Welcome to History 44

The Mexican-American in the History of the

United States II

Prof. Valadez

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I. 1848-1900 the 1st Mexican-

American Generation

II. 1900-1929 Mexico Lindo Generation or Immigrant Gen.

III. 1930-1964 Mexican-American Generation

IV. 1965-1979 Chicano Generation

V. 1980-2000 Hispanic/Latino Gen.

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Topics

• Review 1920s & the Great Depression

• World War II

• Quiz 2 on Oct. 20

• Exam 2 Oct. 29

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• When and how does the U.S. get involved in WW1?

• Why was alcohol banned in the 1920s?

• What spurred the economic growth of the 1920s?

• What did the 1924 Immigration Act do?

• What are the characteristics of the Mexico-Lindo generation?

• What were the causes of the Great Depression?

• What were the repatriations of the 1930s?

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Latinos Stars

Ramon Novarro

Lupe Velez

Dolores del Rio

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League of United Latin American Citizens

• Respect your citizenship and preserve it; honor your country, maintain its traditions in the spirit of its citizens, and embody your self into its culture and civilization.

• LULAC Code 1929 • http://lulac.org/programs/education/scholarships/

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1933 Article Discuss • Who wrote the article? When was it written?

• What is the author’s background?

• Who is the targeted audience?

• What is the historical era of the document?

• Why did LA county encouraged the repatriations?

• What are the contradictions of U.S. policy towards Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans during the 1920s and 1930s?

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Mexican Migration

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1928

– Religion became the focus of the race.

A 1928 campaign poster for the Republican ticket

Of Herbert Hoover and Charles Curtis

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– On October 29, 1929 (Black Tuesday) the stock market crashed.

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Causes of the Depression

– Land speculation bubble

– Agriculture recession

– Stagnated sales of consumer goods

Sales of new autos stagnated after 1926

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– The Depression transformed American life.

Unemployed men lined up at the New York

Municipal Lodging House in 1930

A Hooverville

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• The Worsening Economic Condition • Hawley-Smoot Tariff

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– The 1930s also witnessed severe drought, creating the Dust Bowl.

A giant dust storm engulfs

a town in western

Kansas on April 14.

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1930s rise in xenophobia

Watsonville Riot

Filipino Repatriation Act of 1935

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1930s Repatriation – Groups: local officials, business community, U.S. federal authorities in

the Labor Department, Mexican government

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• Voluntary:

• Coercive

• Deport the Indigent

• Organizations

• Governments

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A large crowd of Mexican-Americans waiting

to leave Los Angeles in 1932

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• Demonstrator protests illegal raids by the Immigration Department; courtesy the Department of Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, U.C. Los Angeles

• Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mexican family on the road with car trouble, 1936; gelatin silver print; courtesy the Bancroft Library, U.C. Berkeley

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Effects of Repatriation

Loss of a generation of established leaders

2nd generation becomes the majority: immigrants are outnumbered

http://www.pbs.org/latino-americans/en/ 33mins-48mins

2005 State of California apology

ftp://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/05-06/bill/sen/sb_0651-0700/sb_670_bill_20051007_chaptered.html

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The First New Deal

• FDR and the Election of 1932

– “new deal”.

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• The Banking Crisis • Emergency Banking Act

– Further measures transformed the American financial system.

• Glass-Steagall Act

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

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Bank Failures

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– Wagner Act of 1935

• Gave workers the legal right to form unions

Sit-down strike at a General Motors factory in

Flint, Michigan, 1937

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The Second New Deal

– The centerpiece of the Second New Deal was the Social Security Act of 1935.

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• The Election of 1936

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• World War II 1939-1945

One of the patriotic war posters issued by

the Office of War

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1. What were the causes of World War II? 2. Why does the U.S. get involved in World

War II?

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Military-Industrial Complex

I. 1848-1900 the 1st Mexican-

American Generation

II. 1900-1929 Mexico Lindo Generation or Immigrant Gen.

III. 1930-1964 Mexican-American Generation

IV. 1965-1979 Chicano Generation

V. 1980-2000 Hispanic/Latino Gen.

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"Soldado Razo" (Private Soldier) Felipe V. Leal

http://econtent.unm.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/RobbFieldRe&CISOPTR=4621&CISOBOX=1&REC=1

I am enlisting as a private soldier

I am going to enter the ranks With the brave boys Who leave a beloved mother Who leave a weeping fiancé I leave behind me this farewell I go to war content I already have my arms ready And I will return running When the game is over. I only regret one thing: Leaving my mother alone

Chorus: Dark Virgin Send me this consolation And grant me only this That heaven pray for me

My Guadalupana Virgin Protect my flag And when I find myself in a campaign A long way, alas, from my country, I will prove to everyone that my race Knows how to die anywhere

Questions for discussion

• http://www.pbs.org/latino-americans/en/watch-videos/#2365076051 1-15

• Who is the author? What do we know about the author?

• How did Mexican-Americans identify themselves?

• What is the identity that is being promoted by the author?

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World War II & the Mexican-American Generation

Guy Gabaldon

• “Battle of Saipan” he single handedly capture over 1500 enemy soldiers.

• East LA Marine: The Guy Gabaldon Story (2006)

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ibrzxnMeNo0

• http://www.kvie.org/valentia/

• Among the Valiant by Raul Morin

• 375,000 to 500,000 served

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• Good Neighbors

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Socialism

• Any theories that call for the collective or government ownership of the means of production.

• A stage of society in Marxism between capitalism and communism

• A lot of varieties

Communism

• A theory that calls for the end of private property

• A doctrine based on Marxian socialism

• A totalitarian government in which a single party controls state-owned means of production.

Fascism

• a political philosophy, movement, or regime that exalts nation and often race above the individual and is headed by a dictator.

• an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization.

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Italy

• Benito Mussolini

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Spain 1936-1939

Republicans v.s Nationalists

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Asia • 1854 Japan opens

trade with the U.S.

• Adopts Wakon-Yosai

• 1894-1895 War with China = Taiwan

• 1904-1905 War with Russia

• 1910 Korean Annex.

• 1931 Manchuria invasion

• 1937 Rape Nanjing

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Daily Schedule of the Osaka Military Middle Boarding School 6:00 Paying respects to Emperor,

6:45 Prayers and breakfast

7:15 Study

7:45 Uniform inspection

8:00 Classes

10:50 Rest, exercise

11:05 Classes

12:10 Lunch, rest, health inspection

13:00 Classes or study

14:05 Training and practice (tutoring, exercise, kendo, military psychology, etc.)

16:00 Extra-curricular activity

16:50 Weapons cleaning, bathing, dinner, one hour of study

19:50 Second hour of study

20:50 Silent contemplation

21:00 Roll call

21:30 Lights out

Europe: German Aggression

• 1919 Treaty of Versailles

• 1920-21 NAZI Party & Hitler

• 1938 Austria Annex.

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Fascism

Axis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfRq-JeUCSM

1-9, 30-40mins

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• Isolationism

– Congress favored isolationism, as seen in various Neutrality Acts.

– In 1939 Germany invades Poland. U.K. & France declare war

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• Toward Intervention

– “cash & carry” & Lend-Lease Act

– FDR froze Japanese assets in the U.S. and ended trade with Japan (including oil).

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• Pearl Harbor

– On December 7, 1941 Japanese planes launched from aircraft carriers bombed the American naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.

– FDR asked for a declaration of war against Japan.

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USS Arizona Memorial

Hawaii

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• The War in the Pacific

– The tide turned with the battles at Coral Sea and Midway in May and June 1942.

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Map 22.1 World War II in the

Pacific, 1941–1945

• The War in Europe

– D-Day http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RIIN0Ug8wg8

– Stalingrad marked the turning point.

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Map 22.2

World War II in

Europe, 1942–

1945

The Home Front • Mobilizing for War

– World War II transformed the role of the national government.

• Business and the War

– The West Coast emerged as a focus of military-industrial production.

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M-5 tanks on the assembly line at

a Detroit Cadillac plant

• Women at War

– In 1944 women made up over one-third of the civilian labor force.

– New opportunities opened for married women and mothers.

– http://www.pbs.org/latino-americans/en/watch-videos/#2365076051

– 18mins

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War on the Home Front

Executive Order 9066 • 1942 Executive Order 9066

– Ralph Lazo at Manzanar Camp

• The Bracero Program 1942-1964

– The bracero program allowed contract laborers to cross into the United States to work.

– Purpose is to relieve the labor shortage during WWII.

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