs jb ajrguf`gf{ nfk `nacs{unocg$ bc{{ nfk

fgogssnucg$ bju nfk ojfogufcfag {hg ajrguf`gf{ jb {hg snck Ojdjfcg nfk |dnf{nocjf=

nfk {hg sn`g n{{ ndd {`gs hgugnb{gu {j neujan{g$ ugrjmg ju ohnwfag$ fj{ jfgd

qc{hcf {hg |ugocfo{s jb {hg snck Ojdjfcg ew{ ndsj w|jf {hg sgns cf ajgcfa nfk

oj`cfag {j nfk buj` {hg snck Ojddjfcg$ ns {hg cf {hgcu ajjk kcsougocjfs shndd

{hcfmg {j eg bc{{gs{ bju ]{hgP ajjk jb {hg nkrgf{wugus nfk cfhnec{gus {hgug&

Nfk qg kjg ndsj kgodnug {hn{ bju kcrgus ugnsjfs nfk ojfsckgunocjfs ws {hgugwf{j

gs|gocnddcg `jrcfa$ jwug qcdd nfk |dgnswug cs nfk qgg kjg hguge jukncfg {hn{

c`gkcn{dcg buj` nfk nb{gu swoh {c`g ns nfcg swoh ajrgufjwu ju |ucfoc|ndd jbbcogu sj{j eg fj`cfn{gk nfk n||jcf{gk e jwug snck Ojwfsgdd bju {hg ajrgufg`gf{ jb {hg

snck Ojdjfcg$ ns nbjugsnck$ shndd nucrg cf Rcuacfcn nfk acrg fj{cog wf{j {hg Ojddjfcg

{hgug ugsckgf{ jb jwug |dgnswug cf {hcs eghndbg$ {hg ajrguf`gf{$ |jqgu nfk

nwo{hjuc{ jb {hg \ugsckgf{ nfk Ojwfsgdd$ hgug{jbjug e jwug bju`gu dg{{ugs |n{gf{s

{hgug gs{nedcshgk$ nfk ndd dnqgs nfk ojfs{c{wocjfs e {hg` bju`gudcg `nkg$ shndd

w{{gud ognsg nfk eg kg{gu`cfgk= nfk ndd jbbcogus$ ajrgufjwus nfk `cfcs{gus bju`gud

ojfs{c{w{gk ju n||jcf{gk shndeg kcsohnukagk$ nfcg {hcfag cf jwug snck bju`gu dg{{ugs

|n{gf{s ojfsgufcfag {hg snck |dnf{nocjf ojf{nfgk cf nfcgqcsg {j {hg ojf{unucg

fj{qc{hs{nfkcfag= s{ugcah{dcg ohnukacfag nfk oj``nwfkcfag {hg \ugsckgf{ nfk

Ojwfsgdd fjqg ugsckgf{ cf {hg snck Ojddjfcg w|jf {hgcu nddgnkacnfog nb{gu

mfjqdgkag acrgf wf{j {hg` jb jwug qcdd nfk |dgnswug e {hgcs |ugsgf{gs scafcbcgknfk kgodnugk$ {hn{ {hg bju{h qc{h eg jegkcgf{ {j swoh ajrgufju ju ajrgufgus ns e

jwug snck Ojwfsgdd hgug ugsckgf{ shndeg fn`gk nfk n||jcf{gk ns nbjugsnck= nfk {j

ndd kcugoocjfs$ jukgus nfk oj``nfkg`gf{s qhcoh {hg shndd ugogcrg buj` {hg`$

nsqgdd cf {hg |ugsgf{ ugscafcfag nfk acrgcfag w|| jb {hgcu nwo{hjuc{cg$ jbbcogs$

ohnuka nfk |dnogs$ ns cf ndd j{hgu n{{gfknffog ns shndeg e {hg` buj` {c`g {j {c`g

ug~wcugk&

Nfk qgg kjg bwu{hgu e {hgcs |ugsgf{gs jukncfg nfk gs{nedcshg {hn{ {hg snck [ugsjugu

nfk Ojwfsgdd hgug ugsckgf{$ nfk {hgcu swoogssjus ju nfcg bjqgu jb {hg` nssg`edgk

({hg [ugsjugu egcfag jfg#$ shndd buj` {c`g {j {c`g hnrg bwdd |jqgu nfk nwo{hjuc{cg {j

nk`c{{ nfk ugogcrg nfcg j{hgu |gusjf cf{j {hgcu oj`|nfcg$ oju|junocjf nfkbuggkj`g= nfk bwu{hgu$ cf n agfgundd nssg`edcg jb {hg nkrgf{wugus$ qc{h {hg ojfsgf{

jb {hg augn{gu |nu{g w|jf ajjk onwsg$ {j kcsbunfohcsg nfk |w{{ jw{g nfcg |gusjf ju

|gusjfs jw{g jb {hg snck bugkj`g nfk Oj`|nfcg&

Nfk qgg kjg ndsj aunff{ nfk ojfbcu`g bju ws$ jwug hgcugs nfk swoogssjus {hn{ c{

shndeg dnqbwdd bju {hg snck [ugsjugu nfk Oj`|nfcg nfk {hgcu swoogssjus$ e

kcugoocjf jb {hg Ajrgufjus {hgug$ {j kcaa nfk {j sguohg bju ndd `nffgu jb `fgs jb

ajwdkg$ scdrgu$ oj||gu$ cujf$ dgnkg$ {cffg nfk j{hgu `cfgundds nsqgdd qc{hcf {hg

|ugocfo{s nbjugsnck ns qc{hcf nfcg |nu{g jb {hg `ncfg dnfkg fj{ bju gud aunwf{gk {j

nfcg j{hgu= nfk {j hnrg nfk gfijg {hg ajwdk$ scdrgu$ oj||gu$ cujf$ dgnkg$ nfk {cff$

nfk ndd j{hgu `cfgundds {j eg aj{{gf {hguge$ {j {hg wsg nfk eghjjbg jb {hg snck

>>


12/24


-HC_[JUCN CFADG_N-

Oj`|nfcg jb \dnf{gus nfk Nkrgf{wugus$ gdkcfag {hgugbjug nfk |ncfag gugdcg wf{j

ws$ jwug hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ ns nbjugsnck&

Nfk qgg kjg bwu{hgu jb jwug s|gocndd aunog$ ogu{ncfg mfjqdgkag nfk `ggug `j{cjf$

bju ws$ jwug hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ aunff{$ e {hgcs |ugsgf{s {j nfk qc{hg {hg snck

[ugsjugu nfk Oj`|nfcg nfk {hgcu swoogssjus$ {hn{ c{ shndeg dnqbwdd nfk bugg bju {hg`nfk {hgcu nsscafgs n{ ndd nfk grgucg {c`g nfk {c`gs hgug nb{gu$ jw{g jb jwug ugnd`g jb

Gfadnfk nfk jw{g jb ndd j{hgu ]jwuP kj`cfcjfs$ {j {nmg nfk dgnkg cf{j {hg snck

rjnag$ nfk bju nfk {jqnuks {hg snck |dnf{nocjf$ nfk {j {unrgdd {hc{hguqnuks nfk {j

neckg nfk cfhnec{g {hgugcf {hg snck Ojdjfcg nfk |dnf{nocjf$ ndd swoh nfk sj `nfcg jb

jwug djrcfag sweigo{s$ ju nfcg j{hgu s{unwfagus {hn{ qcdegoj``g jwug djrcfag

sweigo{s nfk dcrg wfkgu jwug nddgacnfog$ ns shndd qcddcfadcg nooj`|nfcg {hg` cf {hg

snck rjnkag nfk |dnf{n{cjf qc{h swbbcocgf{ shc||cfag nu jwu$ qgn|jfs$

jukcfnffog$ `wfcocjf$ |jqkgu$ shj{{$ rco{wndds$ nfk swoh `guohnwfkcyg ju qnugs ns

nug gs{gg`gk e {hg qcdkg |gj|dg cf {hjsg |nu{s$ odj{hcfag$ c`|dg`gf{s$ bwufc{wugs$

on{dg$ hjusgs nfk `nugs$ nfk ndd j{hgu {hcfags fgogssnucg bju {hg snck |dnf{n{cjf nfk

bju {hgcu wsg nfk kgbgfog nfk {unkg qc{h {hg |gj|dg {hgug$ nfk cf |nsscfag nfkug{jwufcfag {j nfk buj` qc{hjw{ gdkcfag ju |ncfag swesgkcg$ ows{j`g$

c`|jscocjf$ ju nfcg j{hgu {nxg ju kw{cgs {j ws$ jwug hgcugs ju swoogssjus$ bju {hg

s|nog jb sgnrgf gnugs buj` {hg kn{g jb {hgcs |ugsgf{s= |ujrckgk$ {hn{ fjfg jb {hg

snck |gusjfs eg swoh ns shndeg hgugnb{gu e s|gocndd fn`g ugs{uncfgk e ws$ jwug

hgcugs ju swoogssjus&

Nfk bju {hgcu bwu{hgu gfojwunag`gf{$ jb jwug s|gocndd aunog nfk bnrjwu$ qgg kjg e

{hgcs |ugsgf{ bju ws$ jwug hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ gcdk nfk aunwf{g {j nfk qc{h {hg

snck [ugsjugu nfk Oj`|nfcg nfk {hgcu swoogssjus nfk grgucg jb {hg`$ {hgcu bno{jus

nfk nsscafgs$ {hn{ {hg nfk grgu jb {hg` shndeg bugg nfk ~wcg{{ jb ndd swesgkcgs nfk

ows{j`gs cf Rcuacfcn bju {hg s|nog jb jfg nfk {qgf{cg gugs$ nfk buj` ndd {nxgs nfkc`|jscocjfs bju grgu$ w|jf nfcg ajjks ju `guohnwfkcygs n{ nfcg {c`g ju {c`gs

hgugnb{gu$ gc{hgu w|jf c`|ju{n{cjf {hc{hgu ju gx|ju{n{cjf buj` {hgfog cf{j jwug

ugnd`g jb Gfadnfk ju cf{j nfcg j{hgu jb jwug ]ugnd`s juP kj`cfcjfs$ e {hg snck

[ugsjugu nfk Oj`|nfcg nfk {hgcu swoogssjus$ {hgcu kg|w{cgs$ bno{jus ]juP nsscafgs ju

nfcg jb {hg`$ gxog|{ jfdcg {hg bcrg |jwfk |gu ogf{w` kwg bju ows{j`g w|jf ndd swoh

ajjk nfk `guohnffkcygs ns shndeg eujwah{ ju c`|ju{gk cf{j jwug ugnd`g jb Gfadnfk

ju nfcg j{hgu jb {hgcs jwug kj`cfcjfs noojukcfag {j {hg nwfocgf{ {unkg jb

`guohnff{s$ qhcoh bcrg |jwfkgs |gu ogf{w` jfgd egcfag |nck$ c{ shndeg {hgfsbju{h

dnqbwdd nfk bugg bju {hg snck Nkrgf{wugus {hg sn`g ajjks ]nfkP `guohnwfkcygs {j

gx|ju{ nfk onuucg jw{g jb jwug snck kj`cfcjfs cf{j bjuuncfg |nu{gs qc{hjw{ nfcg

ows{j`g$ {nxg ju j{hgu kw{ {J eg |nckg {j ws jwug hgcugs ju swoogssjus ju {j nfcg

j{hgu jwug jbbcogus ju kg|w{cgs= |ujrckgk$ {hn{ {hg snckg ajjks nfk `guohnwfkcygs

eg shc||gk jw{ qc{hcf {hcu{ggfg `jfg{hgs nb{gu {hgcu bcus{ dnfkcfag qc{hcf nfcg |nu{g

jb {hjsg kj`cfcjfs&

Nfk qgg kjg ndsj ojfbcu`g nfk aunff{ {j {hg snck [ugsjugu nfk Oj`|nfcg$ nfk {hgcu

swoogssjus$ ns ndsj {j ndd nfk grgucg swoh ajrgufgu ju j{hgu jbbcogus nfk `cfcs{gus ns

e jwug snck Ojwfsgdd shndeg n||jcf{gk$ {j hnrg |jqgu nfk nwo{hjuc{cg jb

ajrgufg`gf{ nfk oj``nffk cf ju jrgu {hg snck Ojdjfcg ju |dnf{nocjf= {hn{ {hg

nfk grgucg jb {hg` shndd nfk dnqbwddcg `ncg buj` {`g {j {`g nfk n{ ndd {`gs

bjugrgu hgugnb{gu$ bju {hgcu sgrgundd kgbgfog nfk snbg{cg$ gfojff{gu$ gx|wdsg$ ug|gdd

nfk ugscs{ e bjuog nfk nu`gs$ nsqgdd e sgn ns e dnfk$ nfk ndd qncgs nfk `gnfgs

>5


13/24


-HC_[JUCN CFADG_N-

qhn{sjgrgu$ ndd nfk grgucg swoh |gusjf nfk |gusjfs qhn{sjgrgu ns qc{hjw{ {hg

s|gocndd dcogfs jb {hg snck [ugsjugu nfk Oj`|nfcg nfk {hgcu swoogssjus shndd

n{{g`|{g {j cfhnec{g qc{hcf {hg snck sgrgundd |ugocfo{s nfk d`c{{s jb {hg snck

Ojdjfcg nfk |dnf{nocjf= nfk ndsj$ ndd nfk grgucg swoh |gusjf nfk |gusjfs

qhn{sjgrgu ns shndd gf{gu|ucsg$ ju n{{g |{g n{ nfcg {c`g hgugnb{gu$ kgs{uwoocjf$

cfrnscjf$ hwu{g$ kg{uc`gf{ ju nffjnffog {j {hg snck Ojddjfg nfk |dnf{nocjf$ ns csdcmgqcsg s|gocbcgk cf {hg snck bju`gu aunff{g&

Nfk {hn{ c{ shndeg dnqbwd bju {hg snck [ugsjugu nfk Oj`|nfcg$ nfk {hgcu swoogssjus

nfk grgucg jb {hg`$ buj` {c`g {j {c`g nfk n{ ndd {c`gs hgugnb{gu$ nfk {hg shndd hnrg

bwdd |jqgu nfk nwo{hjuc{cg$ {j {nmg nfk swu|ucsg e ndd qncgs nfk `gnfgs qhn{sjgrgu

ndd nfk grgucg |gusjf nfk |gusjfs qhn{sjgrgu$ qc{h {hgcu shc||gs$ ajjks nfk j{hgu

bwufc{wug$ {unbbc~wcfag cf nfcg hnueju$ ouggmg ju |dnog qc{hcf {hg dc`c{{s ju |ugocfo{s

jb {hg snck Ojdjfcg nfk |dnf{nocjf$ ]fj{P egcfa nddjqgk e {hg snck Oj`|nfcg {j eg

nkrgf{wugus ju |dnf{gus jb {hg snck Ojdjfcg$ wf{cdd swoh {c`g ns {hg egcfag jb nfcg

ugnd`gs ju kj`cfcjfs wfkgu jwug jegkcgfog shndd |ncg ju naugg {j |ncg$ {j {hg hnfks

jb {hg [ugsjugu ju ]jbP sj`g j{hgu jbbcogu kg|w{gk e {hg snck ajrgufjus cf Rcuacfcn(jrgu nfk nejrg swoh swesgkcg nfk ows{j`g ns {hg snck Oj`|nfcg cs ju hgug nb{gu

shndeg {j |ncg# bcrg |jwfkgs |gu ogf{w` w|jf ndd ajjks nfk `guohnwfkcygs sjg

eujwah{ cf {hc{hgu$ nfk ndsj bcrg |gu ogf{w` w|jf ndd ajjks e {hg` shc||gk jw{g

buj` {hgfog= nfk egcfa s{unwfagus nfk fj{ wfkgu jwug jegkcgfog wf{cdd {hg hnrg

|ngk (jrgu nfk nejrg swoh swesgkcg nfk ows{j`g ns {hg sn`g [ugsjugu nfk

Oj |nfcg nfk {hgcu swoogssjus cs ju hgugnb{gu shndeg {j |ncg# {gff |jwfks |gu

ogf{w` w|jf ndd swoh ajjks$ dcmgqcsg onuucgk cf nfk jw{g$ nf {hcfag cf {hg bju`gu

dg{{ugs |n{gf{s {j {hg ojf{unucg fj{ qc{hs{nfkcfag= nfk {hg sn`g sj``gs jb `jfcg

nfk egfgbc{{ ns nbjugsnck bju nfk kwucfag {hg s|nog jb jfg nfk {qgf{cg gnugs shndeg

qhjdcg c`|djcgk {j {hg egfgbc{{ nfk eghjjb jb {hg snck Ojdjfcg nfk |dnf{nocjf= nfk

nb{gu {hg snckg jfg nfk {qgf{cg gnugs gfkgk$ {hg sn`g shndeg {nmgf {j {hg wsg jb ws$jwug hgcugs ju swoogssjus$ e swoh jbbcogu nfk `cfcs{gu ns e ws$ jwug hgcugs ju

swoogssjus$ shndeg {hgugwf{j nsscafgk nfk n||jcf{gk$ ns cs s|gocbcgk cf {hg snck

bju`gu dg{{ugs |n{gf{s&

Ndsj qgg kjg$ bju ws$ jwug hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ kgodnug e {hgcs |ugsgf{s$ {hn{ ndd

nfk grgucg {hg |gusjfs egcfag jwug sweigo{s qhcoh shndd ajg nfk cfhnec{ qc{hcf {hg

snck Ojdjfg nfk |dnf{nocjf$ nfk grgucg jb {hgcu ohcdkugf nfk |js{guc{cg qhcoh shndd

hn||gf {j eg ejufg qc{hcf ]nfP {hg d`c{{s {hgugjb$ shndd hnrg ]nfkP gfijg ndd

dcegu{cgs$ bunfohgscgs nfk c``wfc{cgs jb bugg kgfcygfs nfk fn{wundd sweigo{s qc{hcf

nfcg jb jwug j{hgu kj`cfcjfs {j ndd cf{gf{s nfk |wu|jsgs ns cb {hg hnk ecfg neckcfag

nfk ejufg qc{hcf {hcs jwug mcfakj`g jb Gfadnfk ju cf nfcg j{hgu jb jwug kj`cfcjfs&

Nfk bjuns`woh ns c{ shndeg fgogssnucg bju ndd swoh jwu djrcfag sweigo{s ns shndd

cfhnec{{ qc{hcf {hg snck |ugocfo{s jb Rcuacfcn nbjugsnck {j kg{gu cfg {j dcrg {jac{hgu

cf {hg bgnug nfk {uwg qjjushc|| jb Nd`cah{cg Ajk$ Ohucs{cnf |gnog nfk ocrcdd

~wcg{fgs$ gnoh qc{h j{hgu$ qhguge grgucg jfg `ncg qc{h `jug snbg{$ |dgnswug nfk

|ujbc{{ gfijg {hn{ qhgug wf{j {hg shndd n{{ncfg qc{h augn{ |ncfg nfk |gucdd$ qgg$ bju

ws$ jwug hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ nug dcmgqcsg |dgnsgk nfk ojf{gf{gk nfk e {hgcs

|ugsgf{s kjg acrg nfk aunwf{g wf{j {hg snck [ugsjugu nfk Oj`|nfcg nfk {hgcu

swoogssjus nfk {j swoh ajrgufjus$ jbbcogus nfk `cfcs{gus ns shndeg$ e jwug snck

Ojwfogdd$ ojfs{c{w{gk nfk n||jcf{gk$ noojukcfag {j {hg fn{wugs nfk d`c{{s jb {hgcu

jbbcogs nfk |dnogs ugs|go{crgd$ {hn{ {hg shndd nfk `ncg buj` {c`g {j {c`g bju grgu

>?


14/24


-HC_[JUCN CFADG_N-

hgugnb{gu$ qc{hcf {hg snck |ugocfo{s jb Rcuacfcn ju cf {hg qncg e {hg sgns {hc{hgu nfk

buj` {hgfog$ hnrg bwdd nfk nesjdw{g |jqgu nfk nwo{hjuc{ {j ojuugo{$ |wfcshg$

|nukjf$ ajrgufg nfk uwdg ndd swoh {hg sweigo{s jb ws$ jwug hgcugs nfk swoogssjus ns

shndd buj` {c`g {j {c`g nkrgf{wug {hg`sgdrgs cf nfcg rjcnkag {hc{hgu ju {hn{ shndd n{

nfcg {`g hgugnb{gu cfhnec{{ cf {hg |ugocfo{s nfk {guuc{jucg jb {hg snck Ojdjfcg ns

nbjugsnck$ noojukcfag {j swoh jukgu$ jukcfnwfogs$ ojfs{c{w{cjf$ kcugo{cjfs nfkcfs{uwoocjfs ns e jwug snck Ojwfsgdd$ ns nbjugsnck$ shndeg gs{nedcshgk= nfk cf kgbgo{

{hgugjb$ cf onsg jb fgogssc{cg noojukcfa {j {hg ajjk kcsoug{cjfs jb {hg snck

ajrgufjwus nfk jbbcogus ugs|go{crgd$ nsqgdd cf onsgs on|c{ndd nfk ouc`cfndd ns ocrcdd$

ej{h `nucfg nfk j{hgu$ sj ndqncgs ns {hg snck s{n{w{s$ jukcfnffogs nfk |ujoggkcfags

ns fggug ns ojfrgfcgf{dcg `ncg eg$ eg naugnedg {j {hg dnqgs$ s{n{w{gs$ ajrguf`gf{

nfk |jddcocg jb {hcs jwug ugnd`g jb Gfadnfk&

Nfk qg kjg bwu{hgu jb jwug s|gocndd aunog$ ogu{gcfg mfjqdgkag nfk `gug `jocjf$

aunf{$ kgodnug nfk jukncfg {hn{ swoh |ucfoc|ndd ajrgufjwu ns buj` {c`g {j {c`g shndd

kwdcg nfk dnqbwddcg eg nwo{hjucsgk nfk n||jcf{gk$ cf `nffgu nfk bju`g cf {hgcs

|ugsgf{s hgug{jbjug gx|ugssgk$ shndd ]hnrgP bwdd |jqgu nfk nwo{hjuc{cg {j wsg nfkgxguocsg `nushndd dnqg cf onsgs jb ugegddcjf ju `w{cf cf ns dnuag nfk n`|dg `nffgu

ns jwug dgcw{gfnf{ cf jwug ojwf{cgs qc{hcf jwug ugnd`g jb Gfadnfk hnrg ju jwah{ {j

hnrg e bjuog jb {hgcu oj`csscjfs jb dcgw{gfnfo& Nfk bwu{hgu`jug$ cb nfcg |gusjf ju

|gusjfs$ nkrgf{wugus ju |dnf{gus$ jb {hg snck Ojdjfcg$ ju nfcg j{hgu n{ nfcg {c`g ju

{c`gs hgugnb{gu$ shndd {unfs|ju{g nfcg `jfgs$ ajjks ju `nuohnwfkcygs jw{g jb nfcg

]jbP jwug mcfakj`gs qc{h n |ug{gfog ju |wu|jsg {j dnfkg$ sgdd ju j{hguqcsg kcs|jsg

{hg sn`g qc{hcf {hg d`c{{s nfk ejwfks jb {hg snck Ojddjfcg$ nfk g{ fgrgu{hgdgs

egcfag n{ sgn ju nb{gu hg hn{h dnfkgk qc{hcf nfcg |nu{ jb {hg snck Ojdjfcg shndd onuucg

{hg sn`g cf{j nfcg j{hgu bjuuncfg Ojwf{ucg$ qc{h n |wu|jsg {hgug {j sgdd nfk kcs|jsg

{hgug jb {hn{$ {hgf ndd {hg ajjks nfk ohn{{gds jb {hg snck |gusjf ju |gusjfs sj

jbbgfkcfag nfk {unfs|ju{gk$ {jag{hgu qc{h {hg shc|| ju rgssgdd qhgugcf swoh{unfs|ju{nocjf qns `nkg$ shndeg bjubgc{gk {j ws$ jwug hgcugs nfk swoogssjus&

Nfk bwu{hgu$ jwug qcdd nfk |dgnswug cs$ {hn{ cf ndd ~wgs{cjfs nfk kjwe{s {hn{ shndd

nuucsg w|jf nfcg kcbbcowd{cg jb ojfs{uwoocjf ju cf{gu|ug{nocjf jb nfcg {hcfag

ojf{ncfgk gc{hgu cf {hcs ju cf jwug snck bju`gu dg{{ugs |n{gf{s$ {hg sn`g shndeg {nmgf

nfk cf{gu|ug{gk cf `js{ n`|dg nfk egfgbcocndd `nffgu bju {hg snck [ugsjugu nfk

Oj`|nfcg nfk {hgcu swoogssjus nfk grgucg `g`egu {hgug jb&

Nfk bwu{hgu$ qgg kjg e {hgcs |ugsgf{s un{cbcg nfk ojfbcu`g wf{j {hg snck [ugsjugu

nfk Oj`|nfcg nfk {hgcu swoogssjus ndd |ucrwdgags$ bunfohgscgs$ dcegu{cgs nfk

c``wf{cgs aunwf{gk cf jwug snck bju`gu dg{{ugs |n{gf{s nfk fj{ cf {hgcs jwug dg{{ugs|n{gf{s ugrjmgk$ nd{gugk$ ohnffagk ju neuckagk&

Nfk bcfnddcg$ jwug qcdd nfk |dgnswug cs nfk qgg kjg bwu{hgu hguge bju ws$ jwug

hgcugs nfk swoogssjus aunff{g nfk naugg$ {j nfk qc{h {hg snck [ugsjugu nfk

Oj`|nfcg nfk {hgcu swoogssjus$ {hn{ ndd nfk scfawdgu |gusjf nfk |gusjfs qhcoh shndd

n{ nfcg {c`g ju {c`gs hgugnb{gu nkrgf{wug nfcg sj``g ju sj``gs jb `jfg cf nfk

{jqnuks {hg snck |dnf{nocjf jb {hg snck Ojdjfcg cf Rcuacfcn nfk shndeg nk`c{{gk e

{hg snck Ojwfsgdd nfk Oj`|nfcg ns nkrgf{wugus jb {hg snck Ojdjfcg$ cf bju g

nbjugsnck$ nfk shndeg gfujddgk cf {hg ejjmg ju ugojuk jb {hg nkrgf{wugus jb {hg snck

Oj |nfg$ shndd nfk `ncg eg nooj`|{gk$ noog|{gk$ {nmgf$ hgdkg nfk ug|w{gk

Nkrgf{wugus jb {hg snck Ojddjfcg nfk shndd nfk `ncg gfijg ndd nfk scfawdgu aunff{s$

|ucrcdgkags$ dcegu{cgs$ egfgbc{{s$ |ujbc{{s$ oj``jkc{cgs ]nfk c``wfc{cgsP$ nkrnf{nags

>;


15/24


-HC_[JUCN CFADG_N-

nfk g`jdw`gf{s qhn{sjgrgu ns bwddcg$ dnuagd$ n`|dcg nfk nesjdw{gd ns cb {hg nfk

grgucg jb {hg` hnk egf |ugocsgd$ |dncfgd$ scfawdgud nfk kcs{cfo{d fn`gk nfk

cfsgu{gk cf {hgcs jwug dg{{ugs |n{gf{s&

Nfk dns{gd$ egonwsg {hg |ucfoc|ndd gbbgo{ qhcoh qgg onff kgscgu ju gx|go{ jb {hcs

no{cjf cs {hg ojfrguscjf nfk ugkwoocjf jb {hg |gj|dg cf {hjsg |nu{gs wf{j {hg {uwgqjushc|| jb Ajk nfk Ohucs{cnf ugdcacjf$ cf qhcoh ugs|go{ qgg qjwdk eg dj{hg {hn{

nfcg |gusjf shjwdk eg |gu c{{gk {j |nssg {hn{ qgg sws|go{gk {j nbbgo{ {hg

sw|gus{c{cjfs jb {hg Ohwuohg jb Uj`g$ qgg kjg hguge kgodnug {hn{ c{ cs jwug qcdd

nfk |dgnswug {hn{ fjfg eg |gu`c{{gk {j |nssg cf nfcg rjcnkag buj` {c`g {j {c`g {j eg

`nkg cf{j {hg snckg ojwf{ucg ew{ swoh ns bcus{g shndd hnrg {nmgf {hg jn{h jb

sw|ug`nocg$ bju qhcoh |wu|jsg qgg kjg e {hgcsg |ugsgf{s acrg bwdd |jqgu nfk

nwo{hjuc{cg {j {hg [ugsjugu bju {hg {c`g egcfag$ nfk nfcg {hugg jb {hg Ojwfsgdd$ {j

{gfkgu nfk gxhcec{g {hg snck jn{h {j ndd swoh |gusjfs ns shndd n{ nfcg {c`g eg sgf{ nfk

c`|djcgk cf {hg snck rjcnkag&

Nd{hjwah gx|ugssg `gf{cjf ]jb {hg {uwg gnud rndwg ju ogu{ncf{ jb {hg |ug`csgs$ junf jb {hg`$ ju jb nf j{hgu acb{s ju aunf{s$ e ws ju nf jb jwu |ujagfc{jus ju

|ugkgogssjus$ {j {hg nbjugsnck [ugnswugu nfk Oj`|nf hgug{jbjug `nkg$ cf {hgsg

|ugsgf{s cs fj{ `nkg= ju nf no{$ s{n{w{g$ jukcfnfog$ |ujrcscjf$ |ujodn`n{cjf$ ju

ugs{uncf{$ {j {hg ojf{unu hgugjb hnk$ `nkg$ jukncfgk$ ju |ujrckgk$ ju nf j{hgu

{hcfa$ onwsg$ ju `n{{gu$ qhn{sjgrgu$ cf nf qcsg fj{qc{hs{nfkcfa&P Cf qc{fgs

qhgugjb ]qg hnrg onwsgk {hgsg jwu dg{{gus {j eg `nkg |n{gf{& Qc{fgss jwusgdb n{

Qgs{ cfs{gu$ {hg 5?k kn jb @n (>25$ >2>5#>5$ >2>5#

In`gs$ e {hg aunog jb Ajk ]Mcfa jb Gfadnfk$ _oj{dnfk$ Bunfog nfk Cugdnfk$ Kgbgfkgu jb

{hg Bnc{h=P {j ndd {j qhj` ]{hgsg |ugs-gf{s shndd oj`g$P augg{cfa& Qhgugns n{ {hg hw`edg

swc{g jb kcrgus nfk swfku jwu djrcfag sweigo{s$ nsqgdd nkrgf{wugus ns |dnf{gus jb {hg Bcus{

Ojdjfcg cf Rcuacfcn$ nfk bju {hg |uj|nanocjf jb Ohucs{cnf ugdcacjf nfk ugodn`cfag jb

|gj|dg enuenujws {j ocrcdc{cg nfk hw`nfc{cg$ qg hnrg e jwu dg{{ugs |n{gf{ egnucfa kn{g n{

Qgs{`cfs{gu {hg {hugg nfk {qgf{cg{h kncg jb @n cf {hg sgnrgf{h gnug jb jwu uncafg jb

>7


16/24


-HC_[JUCN CFADG_N-

Gfadnfk$ Bunffog nfk Cugdnfk$ nfk {hg {qjg nfk bju{cg{h jb _oj{dnfk$ acrgf nfk aunff{gk

wf{j {hg`$ {hn{ {hg nfk ndd swohg nfk sjg `nfcg jb jwu djrcfa sweigo{s ns shjdk buj` {c`g

{j {c`g bju grgu nb{gu eg ijfgk qc{h {hg ns |dnf{gus ju nkrgf{wugus cf {hg snck

|dnf{nocjf$ nfk {hgcu swoogs-sjus bju grgu$ shjdk eg jfg ejk |jdc{c~wg cfoju|jun{gk e {hg

fn`g jb [hg [ugnsjugu nfk \dnf{gus jb {hg Oc{{cg jb Djfkjf bju {hg Bcus{ Ojdjfcg cf

Rcuacfcn=

Nfk qhgugns nddsjg bju {hg augn{gu ajjk nfk egfgbc{{ jb {hg snck Oj`|nfcg nfk bju {hg

eg{{gu bwufcshcfa nfk gs{nedcshcfa jb {hg snck |dnf{nocjf qg kck bwu{hgu ]acrgP$ aunff{g nfk

ojf-bcu`g e jwu snck dg{{ugs |n{gf{ wf{j {hg snck [ugnsjugu nfk Oj`-|nfcg nfk {hgcu

swoogssjus bju grgu$ ndd {hjsg dnfkgs$ ojf{ucgs nfk {guuc{jucgs soc{wn{g$ dgcfa nfk egcfa cf

{hn{ |nu{ jb N`gucon onddgk Rcuacfcn$ buj` {hg |jcf{ jb dnfk onddgk On|g ]juP \jcf{g

Oj`bju{ ndd ndjfa {hg sgnojs{g {j {hg fju{hqnuk {qjg hwfkugk `cdgs$ nfk buj` {hg snck

|jcf{ jb On|g Oj`bju{ ndd ndjfa {hg sgnojs{g {j {hg sjq{hqnuk {qjg hwfkugk `cdgs$ nfk

ndd {hg s|nog nfk ocuowc{ jb dnfk dcfa buj` {hg sgn ojs{g jb {hg |ugocfo{ nbjug-snck w| ju

cf{j {hg dnfk {hujwahjw{ buj` sgn {j sgn$ qgs{ nfk fju{hqgs{$ nfk nddsj ndd {hg csdnfkgs

dcfa qc{hcf jfg hwfkugk `cdgs ndjfa {hg ojns{ jb ej{h {hg sgns jb {hg |ugocfo{ nbjusnck$

qc{h kcrgusg j{hgu aunff{s$ dcegu{cgs$ bunfohcsgs$ |ughg cfgfogs$ |ucrcdgags$ |ujbcc{{s$

egfgbc{{s$ nfk oj``jkc{cgs$ aunff{gk cf nfk e jwu snck dg{{ugs |n{gf{ {j {hg snck [ugsjugu

nfk Oj`|nfcg$ nfk {hgcu swoogssjus$ bju grgu9

Fjq bju ns`wohns qg nug acrgf {j wfkgs{nfkg {hn{ cf {hgsg sgns nkijfcfa {j {hg snck

ojns{ jb Rcuacfcn nfk qc{hjw{ {hg oj`- |nssg jb {hjsg {qjg hwfkugk `cdgs e ws sjg

aunff{gk wf{j {hg snck [ugnswugu nfk Oj`|nfcg ns nbjugsnck$ nfk g{ fj{ bnuu kcs- {nf{

buj` {hg snck Ojdjf cf Rcuacfcn$ {hgug nug ju `n eg kcrgus csdnfkgs dcfa kgsjdn{g nfk

wfcfhnec{gk$ sj`g jb qhcoh nug ndugnk `nkg mfjqfg nfk kcsojrgugk e {hg cfkws{u$

{unrgdd$ nfk gx|gfogs jb {hg snck Oj`|nf$ nfk j{hgus nddsjg nug sw|-|jsgk {j eg nfk

ug`ncfg ns g{ wfmfjqgf nfk wfkcsojrgugk$ ndd nfk grgu jb qhcoh c{{ `ncg c`|ju{g {hg

snck Ojdjf ej{h cf snbg{ nfk |jddgo jb {unkg {j |j|wdn{g nfk |dnf{$ cf uganuk qhgug jb$

nsqgdd bju {hg |ugrgf{cfa jb |gucdd ns bju {hg eg{{gu oj`jkc{ nfk |ujs|guc{ jb {hg snck

Ojdjf$ {hg hnrg ecf hw`-edg swc{jus wf{j ws {hn{ qg qjdk eg |dgnsgk {j aunff{ wf{j{hg` nf cfdnukag`gf{ jb jwu snck bju`gu dg{{ugs |n{gf{$ nsqgdd bju n `jug n`|dg gx{gf{ jb

{hgcu dc`c{{s nfk {guuc{jucgs cf{j {hg sgns nkijfcfa {j nfk w||jf {hg ojns{ jb Rcuacfcn ns

nddsjg bju sj`g j{hgu `n{{gus nfk nu{codgs ojfogufcfa {hg eg{{gu ajrguf`gf{ jb {hg snck

Oj`|nf nfk Ojddjf$ cf qhcoh |jcf{ jwu snck bju`gu dg{{ugs |n{gf{s kjg fj{ gx{gfkg sjg

bnuug ns {c`g nfk gx|gucgfog hn{h bjwfk {j eg fggkbwdd nfk ojfrgfcgf{9

Qg$ {hgugbjug$ {gfkucfa {hg ajjk nfk hn|| swoogssg jb {hg snck |dnf{nocjf ej{h cf ugs|go{

jb {hg agfgundd qgndg jb hw`nfg sjocg{ ns cf ugs|go{ jb {hg ajjk jb jwu jqfg gs{n{g nfkmcfag- kj`gs$ nfk egcfa qcddcfa {j acrg bwu{hgunff{ wf{jndd ajjk `gnfgs {hn{ `n

>2


17/24


-HC_[JUCN CFADG_N-

nkrnffog {hg egfgbc{{ jb {hg snck Oj`|nf nfk qhcoh `ncg sgowug {hg snbg{ jb jwu djrcfa

sweigo{s$ |dnf{gk cf jwu snck Ojdjf wfkgu {hg bnrjwu nfk |uj{goocjf jb Ajk Nd`cah{

nfk jb jwu ujndd |jqgu nfk nw{hjuc{$ hnrg {hgugbjug jb jwu gs|gocndd aunog$ ogu{gcf

mfjqdgkag nfk `gug `jocjf$ acrgf$ aunff{gk nfk ojfbcu`gk$ nfk bju ws$ jwu hgcugs nfk

swoogssjus qg kjg e {hgcs |ugsgf{s$ acrg$ aunff{ nfk ojfbcu`g wf{j {hg snck [ugnswugu

nfk Oj`|nf jb Nkrgf{wugus nfk \dnf{gus jb {hg snck Oc{{ jb Djfkjf bju {hg Bcus{

Ojdjf cf Rcuacfcn$ nfk {j {hgcu hgcugs nfk swoogssjus bju grgu$ ndd nfk scfawdgu {hg snck

csgdnfkgs ]qhn{sjgrguP soc{wn{ nfk egcfa cf nfcg |nu{ jb {hg snck jognf ejukgucfa w|jf {hg

ojns{ jb jwu snck Bcus{ Ojdjf cf Rcu-acfcn nfk egcfa qc{hcf {hugg hwfkugk dgnawgs jb nfcg

{hg |nu{gs hgu{jbjug aunff{gk {j {hg snck [ugnsjugu nfk Oj`|nf cf jwu snck bju`gu dg{{ugs

|n{gf{s ns nbjugsnck$ nfk egcfa qc{hcf ju eg-{qggfg {hg jfg nfk bju{cg nfk {hcu{ kgauggs

jb Fju{hgud dn{c-{wkg$ {jag{hgu qc{h ndd nfk scfawdgu ]sjcdsP dnfkgs$ aujwfkgs$ hnrgfs$

|ju{s$ ucrgus$ qn{gus$ bcshcfags$ `cfgs nfk `cfgundds$ ns-qgdd ujnd `cfgs jb ajdk nfk

scdrgu ns j{hgu `cfgs nfk `cfgundds$ |gudgs$ |ugocjws s{jfgs$ ~wnuucgs$ nfk ndd nfk scfawdgu

j{hgu oj`- `jkc{cgs$ iwucskcoocjfs$ ujnd{cgs$ |ucrcdgkags$ bunfohcsgs nfk |ug-hg`cfgfogs$

ej{h qc{hcf {hg snck {uno{ jb dnfkg w||jf {hg `ncfg nfk nddsj qc{hcf {hg snck csgdnfkgs nfk

sgns nkijfcfa$ qhn{sj-grgu$ nfk {hgugwf{j ju {hgug nejw{s ej{h e sgn nfk dnfk egcfa ju

soc{wn{= nfk qhcoh$ e jwu dg{{ugs |n{gf{s$ qg `ncg ju onff aunff{ nfk cf ns n`|dg `nffgu

nfk sju{ ns qg ju nfcg jwu fjedg |ujagfc{jus hnrg hgug{jbjug aunff{gk {j nfcg |gusjf ju

|gusjfs ju {j nfcg Oj`|nfcg$ ejkcg |jdc{c~wg ju oju|jun{g ju {j nf nk-rgf{wugu ju

nkrgf{wugus$ wfkgu{nmgu ju wfkgu{nmgus jb nfcg kcs-ojrgucgs$ |dnf{nocjfs ju {unbbc~wg$ jb$

cf$ ju cf{j nfcg bjugcafg |nu{s qhn{sjgrgu$ nfk cf ns dnukag nfk n`|dg `nffgu ns cb {hg

sn`g qgug hgugcf |nu{cowdnud fn`gk$ `gfocjfgk nfk gx|ugssgk9 |uj-rckgk nddqncgs {hn{

{hg snck csgdnfkgs ju nfcg {hg |ug`cssgs hgugcf `gfocjfgk nfk e {hgcs |ugsgf{s cf{gfkgknfk `gnf{ {j eg aunff{gk eg fj{ ndugnk no{wndd |jssgssgk ju cfhnec{gk e nfcg j{hgu

Ohucs{cnf |ucfog ju gs{n{g$ fju eg qc{hcf {hg ejwfks$ dc`c{{s ju {guuc{jucgs jb {hg Fju{hgufg

Ojdjfcg$ hgu{jbjug e ws aunff{gk {j eg |dnf{gk e kcrgus jb jwu djrcfa sweigo{s cf {hg

fju{h|nu{gs jb Rcuacfcn& [j hnrg nfk {j hjdk$ |jssgssg nfk cfijcg ndd nfk scfawdgu {hg snck

csgdnfkgs cf {hg snck jognf sgns sjg dcfa nfk ejukgucfa w||jf {hg ojns{ ju ojns{s jb {hg

{guuc{jucgs jb {hg snck Bcus{ Ojdjf cf Rcuacfcn ns nbjugsnck$ qc{h ndd nfk scfawdgu {hg snck

sjcdgs$ dnfkgs nfk aujwfkgs nfk ndd nfk scfawdnu j{hgu {hg |ug`cssgs hgug{jbjug e {hgcs

|ugsgf{s aunff{gk$ ju `gfocjfgk {j eg aunff{gk$ {j {hg`$ {hg snck [ugnswugu nfk

Oj`|nfcg jb Nkrgf{wugus nfk \dnf{gus jb {hg Oc{{cg jb Djfkjf bju {hg Bcus{ Ojdjfcg cf

Rcuacfcn$ nfk {j {hgcu hgcugs$ swoogssjus nfk nsscafgs bju grgu$ {j {hg sjdg nfk |uj|gu wsg

nfk eghjjbg jb {hg`$ {hg snck [ugnswugu nfk Oj`|nfcg nfk {hgcu hgcugs$ swoogssjugs nfk

ns-scafgs bju grgu= {j eg hjdkgf jb ws$ jwu hgcugs nfk swoogssjus ns jb jwu `nffju jb

Gns{auggfqcoh$ cf bugg nfk oj``jf sjoonag nfk fj{ cf on|c{g$ gndkcfa nfk |ncfa

{hgugbjug$ {j ws$ jwu hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ {hg bcb{g |nu{ jb {hg jnug jb ndd ajdk nfk scdrgu

qhcoh shndeg {hgug aj{{gf$ hnk ju je{gcfgk bju ndd `nffgu jb sgurcogs$ qhn{sjgrgu&

Nfk bwu{hgu jwu qcdd nfk |dgnswug cs$ nfk qg kjg e {hgcs |ugsgf{s aunff{ nfk ojfbcu`g bju

{hg ajjk nfk qgdbnug jb {hg snck |dnf{nocjf$ nfk {hn{ |js{guc{ `ncg hgugnb{gu mfjqg qhjg

>1


18/24


-HC_[JUCN CFADG_N-

hnrg nkrgf{wugk nfk fj{ ecf s|nucfa jb {hgcu |wusgs cf swoh n fjedg nfk agfgujws noocjf

bju {hg agfgundd ajjk jb {hgcug owf{ucg$ nfk n{ {hg ug~wgs{ nfk qc{h {hg ojfsgf{ jb {hg

Oj`|nfcg nbjug snck$ {hn{ jwu {uws{ nfk qgdegdjrgk sweigo{s&

qhjg scfog jwu snck dns{ dg{{ugs |n{gf{ nug egoj`g nkrgf{wugus nfk hnrg ijcfgk {hg`sgdrgs

qc{h {hg bju`gu nkrgf{wugus nfk |dnf{gus jb {hg snck Oj`|nfcg nfk sjocg{cg$ shndd buj`

hgfog-bju{h eg ug|w{gk$ kgg`gk nfk {nmgf {j eg nfk shndeg eug{hugf nfk bugg `gègus jb

{hg Oj`|nfcg nfk shndd nfk `ncg$ ugs|go{-crgd$ nfk noojukcfa {j {hg |uj|ju{cjf nfk

rndwg jb {hgcu sgrgundd nkrgf{wugs$ hnrg$ hjdk nfk gfijcg ndd swohg cf{gugs{$ ucah{$ {c{dg$

|ucrcdgkags$ |ughg cfgfogs$ dcegu{cgs$ bunfohcsgs$ c``wfc{cgs$ |ujbc{{s nfk oj``jkc{cgs

qhn{sjgrgu cf ns dnukag$ n`|dg nfk egfgbcocndd `nffgu {j ndd cf{gf{s$ ojfs{uwoocjfs nfk

|wu|jsgs ns nfcg j{hgu nkrgf{wugs fj`cfn{gk nfk gx|ugssgk cf nfcg jwu bju`gu dg{{ugs

|n{gf{$ ju nfcg jb {hg` hnrg ju ncg hnrg e bjuog nfk rgu{wg jb {hgcs |ugsgf{s$ ju nfcg jwu

bju`gu dg{{ugs |n{gf{ qhn{sjgrgu&

Nfk qg nug bwu{hgu |dgnsgk nfk qg kjg e {hgcs |ugsgf{s aunff{ nfk ojfbcu` {hn{

qhj`g {hg snck [ugnswugu nfk Oj`|nfcg hnrg$ scfog {hg snck ]dns{P dg{{ugs |n{gf{$

fj`cfn{gk nfk sg{{ kjqfg ns qju{h nfk kcsougg{g |gusjfs bc{{ {j sgurg ws ns Ojwfsgddjus$

{j eg jb jwu Ojwfsgdd bju {hg snck |dnf{nocjf$ shndeg ug|w{gk$ kgg`gk nfk {nmgf ns |gusjfsjb jwu snck Ojwfogdd bju {hg snck Bcus{ Ojdjfcg cf swoh `nffgu nfk sju{ {j ndd cf{gf{s nfk

|wu|jsgs ns {hjsg qhjg hnrg ecf bju`gud gddgo{gk nfk fj cfn{gk ns jwu Ojwf-sgddjus bju

{hn{ Ojdjfcg nfk qhjsg fn`gs hnrg ecf ju nug cfogu{gk nfk gx|ugssgk cf jwu snck bju`gu

dg{{ugs |n{gf{&

Nfk qg kjg hguge jukncfg nfk aunff{ e {hgcs |ugsgf{s {hn{ {hg snck [ugnswugu nfk

Oj`|nfcg jb Nkrgf{wugus nfk \dnf{gus$ nbjugsnck$ shndd nfk `ncg$ jfog grgucg qggmg ju

jb{gfgu n{ {hgcu |dgnswug$ hjdk nfk mgg|g n ojwu{ nfk nssgèd bju {hg eg{{gu jukgfcfa

]jukgucfaP nfk ajrguf`gf{ jb {hg snck |dnf{nocjf nfk swoh {hcfags ns shndd ojfogufg {hg

sn`g= nfk {hn{ nfcg bcrg |gusjfs jb {hg snck Ojwfsgdd bju {hg snck Bcus{ Ojddjfcg cf

Rcuacfcn$ bju {hg {c`g egcfa$ jb qhcoh Oj`|nfcg {hg [ugnswugu ju hcs kg|w{cg nddqncgs {j

eg jfg$ nfk {hg fjègu jb bcb{ggfg j{hgus n{ {hg dgns{ jb {hg agfgundc{ jb {hg snck

Oj`|nfcg nssgèdgk {jag{hgu cf swoh ojwu{ ju nssgèd cf swoh `nffgu ns cs nfk hn{h ecf

hgug{jbjug wsgk nfk noows{j`gk$ shndeg snck$ {nmgf$ hgdk nfk ug|w{gk {j eg nfk shndeg n

bwdd nfk swbbcocgf{ ojwu{ jb {hg snck Oj`|nfcg bju {hg hnfkdcfa$ jukucfa nfk kcs|n{ohcfa jb

ndd swoh onswndd nfk |nu{cowdgu joowuugfogs nfk noockgf{ndd `n{-{gus jb dgssg ojfsg~wgfog

nfk qncah{$ ns shndd buj` {c`g {j {c`g hn||gf$ {jwohcfa nfk ojfogufcfa {hg snck

|dnf{nocjf&

>8


19/24


-HC_[JUCN CFADG_N-

Nfk {hn{$ fgrgu{hgdgs$ bju {hg hnfkdcfa$ jukucfa nfk kcs|jscfa jb `n{{gus nfk nbbncugs jb

augn{ qncah{ nfk c`|ju{nfog nfk swoh ns shndd ju `ncg cf nfcg sju{ ojfogufg {hg qgndg

|wedcmg nfk agfgundd ajjk jb {hg snck Oj`|nfcg nfk |dnf{nocjf ns fn`gd$ {hg `nffgu jb

ajrguf`gf{ buj` {c`g {j {c`g {j eg wsgk$ {hg jukucfa nfk kcs|jscfa jb {hg snck

|jssgsscjfs nfk {hg sg{dcfa nfk gs{nedcsh-cfa jb n {unkg {hgug$ ju swoh dcmg$ {hgug shndeg

hgdk nfk mg|{ grgucg gnug w||jf {hg dns{ Qgkfgskncg snrg jfg jb Hcddnu$ Gns{gu$ [ucfc{

nfk @cohngd`ns {gu`gs$ bju grgu$ jfg augn{$ agfgundd nfk sjdg`fg nssgèd$ qhcoh bjqgu

sgrgundd nssgèdcgs shndeg s{cdgk nfk onddgk [hg Bjqgu Augn{ nfk Agfgundd Ojwu{s jb {hg

Ojwfsgdd nfk Oj`|nfcg jb Nkrgf{wugus bju Rcuacfcn= cf ndd nfk grgu jb qhcoh snck augn{

nfk agfgundd Ojwu{s sjg nssg`-edgk jwu qcdd nfk |dgnswug cs nfk qg kjg$ bju ws$ jwu hgcugs

nfk swoogssjus bjugrgu$ acrg nfk aunff{ {j {hg snck [ugnswugu nfk Oj`|nfcg nfk {hgcu

swoogssjus bju grgu e {hgcs |ugsgf{s$ {hn{ {hg$ {hg snck [ugnswugu nfk Oj`|nfcg ju {hg

augn{gu fjègu jb {hg` sjg nssgèdgk$ shndd nfk `ncg hnrg bwdd |jqgu nfk nw{hjuc{cgbuj` {c`g {j {c`g nfk n{{ ndd {c`gs hgugnb{gu {j gddgo{ nfk ohjjsg kcsougg{ |gusjfs {j eg jb

jwu ]snckP Ojwfsgdd bju {hg snck Bcus{ Ojdjfcg cf Rcuacfcn nfk {j fj`cfn{g nfk n||jcf{

swoh jbbcogus ns {hgcg shndd {hcfmg bc{{ nfk ug~wcsc{ bju {hg ajrguf`gf{$ `nfnacfa$ jukucfa

nfk kcs|n{ohcfa jb {hg nbbncugs jb {hg snck Oj`|nfcg= nfk shndd dcmgqcsg hnrg bwdd |jqgu

nfk nw{hjuc{ {j jukncfg nfk `nmg swoh dnqgs nfk jukcfnfogs bju {hg ajjk nfk qgddbnug jb

{hg snck |dnf{nocjf ns {j {hg` buj` {c`g {j {c`g shndeg {hjwah{ ug~wcsc{g nfk `gg{g9 sjg

nddqncgs ns {hg sn`g eg fj{ ojf{unu {j {hg dnqgs nfk s{n{w{gs jb {hcs jwu ugnd`g jb

Gfadnfk= nfk shndd cf dcmg `nffgu hnrg |jqgu nfk nw{hjuc{ {j gx|wdsg$ kcsbunfohcsg nfk

|w{{ jw{ jb nfk buj` {hgcu snck Oj`|nfcg nfk sjocg{cg bju grgu ndd nfk grgucg swoh |gusjf

nfk |gusjfs ns hnrcfa gc{hgu |uj`csgk ju swesoucegk {hgcu fn`gs {j egoj`g nkrgf{wugus {j

{hg snck |dnf{nocjf jb {hg snck Bcus{ Ojdjfcg cf Rcuacfcn$ ju hnrcfa ecf fj`cfn{gk bju

nkrgf{wugus cf {hgcs ju nfcg jwu dg{{ugs |n{gf{ ju hnrcfa ecf j{hguqcsg nk`c{{gk nfk

fj`cfn{gk {j eg jb {hg snck Oj`|nfcg$ hnrg fgrgu{hgdgs gc{hgu fj{ |w{{ cf nfcg nkrgf{wug

]n{P ndd bju nfk {jqnuks {hg snck |dnf{nocjf ju gds hnrg ugbwsgk nfk fgadgo{gk$ ju shndd

ugbwsg nfk fgadgo{$ {j eucfag cf hcs ju {hgcu nkrgf{wug e qjuk ju quc{cfa |uj`csgk qc{hcf

scxg `jf{hgs nb{gu {hg sn`g shndeg sjg |nnedg nfk kwg&

Nfk qhguns {hg bncdcfa nfk fjf|nc`gf{ jb swoh `jfcgs ns hnrg ecf |uj`csgk cf nkrgf{wug

bju {hg nkrnffog`gf{ jb {hg snck |dnf{nocjf hn{h ecf jb{gf e gx|gucgfog bjwfk {j eg

knff-agujws nfk |ugiwkcocndd {j {hg sn`g nfk `woh {j hnrg hcfkugk {hg |ujaugssg nfk

|ujoggkcfa jb {hg snck |dnf{nocjf= nfk bju {hn{ c{{ sgg`g{h {j ws n {hcfa ugnsjfnedg {hn{

swoh |gusjfs ns e {hgcu hnfkquc{cfa hnrg gfanagk {hg`sgdrgs bju {hg |n`gf{ jb {hgcu

nkrgf{wugs$ nfk nb{guqnuks fgadgo{cfa {hgcu bnc{h nfk |uj`csg$ shjdk eg oj`|gddnedg {j

`nmg ajjk nfk mg|g {hg sn`g= {hgugbjug jwu qcdd nfk |dgnswug cs {hn{ cf nfcg swc{g ju

swc{gs oj`gfogk ju {j eg oj`gfogk cf nfcg jb jwu ojwu{s n{{ Qgs{`cfs{gu$ ju gds- qhgug$

e {hg snck [ugnswugu nfk Oj`|nfcg ju j{hguqcsg nancfs{ nfcg swoh |gusjfs$ {hn{ jwu

iwkags bju {hg {c`g egcfa ej{h cf jwu Ojwu{ jb Ohnffogucg nfk n{ {hg oj``jf dnqg kjg

>3


20/24


-HC_[JUCN CFADG_N-

bnrjwu nfk bwu{hgu {hg snck swc{s sjg bnuug bju{h ns dnq nfk g~wc{cg qcdd cf nfcg qcsg swbbgu

nfk |gu`c{{&

Nfk qg kjg$ bju ws$ jwu hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ bwu{hgu acrg nfk aunff{ {j {hg snck [ugsjugunfk Oj`|nfcg$ nfk {hgcu swoogssjus bju grgu$ {hn{ {hgcg$ {hg snck [ugsjugu nfk Oj`|nfcg

ju {hg augn{gu |nu{ jb {hg` bju {hg {c`g egcfa$ sj cf n bwdd nfk agfgundd ojwu{ nssg`edgk ns

nbjugsnck shndd nfk `ncg$ buj` {c`g {j {c`g nfk n{{ ndd {c`gs hgugnb{gu$ bju grgu$ gddgo{$

ohjjsg nfk |gu`c{{ cf{j {hgcu Oj`|nf nfk sjocg{ nfcg |gusjf ju |gusjfs$ ns qgdd

s{unwfagus nfk ndcgfs ejufg cf nfcg |nu{ egjfk {hg sgns qhgug-sjgrgu$ egcfa cf n`c{

qc{h ws$ ns jwu fn{wundd dcgkag sweigo{s ejufg cf nfcg jwu ugnd`gs nfk kj`cfcjfs= nfk {hn{

ndd swoh |gu-sjfs sjg gdgo{gk$ ohjsgf nfk nk`c{{gk {j eg jb {hg snck Oj`|nfcg ns nbjugsnck

shndd {hgugw||jf eg {nmgf$ ug|w{gk nfk hgdk nfk shndeg bugg `g`egus jb {hg snck

Oj`|nfcg nfk shndd hnrg$ hjdk nfk gfijcg ndd nfk scfawdgu buggkj`s$ dcegu{cgs$ bunfohcsgs$

|ucrc-dgkags$ c``wfc{cgs$ egfgbc{{s$ |ujbc{{s nfk oj``jkc{cgs$ qhn{sj-grgu$ {j {hg snck

Oj`|nfcg cf nfcg sju{ egdjfacfa ju n||gu{gcfcfa ns bwdd$ buggd ]nfkP n`|dcg ns nfcg j{hgu

nkrgf{wugu ju nk-rgf{wugus fjq egcfa$ ju qhcoh hgugnb{gu n{{ nfcg {c`g shndeg$ jb {hg snck

Oj`|nfcg$ hn{h$ hnrg$ shndd$ `ncg$ `cah{ ju jwah{ {j hnrg ju gfij {hg sn`g {j ndd cf{gf{s

nfk |wu|jsgs qhn{sjgrgu&

Nfk qg kjg bwu{hgu jb jwu s|gocndd aunog$ ogu{ncfg mfjqdgkag nfk `gug `jocjf$ bju ws$

jwu hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ acrg nfk aunf{{ {j {hg snck [ugsjugu nfk Oj`|nfcg nfk {hgcu

swoogssjus$ bju grgu e {hgcs |ugsgf{$ {hn{ c{{ shndeg dnqbwdd nfk bugg bju {hg` nfk {hgcu

nsscafgs n{{ ndd nfk grgucg {c`g nfk {c gs hgugnb{gu$ jw{ jb nfcg jwu ugnd`gs nfk

kj`cfcjfs qhn{sjgrgu$ {j {nmg$ dgnk$ onuu nfk {unfs|ju{ cf nfk cf{j {hg snck rjnag nfk

bju nfk {jqnuks {hg snck |dnf{nocjf jb jwu snck Bcus{ Ojddjfcg cf Rcuacfcn$ ndd swoh nfk sjg

`nfcg jb jwu djrcfa sweigo{s ju nfcg j{hgu s{unwfagus {hn{ qcdd egoj`g jwu djrcfa sweigo{s

nfk dcrg wfkgu jwu nddgacnfog ns shndd qcddcfad nooj`|nfcg {hg` cf {hg snck rjnag nfk

|dnf{nocjf= qc{h shc||cfa$ nu`jwu$ qgn|jfs$ jukcfnffog$ `wfc{cjf$ |jqkgu$ shj{{$

rco{wndds$ nfk ndd `nffgu jb `guohnfkcygs nfk qnugs$ nfk ndd `nffgu jb odj{hcfa$ c`|dg-

`gf{$ bwufc{wug$ egns{s$ on{{gdd$ hjusgs$ `nugs$ nfk ndd j{hgu {hcfags fgogssnucg bju {hg snck

|dnf{nocjf nfk bju {hgcu wsg nfk kgbgfog$ nfk bju {unkg qc{h {hg |gj|dg {hgug nfk cf|nsscfa nfk ug{jwufcfa {j nfk bujg$ qc{hjw{ |ncfa ju gndkcfa nfcg swesgkcg$ ows{j`g ju

c`|jscocjf$ gc{hgu cfqnuk ju jw{qnuk$ ju nfcg j{hgu kw{cg {j ws$ jwu hgcugs ju swoogssjus$

bju {hg sn`g$ bju {hg s|nog jb sgrgf gnugs buj` {hg kn{g jb {hgcs |ugsgf{&

Nfk qg kjg bwu{hgu$ bju ws$ jwu hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ acrg nfk aunff{ {j {hg snck

[ugnswugu nfk Oj`|nfcg nfk {hgcu swo-ogssjus bju grgu$ e {hgcs |ugsgf{$ {hn{ {hg snck

[ugnswugu jb {hg snck Oj`|nfcg$ ju hcs kg|w{cg bju {hg {c`g egcfa ju nfcg {qjg j{hgus jb

jwu snck Ojwfsgdd bju {hg snck Bcus{ Ojdjfcg cf Rcuacfcn bju {hg {c`g egcfa$ shndd nfk `ncgn{{ndd {c`gs hgugnb{gu nfk buj` {c`g {j {c`g$ hnrg bwdd |jqgu nfk nw{hjuc{cg {j `cfcs{gu nfk

5


21/24


-HC_[JUCN CFADG_N-

acrg {hg jn{h nfk jn{hgs jb sw|ug`nocg nfk nddgacnffog$ ju gc{hgu jb {hg`$ {j ndd nfk grgu

|gusjf nfk |gusjfs qhcoh shndd$ n{ nfcg {c`g nfk {c`gs hgugnb{gu$ ajg ju |nssg {j {hg snck

Ojdjfcg cf Rcuacfcn9

Nfk bwu{hgu$ {hn{ c{{ shndeg dcmgqcsg dnqbwdd bju {hg snck [ugsjugu$ ju hcs kg|w{ bju {hg

{c`g$ ju nfcg {qjg j{hgus jb jwu snck Ojwfsgdd bju {hg snck Bcus{ Ojdjfcg cf Rcuacfcn$ bju

{hg {c`g egcfa$ buj` {c`g {j {c`g nfk n{{ ndd {c`gs hgugnb{gu$ {j `cfcs{gu swoh n bju`ndd

jn{hg ns e {hgcu kcsougsocjf shndeg ugnsjfned kgrcsgk$ nsqgdd wf{j nfcg |gusjf ju

|gusjfs c`|djgk ju {j eg c`|djgk cf$ bju$ ju {jwohcfa {hg snck |dnf{nocjf bju {hgcu

hjfgs{$ bnc{hbwdd nfk iws{ kcsohnukag jb {hgcu sgurcog cf ndd swoh `n{{gus ns shndeg

oj``c{{gk wf{j {hg` bju {hg ajjk nfk egfgbc{{ jb {hg snck Oj`|nf$ Ojdjfcg nfk

|dnf{nocjf= ns ndsjg wf{j swoh j{hgu |gusjf ju |gusjfs ns {hg snck [ugnswugu ju hcs kg|w{cg$

qc{h {qjg j{hgus jb {hg snck Ojwfsgdd$ shndd {hcfmg `gg{g bju {hg gxn`cfn-ocjf ju odgnucfa

jb {hg {uwc{h cf nfcg onwsg qhn{sjgrgu ojf-ogufcfag {hg snck |dnf{nocjf ju nfcg ewscfgss

buj` {hgfog |ujoggkcfa ju {hgug wf{j |ujoggkcfa ju {hgugwf{j egdjfacfa&

Nfk$ bwu{hgu`jug$ qhgugns qg hnrg egf ogu{gbcgk {hn{ kcrgusg dgqkg nfk cdd kcs|jsgk

|gusjfs$ ej{h sncdjus$ sjwdkcgus$ nu{cbcogus$ hwsenfk`gf$ dnejugus$ nfk j{hgus$ hnrcfa

ugogcrgk qnags$ n|-|nuugdd ju j{hgu gf{gu{ncf`gf{ buj` {hg snck Oj`|nf ju hnrcfa

ojf{uno{gk nfk nauggk qc{h {hg snck Oj`|nfcg {j ajg$ {j sgurg$ ju {j eg c`|djgk cf {hg

snck |dnf{nocjf jb {hg snck Bcus{ Ojdjfcg cf Rcuacfcn$ hnrg nb{guqnuks gc{hgu qc{hkunqgf$

hck ju ojfogndgk {hg`sgdrgs$ ju hnrg ugbwsgk {j ajg {hc{hgu nb{gu {hg hnrg ecf sjg

gf{gu{ncfgk nfk nauggk qc{hndd= nfk {hn{ kcrgus nfk swfku |gusjfs nddsj qhcoh hnrg ecf

sgf{ nfk c`|djgk cf {hg snck |dnf{nocjf jb {hg snck Bcus{ Ojdjfcg cf Rcuacfcn n{ nfk w|jf

{hg ohnukag jb {hg snck Oj`|nfcg$ nfk hnrcfa {hgug `cseghnrgk {hg`sgdrgs e `w{cfcgs$

sgkc{cjf$ nfk j{hgu fj{jucjws `cskg`gnfjus$ ju hnrcfa ecf g`|djgk ju sgf{ neujnk e {hg

ajrgufju jb Rcuacfcn ju hcs kg|w{cg qc{h sj`g shc| ju |cffnog bju |ujrc-scjfs bju {hg snck

Ojdjfcg$ ju bju sj`g kcsojrgucg ju j{hgu ewcscfgs nfk nbbncugs ojfogufcfa {hg sn`g$ hnrg

buj` {hgfog `js{ {ugohgujwsdcg gc{hgu oj`g enom nancfg nfk ug{jufgk cf{j jwu ugnd`g jb

Gfadnfk e s{gd{h ju qc{hjw{ dcogfog jb jwu Ajr-gufju jb jwu snck Ojdjfcg cf Rcuacfcn bju

{hg {c`g egcfa$ ju hnrg ecf sgf{ hc{hgu ns `cskjgus nfk jbbgfkgus= nfk {hn{ `nfcg nddsjg jb{hjsg |gusjfs nb{gu {hgcu ug{jwufg buj` {hgfog$ hnrcfa ecf ~wgs{cjfgk e jwu snck Ojwfsgdd

hgug bju swoh {hgcu `cseghnrcjus nfk jbbgfogs$ e {hgcu cfsjdgf{ nfk ojf{g`|{wjws

onuucnag cf {hg |ugsgfog jb jwu snck Ojwfsncdg$ hnrg shgqgk dc{{dg ugs|go{ nfk ugrgugfog$

gc{hgu {j {hg |dnog ju nw{hjuc{cg cf qhcoh qg hnrg |dnogk nfk n||jcf{gk {hg`= nfk j{hgus$

bju {hg ojdjwucfa jb {hgcu dgqkfgs nfk `cskg`gnfjus oj` c{{gk cf Rcuacfcn$ hnrg

gfkgnrjugk {hg` e `js{ rcdg nfk sdnffkujws ug|ju{s `nkg nfk kcrwdagk$ nsqgdd jb {hg

owf{ucg jb Rcuacfcn ns ndsjg jb {hg ajrguf`gf{ nfk gs{n{g jb {hg snck |dnf{nocjf nfk

Ojdjfcg$ ns `woh ns cf {hg` dncg$ {j eucfa {hg snck rjnag nfk |dnf{nocjf cf{j kcsaunog

nfk ojf{g`|{= e `gnfgs qhgug jb fj{ jfd {hg nkrgf{wugs nfk |dnf{gus ndugnkcg cfanagk

cf {hg snck |dnf{nocjf hnrg ecf gxoggkcfad newsgk nfk hcfkugk$ nfk n augn{g fj`egu jb

5>


22/24


-HC_[JUCN CFADG_N-

j{hgu jwu djrcfa nfk qgddkcs|jsgk sweigo{s j{hguqcsg qgdd nbbgo{gk nfk cfodfcfa {j ijcfg

nfk nkrgf{wug cfsjg fjedg$ Ohucs{cnf nfk qju{hcg nf no{cjf hnrg ecf kcsojwunagk buj` {hg

sn`g$ ew{ nddsjg {hg w{{gu jrgu{hujq nfk uwcfg jb {hg snck gf{gu|ucsg hn{h ecf augn{dcg

cfknffagugk qhcoh onffj{{ `csonuucg qc{hjw{ sj`g kcshjfju {j ws nfk jwu mcfakj`g=

Fjq$ bju ns`woh ns c{ n||gnug{h wf{j ws {hn{ {hgcs cfsjdgfogs$ `cskg`gnfjus nfk newsgs$

fj{ {j eg {jddgun{gk cf nfcg ocrcdd ajrguf`gf{$ hnrg bju {hg `js{ |nu{ aujqfg nfk

|ujoggkgk cf-uganuk jb jwu Ojwfsncdg hnrg fj{ nfcg kcugo{ |jqgu nfk nw{hjuc{cg e nfcg

gx|ugssg qjukgs cf jwu bju`gu dg{{ugs |n{gf{ {j ojuugo{ nfk ohns{csg swoh jbbgfkgus$ qg

{hgugbjug$ bju {hg `jug s|ggk ugbju`nocjf jb sjg augn{g nfk gfju`jws newsgs nfk

`cskg`gnfjus hgug{jbjug |uno{csgk nfk oj``c{{gk$ nfk bju {hg |ugrgf{cfa jb {hg dcmg

hgugnb{gu$ kjg e {hgcs |ugsgf{ bju ws$ jwu hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ acrg nfk aunff{ {j {hg

snck [ugnswugu nfk Oj`|nfcg$ nfk {hgcu swoogssjus bju grgu$ {hn{ c{{ shndd nfk `ncg eg

dnqbwdd bju jwu snck Ojwfogdd bju {hg snck Bcus{ Ojdjfcg cf Rcuacfcn ju nfcg {qjg jb {hg`$

qhgugjb {hg snck [ugsjugu ju hcs kg|w{cg bju {hg {c`g egcfa {j eg nddqncgs jfg e qnuunf{

wfkgu {hgcu hnfkgs {j sgfk bju$ ju onwsg {j eg n||ughgfkgk$ ndd nfk grgu swoh |gusjf nfk

|gusjfs qhj shndeg fj{gk ju noowsgk ju bjwfk$ n{{ nfcg {c`g ju {c`gs hgug nb{gu$ {j jbbgfk

ju `cseghnrg {hg`sgdrgs cf nfcg {hg jbbgfogs egbjug `gfocjfgk nfk gx|ugssgk= nfk

w||jf {hg gxn`cfnocjf jb nfcg swoh jbbgfkgu ju jbbgfkjus nfk iws{ |ujjbg `nkg e jn{h

{nmgf egbjug {hg Ojwfsncdg jb nfcg swoh fj{jucjws `cskg`gnfjus e {hg` oj``c{{gk ns

nbjugsnck= nfk nddsjg w||jf nfcg cfsjdgf{$ ojf{g`|{wjws ju wfugrgugf{ onuucnag nfk

`cseghnrcju {j ju nancfs{ jwu snck Ojwfsgdd shgqgk ju wsgk e nfcg swoh |gusjf ju

|gusjfs sjg onddgk$ ojfrgf{gk nfk n|gnu-cfa egbjug {hg` ns nbjugsnck= {hn{ cf ndd swohonsgs {hgcg$ jwu snck Ojwfsgdd ju nfcg {qjg jb {hg` bju {hg {c`g egcfa$ shndd nfk `ncg hnrg

bwdd |jqgu nfk nw{hjuc{cg gc{hgu hgug {J ecfkg {hg` jrgu qc{h ajjk swgu{cgs bju {hgcu ajjk

eghnrcjwu nfk bwu{hgu {hgugcf {j |ujoggk {j ndd cf{gf{s nfk |wu|jsgs$ ns c{{ cs wsgk cf j{hgu

dcmg onsgs qc{hcf jwu ugnd`g jb Gfadnfk= ju gdds n{{ {hgcu kcsougsocjf {j ug`nffk nfk sgfk

enom {hg snck jbbgfkgus ju nfcg jb {hg` wf{j {hg snck Ojdjfcg cf Rcuacfcn$ {hgug {j eg

|ujoggkgk nancfs{ nfk |wfcshgk ns {hg Ajrgufju$ kg|w{cg nfk Ojwfsgdd {hgug bju {hg {c`g

egcfa shndd {hcfmg `gg{g= ju j{hguqcsg$ noojukcfa {j swoh dnqgs nfk jukcfnffogs ns nug

ju shndeg cf wsg {hgug bju {hg qgdd jukucfa nfk ajjk ajrgufg`gf{ jb {hg snck Ojdjfcg&

Nfk$ bju {hg `jug gbbgo{wndd nkrnffocfa jb {hg snck |dnf{nocjf$ qg kjg bwu{hgu$ bju ws$ jwu

hgcugs nfk swoogssjus$ jb jwu gs|gocndd aunog nfk bnrjwu$ e rgu{wg jb jwu |ujujan{crg

ujndd nfk e {hg nssgf{ nfk ojfsgf{ jb {hg Djukgs nfk j{hgus jb jwu \ucrcg Ojwf-snddg$

acrg nfk aunff{g wf{j {hg snck [ugsjugu nfk Oj`|nfcg bwdd |jqgu nfk nw{hjuc{cg$ bugg

dgnrg$ dcegu{cg nfk dcogfog {j sg{{ bju{h$ guugo{ nfk |wedcshg jfg ju `jug dj{{gucg ju dj{{gucgs

{j hnrg ojf{cfwnfog nfk {j ]gfkwugP nfk eg hgdk bju {hg s|nog jb jfg qhjdg gnug fgx{

nb{gu {hg j|gfcfa jb {hg sn`g$ nfk nb{gu {hg gfk nfk gx|cunocjf jb {hg snck {gu`g {hg snck

dj{{gucg ju dj{{gucgs {j ojf{cfwg nfk eg bwu{hgu mg|{$ kwucfa jwu qcdd nfk |dgnswug jfgd nfk

fj{ j{hguqcsg& Nfk g{$ fgrgu{hgdgs$ qg nug ojf{gf{gk nfk |dgnsgk$ bju {hg ajjk nfk

55


23/24


-HC_[JUCN CFADG_N-

qgddbnug jb {hg snck |dnf{nocjf$ {hn{ {hg snck [ugsjugu nfk Oj`|nfcg shndd$ bju {hg kcs|n{oh

nfk bcfcshcfa jb {hg snck dj{{gucg ju dj{{gucgs$ hnrg scx `jf{hs qnuf-cfag nb{gu {hg snck

gnug gfkgk egbjug jwu qcdd nfk |dgnswug shndd$ bju nfk jf {hn{ eghndbg$ eg ojfs{uwgk$

kgg`gk nfk nkiwkagk {j eg cf nfcg qcsg nd{gugk nfk kg{gu`cfgk&

Nfk jwu bwu{hgu qcdd nfk |dgnswug cs {hn{ {hg snck dj{{gu ju dj{{nucgs shndd nfk `ncg eg

j|gfgk nfk hgdk qc{hcf jwu oc{{cg jb Djfkjf ju cf nfcg j{hgu oc{{cg ju oc{{cgs$ ju gddsqhgnug

qc{hcf {hcs jwu ugnd`g jb Gfadnfk$ qc{h swoh |ucsgs$ nu{codgs$ ojfkcocjfs nfk dc`c{nocjfs ns

{j {hg`$ {hg snck [ugsjugu nfk Oj`|nfcg$ cf {hgcu kcsougnsocjfs shndd sgg`g ojfrgfcgf{&

Nfk {hn{ c{{ shndd nfk `n eg dnqbwdd {j nfk bju {hg snck [ugsjugu nfk Oj`|nfcg {j gddgo{

nfk ohjjsg ugogcrjus$ nwkc{jus$ swurgjus$ oj`csscjfgus$ ju nfcg j{hgu jbbcogus qhn{sjgrgu$n{{ {hgcu qcdd nfk |dgnswug bju {hg eg{{gu `nushnddcfa nfk awckcfa nfk ajrgufcfa jb {hg snck

dj{{nucg ju dj{{nugs= nfk {hn{ c{{ shndeg dcmgqcsg dnqbwdd {j nfk bju {hg snck [ugsjugu nfk

nfcg {qjg jb {hg snck Ojwfsgdd {j `cfcs{gu wf{j ndd nfk grgucg swoh |gusjfs sjg gddgo{gk

nfk ohjsgf bju jbbcogus ns nbjugsnck jfg ju `jug jn{hgs bju {hgcu ajjk eghnrcjwu$ iws{ nfk

{uwg kgndcfa cf nfk nejw{ {hg dj{{nucg ju dj{{nucgs {j {hg cf{gf{ nfk |wu|jsg {hn{ fjfg jb jwu

djrcfa sweigo{s$ |w{{cfa cf {hgcu `jfcgs ju j{hguqcsg nkrgf{wucfa cf {hg snck agfgundd

dj{{gucg ju dj{{nucgs$ `ncg eg cf nfcg qcsg kgbunwkgk nfk kgogcrgk jb {hgcu snck `jfcgs ju

grcdd nfk cf-kcugo{dcg kgnd{ qc{hndd cf {hgcu snck nkrgf{wugs&

Nfk qg bwu{hgu aunff{ cf `nffgu nfk bju`g nbjugsnck$ {hn{ c{{ shndd nfk `ncg eg dnqbwdd {jnfk bju {hg snck [ugnswugu nfk Oj`|nfcg$ wfkgu {hg sgndg jb jwu Ojwfsgdd bju {hg

|dnf{nocjf$ {j |wedcshg ju {j onwsg nfk |ujowug {j eg |wedcshgk e |ujodn n-ocjf ju

j{hguqcsg$ {hg snck |ujodn`nocjf {j eg `nkg cf {hgcu fn`g e rgu{wg jb {hgcsg |ugsgf{$ {hg

snck dj{{nucg ju dj{{gucgs cf ndd oc{{cgs$ {jqfgs$ ejujwah{s$ {hujwahbncugs nfk j{hgu |dnogs

qc{hcf jwu snck ugnd`g jb Gfadnfk= nfk qg qcdd nfk oj``nfkg ndd `njus$ iws{cogs jb

|gnog$ shgucbbs$ endcbbs$ ojfs{nedgs nfk j{hgu jwu jbbcogus nfk djrcfa sweigo{s qhn{sjgrgu$

{hn{ cf fjg qcsg {hgcg hcfkgu ju kgdncg {hg |ujaugssg nfk |ujoggkcfa jb {hg snck dj{{nucg ju

dj{{nucgs ew{ eg {hgugcf nfk$ {jwohcfa {hg |ug`cssgs$ nckcfa nfk nsscs{cfa e ndd hjfgs{$

ajjk nfk dnqbwdd `gnfgs nfk gfkgrjwus&

Nfk bwu{hgu jwu qcdd nfk |dgnswug cs {hn{ cf ndd ~wgs{cjfs nfk kje{s {hn{ shndd nucsg w||jf

nfcg kcbbcowd{cg jb ojfs{uwoocjf ju cf{gu|ug{nocjf jb nfcg {hcfa ojf{gcfgk cf {hgcs ju nfcg

j{hgu jwu bju`gu dg{{ugs |n{gf{ {hg sn`g shndeg {nmgf nfk cf{gu|ug{gk cf `js{ n`|dg nfk

egfgbcocndd `nffgu bju {hg snck [ugsjugu nfk Oj`|nfcg nfk {hgcu swoogssjus nfk grgucg

`g`egu {hgug jb&

5?


24/24


-HC_[JUCN CFADG_N-

Nfk dns{d qg kjg e {hgcs |ugsgf{ ug{cbcg nfk ojfbcu`g wf{j {hg snck [ugnsjugu nfk

Oj`|nfcg$ nfk {hgcu swoogssjus bju grgu$ ndd nfk ndd `nffgu jb |ucrcdgkags$ bunfohcsgs$

dcegu{cgs$ c``wfc- {cgs$ |ughg cfgfogs$ |ujbc{{s nfk oj``jkc{cgs qhn{sjgrgu aunff{gk

wf{j {hg` cf nfcg jwu ]bju`guP dg{{ugs |n{gf{ nfk fj{ cf {hgcs |ugsgf{ ugrjmgk$ nd{gugk$

ohnffagk ju neuckagk& Nd{hjwah gx-|ugssg `gfocjf ]jb {hg {uwg gnud rndwg ju ogu{ncf{

jb {hg |ug-`csgs$ ju nf jb {hg`$ ju jb nf j{hgu acb{ ju aunf{$ e ws ju nf jb jwu

|ujagfc{jus ju |ugkgogssjus$ {j {hg nbjugsnck [ugswugu nfk Oj`|nf hgug{jbjug `nkg$ cf

{hgsg \ugsgf{s cs fj{ `nkg= ju nf s{n{w{g$ no{$ jukcfnfog$ |ujrcscjfs$ |ujodn`n{cjf$ ju

ugs{uncf{$ {j {hg ojf{unu {hgugjb hgug{jbjug `nkg$ jukncfgk$ ju |ujrckgk$ ju nf j{hgu

`n{{gu$ onwsg$ ju {hcfa$ qhn{sjgrgu$ {j {hg ojf{unu$ cf nf qcsg$ fj{qc{hs{nfkcfa&P

Cf qc{fgs qhgugjb ]qg hnrg onwsgk {hgsg jwu dg{{gus {j eg `nkg |n{gf{s&P Qc{{fgs jwu sgdbg

n{{ Qgs{`cfs{gu$ {hg {qgdrg{h kncg jb @nuoh ]>2>5P ]cf {hg fcf{h gnu jb jwu ugcaf jb

Gfadnfk$ Bunfog$ nfk Cugdnfk$ nfk jb _oj{dnfk {hg bcrg nfk bju{cg{h&P

\gu eugrg kg |ucrn{j scacddj$ g{o&

5;

Documents

HISTORIAA - PACTO DE Mayflower