Welcome to History 44

The Mexican-American in the History of the

United States II

Prof. Valadez

1

Topics • Review Mexican-American Generation 1930-1965

• 1960s The Chicano Generation

• Quiz 3 Today

• Quiz 4 Nov.24

• Paper Due Dec. 3

2

I. 1848-1900 the 1st Mexican-

American Generation

II. 1900-1929 Mexico Lindo Generation or Immigrant Gen.

III. 1930-1964 Mexican-American Generation

IV. 1965-1979 Chicano Generation

V. 1980-2000 Hispanic/Latino Gen.

3

Identity

Indigenous

Mexican

Spanish

White

4

Who Is a Chicano?

5

Read & Discuss • Which article is a primary source?

• How does Salazar define a Chicano?

– How is the Chicano different from Mexican-Americans?

6

• A Chicano is a Mexican-American with a non-Anglo image of himself

• Ruben Salazar

Yo Soy Joaquín 1967

• La raza!

Méjicano!

Español!

Latino!

Chicano!

Or whatever I call myself,

I look the same

I feel the same

I cry

And

Sing the same.

I am the masses of my people

and I refuse to be absorbed.

Who Is a Chicano?

7

1975 “Read Between the Lines” David Botello

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“El Rescate” John Zender Estrada

This tribute to Che Guevara was painted in 1978

Chicano Park 1970

LA Harbor College 1970s

Masking Mexican-American Identities http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/latinmusicusa/#/en/wat/03/02

Rock-and-Roll 1950s 1960s

13

Chicano Movement 1965-1974

1. Farm Workers

2. Land

3. Urban

4. Students

5. Chicanas (Women)

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Farm Workers Struggle

• Cesar Chavez

• Dolores Huerta

– “Si Se Puede”

• United Farm Workers 1962

• 1965 Delano Strike

• 1975 Agricultural Labor Relations Act (ALRA)

15

Land Grants

• Alianza Federal de Mercedes1962

• Reies López Tijerina

16

Tierra Amarilla Land Grant 1832

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Urban Barrios

• Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzales

– Crusade for Justice

• 1967 Yo Soy Joaquín

I Am Joaquin by Rodolfo Corky Gonzales http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6aMugitAjQ&feature=related

Yo soy Joaquín, perdido en un mundo de confusión: I am Joaquín, lost in a world of confusion, caught up in the whirl of a gringo society, confused by the rules, scorned by attitudes, suppressed by manipulation, and destroyed by modern society. My fathers have lost the economic battle and won the struggle of cultural survival. And now! I must choose between the paradox of victory of the spirit, despite physical hunger, or to exist in the grasp of American social neurosis, sterilization of the soul and a full stomach. Yes, I have come a long way to nowhere, unwillingly dragged by that monstrous, technical, industrial giant called Progress and Anglo success.... I look at myself. I watch my brothers. I shed tears of sorrow. I sow seeds of hate. I withdraw to the safety within the circle of life -- MY OWN PEOPLE I am Cuauhtémoc, proud and noble,

18

Aztlan

The Boturini Codex 1530 -1541.

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Brown Berets

• Self-determination

20

East Los Angeles Walkouts 1968

• Sal Castro

21

Women

• Elizabeth “Betita” Martinez

• Enriqueta Vasquez – El Grito del Norte

Jose Angel Gutierrez

• Gain political and economic influence for Mexican-Americans

La Raza Unida Party 1970-1974

Lyndon Johnson’s Presidency

24

• Immigration Reform 1965 or Hart-Cellar Act

– Eliminates national quota system

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Latino Americans

• http://www.pbs.org/latino-americans/en/watch-videos/#2365076196

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Legacy of the Chicano Movement 1965-1974

• Chicano Movement made the community more aware of its constitutional rights

– Bilingual education/Biculturalism

• Increased college enrollment and the creation of Chicano/a Studies

• Cultural Renaissance in art, literature, and music

• Cultural Affirmation based on an indigenous identity