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History 06

History of the Americas II

Prof. Valadez

Political Fragmentation

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Caudillo Leadership

Caudillos

– Who was a caudillo?

Age of Caudillos Latin America 1820s-1850s

• Caudillos= Dictators

• Politically: left or right

• Creoles, mestizos

• “Personalism”

• Hacienda patrons

• Replaced the viceroy

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First governments of Latin America:

• Few resources and many obstacles

• Post-colonial hierarchies

• Economic stagnation

Caudillo Leadership • Constitutions constantly re-written

• Federalism broke up large countries – Greater Colombia = Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador

– Central American Republic

–Liberal-Conservative divide shaped Latin America

• Liberal Party/Conservative Party conflict

• Centerpiece of electoral debates in new republics

• Fragile republics

Argentina 1829-1852

• 1820s struggle

– Unitarios vs Federales

Uruguay

• Economy: cattle

• 1839-1852 civil war

– Blancos, conservatives

– Colorados, liberals

Chile

1820s political chaos

1830s political stability lead to economic prosperity (copper), unlike neighbors

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Paraguay

• Dr. Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia , dictator 1814-1840

– Nationalist

– Isolated the nation

– Eliminated old creole/spanish elite & confiscated Church wealth

• Redistribute land to small farmers

– Policy of intermarriage among the mestizos & Guarani

• Carlos Antonio Lopez

– Nationalist

– Opens trade with the world

Peru

• 1823-1850

– 6 constitutions

– 30 presidents

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• Gran Columbia 1821-1830

• Quito, conservative v.s. Guayaquil, liberals

• Juan Jose Flores 1839-1845 in power

– Supports the Church & elite

– Abolish constitution

– 1847-1861, 11 changes in govt.

Ecuador Columbia

• Francisco de Paula Santander, liberal, 1832-1837

• Fighting between conservative & liberals

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Venezuela

Jose Antonio Paez

Economy: coffee

price falls in 1840s

1848 Liberal Party overthrow Paez

1840-1860s civil war

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Central America

1821 union with Mexico

United Provinces of CA 1823-1837

Conservatives vs liberals

Church-state relations

Franciso Morazan, Honduran liberal

land reform

Church property

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Political Fragmentation

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Brazil’s Different Path

Maintained colonial institutions

– Transculturation

• Mestizo – Costumbrismo

Latin American republics remained oriented toward England, France, United States

–For Liberals, these epitomized progress and civilization

– Strong desire for trade with these countries

• Peru’s guano boom

U.S.

Economy

MA/MO/LA

California

Hide-Tallow Trade

Texas

Austin Colony

New Mexico

Santa Fe Trade

Mexican Economy

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Santa Fe Trail 1821

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Texas

– Stephen Austin

– Empresarios

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Major Battles in the Texas

Revolution, 1835–1836

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Issues between Americans and Mexican government

• 1824 Coahuila y Texas joined

• 1829 Anti-Slavery legislation

• 1830 Immigration Ban

• Change to a centralist government, which did away with the 1824 Constitution

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Battle of San Jacinto

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The Treaty of Velasco • Highly controversial treaty due to:

– Establishes the Republic of Texas

– Boundary line at the Rio Grande

– Mexico’s refusal to ratify the agreement

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Pastry War 1838

• 1828 French bakery destroyed by Mexican troops

• 600,000 pesos demand from Mexican government.

• Santa Anna hero

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Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón

General Santa Anna's Wooden Leg (Illinois State Military Museum)

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Remember The Alamo

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVLNQDdF248

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La Pérouse1786, San Carlos Mission in Carmel.

California Hide/Tallow Trade

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Judge of the Plains James Walker

American Progress 1872

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Causes of Mexican-American War

• Annexation of Texas

• Texas border dispute

• U.S. Expansionist policy (Manifest Destiny)

• Thornton Affair (immediate cause)

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Bear Flag Revolt June 14, 1846

• John Fremont

• John Sutter

• Guadalupe Vallejo

• http://www.pbs.org/latino-americans/en/watch-videos/#2365075996

• 27 min

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Battle of Old Woman’s Gun (Oct. 1846)

Capitulation of Cahuenga January 13, 1847

Andres Pico

John Fremont

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1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

• Peace treaty signed February 2, 1848 at the Cathedral of Guadalupe Hidalgo

– Ended the Mexican-American War.

– Mexico ceded 55% of its territory for $15 million.

• Mexicans under the legal jurisdiction of the U.S.

– Article VIII granted U.S. citizenship to Mexicans and stipulated

that property of every kind shall be respected.

– Article IX guaranteed Mexicans the free enjoyment of property,

Liberty, and freedom of religion.

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Gold Rush Jan.24 1848

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• Opening Japan

– Through the Mexican War, the United States gained

possession of San Diego and San Francisco

harbors, excellent ports to facilitate trade with the

Far East.

– The U.S. navy’s commodore Matthew Perry sailed warships into Tokyo Harbor

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1854 Matthew Perry in Japan Camphor Tree

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XM 5.1

Article for discussion

• Who wrote the article? When?

• Is this a primary source? Where does the primary source begin?

• Where was the document obtained from?

• What is the unfavorable comparison?

• How does the author characterizes the period after independence?

• What is the bias of the author? Is he a liberal or a conservative?

Progress • Conservatism was dominant in aftermath of

independence

• After 1850 liberals made a comeback