His 102 Exam II Notes

8/10/2019 His 102 Exam II Notes

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Exam II Lecture Notes

*October 8

The European Enlightenment and the French Revolution

Main Ideas:The Age of Revolution is a very useful concept for analyzing the social, economic, an politicalrevolutions that s!ept Europe an the Americas in the "#than "$thcenturies%

The Revolutions that occurre in &rance an other parts of the !orl ha far'reaching effects, even inplaces that i not experience revolution%

(any consier the &rench Revolution to form the )asis of our present'ay notions a)out the role of thestate an the nature of society%

The concept of the ge of Revolution! "#$8%s'8(

'lot of unfree la)or practices

'time !hen the concept of freeom emerges humans are suppose to )e free

'everyone calls for freeom )ut everyone has a ifferent efinition

'even places that i not experience revolution still !ere effecte )ecause they sa! it coming

'thin* a)out the complicate process that occurs after revolution

)hat causes revolutions

Leon Trot*sy if poverty an misery !ere enough to cause revolution, then !e !oul have revolutioneveryay

com)ination )et!een set of ieas an group of people !illing to follo! ieas ue to their )est interests

Ideas: The ge of Enlightenment in Europe "#8th centur+(

involve movement of ieas of ieas an pu)lishe texts +translation of certain texts from one nation toanother

-ecularization. trying to remove the role of the church in everyay society

'if everything is separate out, there !oul )e more success

Logic an Reason

'sense that !hat humans o is not logical, if !e )ecome logical !e can solve !orls pro)lems, )ecomes asort of religion or philosophy

Example. /otthol Ephraim Lessing, ,athan the )ise, "00$

The Ring 1ara)le . man get a )eautiful ring that is enchante, !hoever !ears it finfavor in the eyes of go, is hane o!n to favorite sons for many generations% 2hen

there is a father !ho has 3 favorite sons, 4 replicas are mae, !ise man says thatthe only thing you can o is to ta*e the ring an live honora)ly%


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'message. if !e live honora)ly everything !ill )e o*ay

'leas people to!ars acceptance of others

Li)eralism

'everyone in society shoul )e governe )y the -A(E la!, people shoul )e citizen of area rather than

su)5ect to *ing, an every citizen shoul )e seen e6ually in the eyes of the la!

'all !or* shoul receive some form of !age

'all property shoul )e o!ne )y iniviuals

'5uge people on !hat they o, not on ho! they !ere )orn

The French -onte.t: /0ncien Regime

2ho are the players7

The -tate

'Royal A)solutism +iea that *ing is a)le to control all, *ing consiere top of govertment

'state is tie to the 8atholic 8hurch

Lane Aristocracy

'lan o!ners control peasants !ho !or* lan, some peasants !or*

!age, others o not

'no)les have Tension, cooperation, an overlap !ith the state

fight a)out taxes

no)les can pay money an earn right to )ecome tax collector

+!or* for government an are lan o!ners'overlap

1easants +give up foo to pay taxes, has lea to starvation, causes peasantrevolution against lano!ner' lano!ners call on the state' )rings together lano!ners an

government

9ourgeoisie +people !ho ma*e a lot of money )ut o not have no)le title

The -rises of the #8thcentur+

'series of crises that revolve aroun )an*ruptcy of french government cause mostly )y french an inian!ar

'!hat really causes financial issues is the ai given to american soliers uring the American revolution%

'these financial issues causes a raise in taxes

'there is also a )a harvest in "0##

')oth cause severe poverty an misery in countrysie

'realization that there nees to )e some sort of revolution in france


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The Revolution 1egins

The Estates /eneral, "0#$

'representatives of france came together to attempt to come up !ith solutions%

'three estates

catholic church

aristocracy

everyone else +not much of a say

'fighting in cities )egins

'9astille +prison an location of many !eapons

citizens )urn o!n )astille

')rea riots in countrysie +people )urn o!n )a*eries an eman )rea

The price of )rea registere the political temperature of 1aris !ith the accuracy of a thermometer, an the1aris masses !ere the ecisive revolutionary force%:Eric ;o)s)a!m +"$"0'4


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'france successfully invaes )elgium

'shift in military from mercenaries to armies that only inclue native nationalities in army

The rise of nationalism an the nation'state

Napolean 9onaparte

')orn into hum)le origins

'rises up through ran*s )ase off of merit

'puts li on local revolutions an attac*s outsie nations

')uils ifferent state institutions. people are 5uge on !hat they can o +li)eralistic iea

'Reinstalls slavery

'ta*es over spain as !ell as )elgium, an northern africa

'army is motivate )y love of country

'invasion pays for itself

'!hen reaches russia, french !ere stoppe

'"#"?. peace treaty )et!een european countries +rere! national )orers of europe

-ongress of 7ienna

overseen )y Archu*e (etternich

congress appointe to come up !ith this peace treaty

see a rise in nation states

The Eects of the French Revolution

-hifts in philosophy a)out the nature of governments

'separation of church an state

The )irth of the concept of the nation'state +association !ith a specific courtry

9irth of moern state institutions

&rom force +pu)lic executions to surveillance

8ontrolling the )oy an its actions to controlling the min +government !antsloyalty

The /imits of the French Revolution

For )omen:

2omen !ere still not given freeoms an rights

Etta 1alm @Aelers


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8ercle -ocial

For enslaved people in French colonies:

Tune in on 2enesay

Main Ideas:

The Age of Revolution is a very useful concept for analyzing the social, economic, an politicalrevolutions that s!ept Europe an the Americas in the "#than "$thcenturies%

The Revolutions that occurre in &rance an other parts of the !orl ha far'reaching effects, even inplaces that i not experience revolution%

(any consier the &rench Revolution to form the )asis of our present'ay notions a)out the role of thestate an the nature of society%

*October #%4 9%#9

The aitian Revolution and /atin merican Independence

)atch: ;galit< for ll: Toussaint /ouverture and the aitian Revolution +4


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-imn 9olivar an Alexanre 1Ction+ haitian governer !ho helpe out latin americanre)els

'on one conition. they ha to a)olish slavery1eru an 8u)a

In !hat !ays !as Latin American inepenence similar to the American Revolution7

*October #6#8'8 in =lobal >erspective

Main >oints:The Age of Revolution eliminate many forms of exploitation in the name of e6uality )ut many othersremaine%

Analyzing the experiences of inustrial !or*ers, enslave people, !omen, an colonial su)5ects in theaftermath of "#F# provies insight into the promises an pitfalls of the iea of freeom%

o2 Revolutionar+ 2as the ge of Revolution2hat are the real gains of the Age of Revolution7

'for the first time people !ere e6ual +in theory people i not al!ays agree on !hat e6ualitymeant%

'vote )eing extene to citizens, concept that iniviuals shoul

have some say in the government

'a)olition of slavery

2hat !ere its limits an contraictions7

2hen !e say e6uality, !hat o !e actually mean7

'same political rights77

'

-houl political e6uality inclue social an economic e6uality7

2hen !e say political e6uality for all7 2ho o !e mean7

The limits of citizenship

'!ere !omen an slaves citizens7#8'8: The ?+mbolic End of the ge of Revolution


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European )or@ers:&romThe )ealth of ,ations +"00G toThe -ommunist Manifesto+"#F#

Aam -mith,The )ealth of ,ations +"00G'all men are create e6ual, everytime they interact !ith other men, freeom has to )e given up'history is a process of humans interacting'only !ay to reach e6uality is if they are e6ual in the mar*etplace +!or*force'goals of ivision of la)or. easier to o one thing really !ell than many things poorly'his ieas are li)eralism +everyone shoul !or* for a !age an receive a fair !age for amount of la)or

2or*ing conitions in Inustrial Economies'cities gre! increi)ly rapily. proper sanitation !as rare'!or*er neigh)orhoos !ere the )a part of the cities'people !ere not pai much +starvation !ages. enough to get )y'chil la)or is present, it is transforme. chilren !or* in factories as young as age ?'creation of ne! iseases. proucts of smo*e inhalation an poor sanitation +realization that these iseasesare man'mae

;o! i !or*ers respon7Escapism. increase in alcoholism, out)rea*s of violence

Religious an -ecular 8riticisms

'people use religion to criticize inustrialization +it is a sin

'thou shall not steal

'morally offensive

'others i not use religionH other means

'people )lame poorness on the system

1olitical Ieologies

-ocialism an 8ommunism

>arl (arx an &rierich Engels,The -ommunist Manifesto +"#F#

'(arx !as a !ealthy german, !ent to li)rary aily for ? years% all of history !as )ase

aroun money an social class on !hich you !ere )orn%'all ieas ultimately spring from materialistic tenencies'every society functions in its o!n !ays'marx an engels !rote ieas for communism +capitalism !ill come to ruin from !or*ers riot

#8'8 in European -ities

1aris'one of the first places !here riots )rea* out'there !ere not many freeomsH causes conflict !ith *ing'fight )ro*e out. small incient spar*e into a huge incient


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'avantage of !or*ers. they *ne! !hat their neigh)orhoos loo*e li*e +*ne! !ay aroun an coul )loc*roas so police coul not get in'people in paris rise up, *ing looses po!er an have a change in government'!or spreas. revolutionary activity spreasH leaers stepping o!n an reforms are passe

Louis 1hilippe'present *ing in the monarchy

The >olitical /egacies of #8'8>olitical Ideologies Emerge

8onservative. french revolution is here to stay% all people are going to eman some formof rights% nee to pass 5ust enough reforms to prevent riot% people at top !ill still )e at top

Li)eral. nee to increase num)er of citizens through eucation% people on top still stayon top, )ut people at )ottom !ill have more say% government nees to )e an ai to the people

Raical. people !ho follo! communism% only !ay to )ring a)out revolution is toorganize the !or*ing class% no ivision, all are e6ual%

Reforms and ?tate -ontrol

Dr)an changes. !ie streets an organize street names !ere forme +easier to control

The End of ?laver+ and the /imits of -itiAenship-aint =omingue ;aiti J "0$F-lave Trae a)olishe J "#


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'religious, though all shoul )e e6ual in eyes of /o

Lucy -tone'not eucate, al!ays as*e !hy !omen arent e6ual, !as tol it !as in the )i)le% taught

herself he)re! in orer to rea the original )i)le'seneca falls coul experience rapi inustrialization. people !ho are atten have )een heavily shape )yinustrialization%'starts !omens movement in "#F#

European -olonies

The 9ritish in Inia, "0F


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The pium 2ar in 8hina is 5ust one example of the resurgence of imperialism in the nineteenth century% Itis also a goo example of inirect imperial control, !hich !e have not iscusse much this semester%

The pium 2ar mar*e the )eginning of the ecline of the Ming ynasty an 8hina@s increase trae !ithother countries%

Introduction to >art I7 of the -ourseimperialismcolonialism'many colonies !on inepenence, yet there is other countries still ta*ing over others'imperialism. situation in !hich one country is a)le to control another'colonialism ha economic an religious motivation'ha racism elementsmetropolecolonial po!er'colonizing countriescolony

The 1ritain&England&-hina -onnection')ritish exerte control over inia

The 1ritish >resence in India and the >roduction of Opiumeast inia company. )ritish given right to trae in inia% all trae !ent through this

company%

1oppy'prouce !iely in inia% can )e use to prouce opium%

opium' epressant that ma*es you feel num), an immune to everything in the !orl%use as a vice that people are turning to ue to change face )ecause of inustrialization

=eman for opium in Europe

'use as a vice ppl turne to

The la)or intensity of opium prouction

'nee to process 4


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'chinese )ecome aicte an mar*et is create

Is it a !ar or is it trae7'not a !ar, little )it of violence% more li*e a traing ispute'lot of )ullying an threat of force on )oth sies')ritish come out on top )y use of threat of force8hinese opposition to the opium trae

'ont !ant healthiest mem)ers of society to )ecome aicte'!hen opium comes to china, silver leaves china an goes to european merchants'money is leaving china through illegal trae of opium

Lin Tse'hs also *no!n as 8ommissioner Lin'rising star in chinese )est an )rightest'in "#"" at age 4G, he !ent an too* the exam an out of 430 people !ho i )est on exam an got 0th'in "#3# he )ecame incharge of port at canton'realizes his goal of stopping opium trae'!ante to aress people using opium

Lin@s strategy for stopping the opium trae.

-top the users'most common users !ere sailors

-top the milemen'merchants sell it to other people !ho sell it to the user'people ma*e money selling pipes

Tal* to school teachers'!ant to )e a!are of people using

8ut off the supply')egan to )ut heas !ith )ritish')egan )oaring )ritish ships an confiscating opium on ship

'after having 5o) for a year, he collecte 4


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'treaty forme as a result. ?ports !ere opene, chinese ha to pay )ritish for cost of !ar anfor estroying opium, trae !as is no! e6ual

'once treaty !as signe other countries realize an forme traing connections !ith china

'example on one country controlling another

A ne! form of colonialism7

opium !ars sho! ho! aggressive chinese government sho!s to control traeimperialism is sho!n. threat of force !as use to inirectly rule another countryopium !as mar*s )eginning of the en of the 6ing ynasty

-hina0s )ar 2ith 5apan'5apan rises as a po!er in asia'in "#0


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'slave trae !as most valua)le commoity'"#ing Leopol II. *ing of )elgium !ho issue movement(ore european po!ers follo! 9elgium. &rance, /ermany, Italy, EnglanEuropean rivalries form in Africa

European Motivations and 5ustiCcations for Entering frica

Economic Motivations:

'Trae goos in exchange for manufacture goos'Realization that you coul )uil railroas, mines, an plantations !here nothing has yet )een

evelope'sta*ing claims on africa serves as a status sym)ol to sho! that a country is a !orl po!er'increases in technology. invention of steamship !hich allo!e transportation in africa@s rivers

-ultural 5ustiCcations:

Ieas of 8ivilization

'!e nee to )ring civilization to people !ho o not have it

'everyone has spot on laer, europeans )elieve they !ere at the top

'certain characteristics place them on top. christianity +)y spreaing christianity, they!ere civilizing africa

'!ante to sprea li)eralism to africa

'if you ma*e people !or* for a !age, you !oul )ring out the civilization in them +)uyinto goos )eing mae

-cientific Racism

'reasons people from africa !ere )iologically inferior

'most ieological an specific form of racism ever

-ocial =ar!inism. too* ieas of charles ar!in, an attempte to apply ieas tohuman )eings% 8ertain races are not aapting to moern society, they !oul either change or they !oulie off% Ta*e clearest form uner Aolf ;itler% Europeans !ere )etter suite to moern !orl, an thereforit is their responsi)ility to help the people in Africa

'ieas shape government

'even though slavery ha )een a)olishe, Africans !ere )iologically suppose to )eslaves


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European (asculinity

'european men !oul turn into pansies .no longer !or*e on farms or !ent to !ar

'seen as a !ay to engage men in !arfare to toughen them up

The >roblem 2ith Economic Development! and dvanced -iviliAation!'Europeans !ere )ringing money into Africa in orer to fun pro5ects'Africans serve as la)or force, investors came from europe, an profits !ent to investors'only money that stays in the region !as the !ages that !ere pai to !or*ers'ieas are increi)ly racist'colonialism prouces savagery

Europeans in frica4 #8$%s'As more an more groups enter region, they fight native africans as !ell as each other'people get a treaty signe in the name of their native countries !ithout their country@s permission'first time the machine gun !as use

Piolence in the 9elgian 8ongo

'in this perio, )elgian forces in congo *ille a)out ? million people% they ha a previouspopulation of G million +4< year perioThe 9erlin 8onference, "##F'Reason that !orl !ar one i not occur at this time'all european po!ers come together'istri)ute an assigne certain areas to each european po!er'people fought over rivers, so no one coul o!n rivers'largest pro)lem. not a single african present in the room% strictly european affair% imperialism at

its )est'i not stop !ars )et!een europeans an africans-amori in /uinea an the Ivory 8oast +uner french control accoring to )erlin conference'too* # years to con6uor area an to )e uner french control

frican 7isions of -olonialism/i*uyu story as retol )y Bomo >enyatta +in present'ay >enya'first presient of *enya'story of man an elephant'notion that people are not using resources loo*s sillyEmperor Te!oros of Ethiopia'you cant trust any european

)hat do Europeans do after ta@ing over a region'!ant to get money an spen as little as possi)le'maintain la! an orer. authoritarian political systems'iniviual companies getting large concessions

;ea Tax. if you !ere an african living in the territory of a certain po!er, you ha to pay a certainamount%

're6uire people to have to earn !ages

'force !age la)or

'all eucation !as one )y missionaries. !ays to teach natives a)out christianity'force la)or uring certain hours )ecause of eath )y !il animals% natives *ne! !hich hours to avoi,)ut !ere force to !or* them an !ere *ille

Ethiopia and the 1attle Of d2a4 #83'Ethiopia !as not colonize'assigne to italy at )erlin conference


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'in "##oints:Li*e Bapan an European countries, the Dnite -tates engage in imperialism uring the "#ing >amehameha to ta*e control of islans%'political unity is achieve

2orl Trae an the -hift in ;a!ai@ian Economy an -ociety')efore colonization, there !as no sense of private property% !hen europeans came over, private property!as create%'"#F


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')ecause foreign relationships !ere )ase on trae, isputes !ere create )et!een foreign countries'foreign !arships !ere )rought to ha!aii'"#Finely

'clevelan )elieve annexation !as theft, congress pass la! to annex ha!aii, an clevelan enies act%'(c*inely formally annexes ha!aii'ha!aii int )ecome a state, they )ecame a territory. pai taxes, follo!e la!s, int have representativesin senate, an coulnt vote

8u)a in 2orl ;istory"F$4 J 8hristopher 8olum)us first voyage

'olest european settlements are in cu)a'from "F$4 on they are rule )y spain'spain ha many colonies in ne! !orl, lose control of most of them except t!o

'cu)as economy is )ase on sugar, ma*es society !ealthy'D- have eyes on cu)a

;aitian Revolution an its effects on 8u)a an 1uerto Rico

Annexation Attempts in the "#?


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The D%-% Invasion of 8u)a, "#$#

D-- (aine. )lo!s up in havannah har)or'frea*e people out'people thought spanish soliers )le! up american ship'ne!spapers sho!e gruesome pictures of explosion'seen as huge an unnecessary act of violence'D- troops are sent to cu)a'spain surreners

Negotiating a 1eace. 2here are the 8u)ans7'peace treaty is only )et!een D- an -pain% 8u)a is left out'treaty forces spain to leave philipines, an gives usa control over guam an peurto rico'cu)an men an !omen are !ith guns not !anting to )e ta*en government, D- government realizes they!ill not )e a)le to ta*e control

The &irst D%-% ccupation of 8u)a, "#$#'"$art of a much larger stor+: ">anama4 ,icaragua4 aiti4 >uerto Rico(? sent troops to all of the above countries

'D- use racism to 5ustify actionsThe economic )enefits for the D%-% in the 8ari))ean an ;a!ai@i

8ommoities.

-ugar, minerals, railroas, shipping, fruits, pineapples, )ananas'largest commoity )eing sugar'still have sugar after slavery is a)olishe'small to!n in cu)a *no!n as hershey, hershey chocolate importe sugar from

hershey cu)a%'sugar ha role that oil oes toay9an*s'loans. potentially another form of imperialism'o!ners of )an* !ant people to put savings in accounts an ta*e out loans%


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'if you can get foreign government to )e a customer, you ma*e massive amounts!ithout ealing !ith a lot of people

'goal of )an*ers. get foreign government to ta*e out a loan%&inancial gain(ilitary gain

D%-% -trategic (otivations'if you have a foreign loan an you cant pay it )ac*, you can sen military an rule area until they pay it)ac*%'ma*es money for D- an *eeps foreign po!ers from coming in

1earl ;ar)or'naval )ase in ha!aii

/uantQnamo Naval 9ase'naval )ase in cu)a

nee for )ases'refill coal for steam ships'*ey to military an economic success !as ships )eing a)le to pass through panama canal for trae-uba and a2ai0i in #363'"$33. economic o!nturn in cu)a, an citizens start a revolution

'government that replaces it ecies not to go along !ith the platt amenment'9atista )ecomes ne! leaer'ran politics from 3


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'ho! migration policies emerge throughout the !orl, an !hat these policies tell us a)out thatgovernment%

Main =oals:

Thin* a)out migration as a phenomenon in human history that spreas ieas an innovations, not 5ustresponse to a crisis%

Recognize that migration controls an political )orers )et!een territories are historical% They have notal!ays existe )ut emerge throughout the !orl at roughly the same perio in history%

o2 is migration conceptualiAed in political debates and collective memor+ in theG?G

'migration is a story of heroic settlers

'migration of former slaves to north

'moern ay. latin americans to unite states

o2 else can 2e thin@ about migration

'the !ier historians ma*e the efinition the )etter !e can unerstan the past

)h+ is migration important for understanding 2orld histor+

8ross'community migration. it oesnt matter if you cross a )orer or not% Any time you leave onecommunity an enter another community, it is migration%

'if !e ta*e concept of cross communication !e can unerstan history )etter

'all of earth !as settle )y migrationH responsi)le for settling the planet

'migrants are responsi)le for spreaing goos, plants, animals, an iseases% Ex. sugar originate inmesopotamia an !as sprea throughout !orl )y migrants%

'Ex. D%-% military in 8ari))ean. places !here )ase)all is heavily playe%

'migration is a spreaer of innovation an ieas

'!e learn a lot a)out societies )ase on ho! they interact !ith migrants

Migration 2ithout restrictions "before #3%%(

'if you as*e someone ho! they felt a)out migration, you !oul get economic arguments% !e nee

migrants

'no sense of competition for 5o)s an they nee people to !or*

'not many regulations on migration, no restrictions on entry into a country% some places i regulateleaving a country, if anything people !ere force to stay put% open national )orers )ut restrictions forpeople to move !ithin )orers%

'even political )orers )et!een states !ere 5ust lines on a map% states int have soliers, !alls, orchec*points on )orers )efore "$


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2hat i migration loo* li*e7

8oerce

'ex. slave trae +all *ins of people merchants an slave traers moving aroun in africa

'ex. movement of convicts% certain english colonies !ere partly populate )y sening convicts

against their !ill%

Inenture. group of people !ho coulnt affor to come to americas !oul !or* to pay off trip%ine)te themselves to come to americas%

&ree movement. people move on their o!n% chain migration or *inship% )est !ay to preict !heresomeone !ill go is )y !here they alreay have family% &amily plays a huge role in ho! an !here peoplemove%

The >ea@ >eriod of =lobal Migration4 #8'%'%

'highest amount of migration in history

'changes in technology an transportation% steamship allo!e people to move faster an cheaper than

)efore% railroas ena)les travel to places that have not )een reacha)le )efore, they also persuae people toleave an travel%

'places that !ere seeing the most migrants !ere the places !ith the most 5o)s free% +large scale plantationsan inustries

Migration in Earl+ Debates about the =reat Divergence! & #8'%'%

The (o)ility Transition. iea that the great ivergence +great )ritain an englaninustrialize super 6uic* !as cause )y migration% places in europe ha more people coming an going!hich sprea aroun innovations an cause rapi inustrialization%

;o! oes a glo)al perspective challenge the mo)ility transition7

'if you loo* glo)ally +at asia it oesnt explain !hy the great ivergence happene% There !asgreat migration in china an asia as !ell% !hat !e thought !as 5ust happening in americas an europe !ashappening in asia as !ell%

2hat happens !hen !e fail to see migration in places7

'you start to thin* places are isolate% ho!ever there is no isolate spot on the planet%

?hifts in the 9%thcentur+

Technological ?hifts: #3%%Hrestrictions on migration

(ilitarizing 9orers. a)ility of states to monitor people an ta*e control of)orers% soliers or police forces stages along )orers, calle chec* points%

Increase -tate surveillance. personal i%% cars )ecame !iely use% !ith use of i%%people *no! more a)out you that they i in the past% invention of photographs mae i%%s accurate% passports gain high importance%

/ro!ing unerstaning among states. !eir moment of consensus !here allnations agree to aopt the pass port program% iea of iviing !orl into countries comes a)out% )orersont matter until you try to monitor peoples movement%

-ultural ?hifts:


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The nation'state an race. iea that everyone has a nation% creation ofnationalities% people )egan to associate themselves !ith a certain area% national stereotypes emerge% oncenation states are set up you have to ecie !ho is inclue an !ho is exclue +!ho is allo!e to migratein

technologycultureracismSmigration regulations

)hat do ne2 migration regulations loo@ li@e

'racial exclusions a)out !ho can come in an !ho cant

')loo test an health re6uirements are enforce in orer to enter country

'i%6% tests !ere re6uire to enter unite states

The )orld2ide Depression and -alls for Migration Restriction

'migration slo!s !hen great epression hits%

'every inustry closes oors%

'this is !hen people )lame immigrants of ta*ing 5o)s

'restrictions tightene

Eects of the ge of Migration

Dr)anization. moment in !orl history !here cities are exploing% 1opulations goesfrom mostly rural to mostly city populate%

*October #

)orld )ar I

Main >oints:

2orl 2ar I represents a moment !hen forces of inustrialization, nationalism, colonialism, an otherfactors reache their pea*%


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2orl 2ar I !as the first moment in over a century !hen Europeans 6uestione the )elief in their culturalan racial superiority%

Race and the ,ation&?tate in )orld istor+

;o! can !e analyze nationalism7

'it is a motor for history. effects outcome for historical events

Imagine 8ommunities J9eneict Anerson

'the feeling of )eing inclue in a particular community

"% (yth of e6uality

4% Limite to certain people. every nation has )orers%

3%-overeign over itself. nation has legitimacy to rule themselves%

Europe on the Eve of the )ar and the -auses of the -onJict

'22I propelle )y nationalism

'Its ifficult to unerstan causes of 22I, it !as all a)out ominance% =ifferent groups are trying to geteconomic an militaristic superiority%

'!ar starts in "$"F

8onflicts that precee 2orl 2ar I

The -cram)le for Africa. 22I prevente )y )erlin conference +potential start ofout)rea* of 22I

National Ientities in the 9al*ans.

'ottoman empire falls into ecline% as they lose control of eastern europe, european countriesscram)le to etermine !ho !ill inherit lan%

-ecret Treaties, (ilitary 9uilups, an Nationalism

'countries form allie relationships. promising support if one goes to !ar +net!or* of treatiesthroughout europe

'secret treaties cause !!i to )rea* out sooner

The Assassination of Archu*e &ranz &erinan. The &irst =omino &alls

'Assasination occurs in )al*ans +ottoman empire

-ara5evo, 9osnia. place !here archu*e !as *ille% !as controlle )y austria +place that


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is rule )y archu*e

/avrilo 1rincip. person !ho *ille archu*e% mem)er of )lac* han

The 9lac* ;an. use terrorist methos to create an inepenent nation state of ser)ia%

/reater -er)ia. )elieve that they shoul rule themselves as an inepenent nation state%

'one month after ay of assassination !ar )rea*s out%

The lliances Form

Triple lliance:/ermany, Austria';ungary, Romania +an later, the ttoman Empire

Triple Entente. &rance, Russia, an 9ritain +an ser)ia

The ugust Da+s: month 2here declarations of 2ar occured "mar@ed b+ optimismand nationalism(

-chlieffen 1lan. !hen germany invae france% germany@s attempt to start !ar% goal. movethrough )elgium an ta*e over france%

'uner the )elief that it !oul )e easy to ta*e over france

'popular to enlist in military

The Realities of Trench )arfare in Europe

'german troops get stuc* in )elgium an )oth parties lose a lot of soliers% ta*es longer than they thoughtthey !oul

'troops stoppe 4< miles from paris

'movement stops an )oth parties are at a stalemate. )oth are continuously firing at each other

'!oul )uil trenches in the mu an troops !oul camp out% No groun is )eing gaine%

'other !eapons come to play. han grenaes, tan*s, an gas increase violence%

'foot soliers are orere to march to!ars trench% ;uman )eings )ecome a !eapon +*eep enemypreoccupie as they shoot first line of soliers

'images of optimism is turne to violent images of !arfare

2ilfre !en, "$"0, =ulce et =ecorum est

The 9attle of Perun, "$"G. occurre in france )et!een french an german soliers% reason )attletoo* place at verun !as to *ill as many soliers as possi)le% german general if !e *ill as many soliersas possi)le, they !ill sen reinforcements an !e !ill *ill them to, raining out opposing solier supply

')ecomes icon of unnecessary violence


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The idea of total 2ar! and the -ontribution of -olonies

&ighting in Africa

'springs from concept of total !ar

'not 5ust trying to efeat military, !ant to efeat everything

'use all of resources to efeat opposing resources

'!hen european countries are fighting, they are not 5ust fighting in europe% places aroun !orl)ecomes sites of !arfare%

'places !here counties have colonies sen soliers to fight

'foo has to come in from colonies

'colonies provie most sources. foo, soliers, !eapons

Togolan

8ameroons

/erman -outh'2est Africa

/erman East Africa

'all four places a)ove !ere places !here fighting occure

'massive amount of territory presents challenge to army to travel great istances% huge part of !ar

effort in africa !as 5ust carrying supplies%

'colonies )ecame places !here fighting occure

&ighting on the seas

D')oats an su)marines

'use to )om) ships in orer to halter trae

The nited ?tates Enters the )ar

The /usitania: 1ritish passenger ship "british and G?G citiAens aboard(attac@edG one element that brought ? into 2ar

The immerman Telegram. german letter sent to mexico% if you attac* D- !e !ill give you all ofthe lan that previously )elonge to you that is no! D-

'(exico says no

'D- enters !ar in "$"0 in response to )oth


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'triple alliance 6uic*ly resign +D- ha ne! soliers an !eapons

The Treat+ of 7ersailles4 #3#8#3

"F 1oints an the League of Nations. forme )y !ooro! !ilson

'every nation shoul have right to rule itself

'league of nations. ?< mem)ers +D- not inclue initially )ecause senate !oul not )ac* his ieas

The Eects of the )ar

1olitical Effects.

'political )rea*o!n in germany% shortly )ecome emocracy% treaty of versailles sets harshstipulations on germany

'effects of !ar on russia causes revolution

'ottoman empire )ecomes nonexistent

8risis in Notions of European -uperiority

'previous notion of european superiority is 6uestione

=eorge 1ernard ?ha24 >reface to eartbrea@ ouse!:

NatureUs !ay of ealing !ith unhealthy conitions is unfortunately not one that compels us to conuct asolvent hygiene on a cash )asis% -he emoralizes us !ith long creits an rec*less overrafts, an thenpulls us up cruelly !ith catastrophic )an*ruptcies% Ta*e, for example, common omestic sanitation% A

!hole city generation may neglect it utterly an scanalously, if not !ith a)solute impunity, yet !ithoutany evil conse6uences that anyone thin*s of tracing to it% In a hospital t!o generations of meical stuents!ay tolerate irt an carelessness, an then go out into general practice to sprea the octrine that fresh airis a fa, an sanitation an imposture set up to ma*e profits for plum)ers% Then suenly Nature ta*es herrevenge% -he stri*es at the city !ith a pestilence an at the hospital !ith an epiemic of hospital gangrene,slaughtering right an left until the innocent young have pai for the guilty ol, an the account is)alance% An then she goes to sleep again an gives another perio of creit, !ith the same result%

This is !hat has 5ust happene in our political hygiene% 1olitical science has )een as rec*lessly neglecte)y /overnments an electorates uring my lifetime as sanitary science !as in the ays of 8harles the-econ% In international relations iplomacy has )een a )oyishly la!less affair of family intrigues,commercial an territorial )riganage, torpors of pseuo'goonature prouce )y laziness an spasms offerocious activity prouce )y terror% 9ut in these islans !e mule through% Nature gave us a longer

creit than she gave to &rance or /ermany or Russia% To 9ritish centenarians !ho ie in their )es in"$"F, any rea of having to hie unergroun in Lonon from the shells of an enemy seeme more remotean fantastic than a rea of the appearance of a colony of co)ras an rattlesna*es in >ensington /arens%In the prophetic !or*s of 8harles =ic*ens !e !ere !arne against many evils !hich have since come topassH )ut of the evil of )eing slaughtere )y a foreign foe on our o!n oorsteps there !as no shao!%Nature gave us a very long creitH an !e a)use it to the utmost% 9ut !hen she struc* at last she struc*!ith a vengeance% &or four years she smote our first)orn an heape on us plagues of !hich Egypt neverreame% They !ere all as preventa)le as the great 1lague of Lonon, an came solely )ecause they ha not)een prevente% They !ere not unone )y !inning the !ar% The earth is still )ursting !ith the ea )oiesof the victors%


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/eorge 9ernar -ha!, eartbrea@ ouse

*,ovember 6/ecture Main >oints:

=uring 2orl 2ar I, rulers in Europe an the ttoman empire falsely )elieve that all people !oul 5ointhe !ar accoring to their religious, ethnic, an national ientities%

After 2orl 2ar I, the ttoman empire !as issolve into a num)er of ne! colonies an inepenentcountries% The ne! )ounaries that !ere ra!n i not pay enough attention the people !ho live !ithinthem%

/ecture Introduction: The >roblem of 7ie2ing the )orld through the lens ofnationalism'sometimes pro)lems are create. its too easy to thin* that every country has its o!n estiny%'ma*es us loo* )ac* on history in an oversimplifie version')ecomes easy to generalize people !ithin a nation%

Decline and Reform in the Ottoman Empire4 #8$%s to #3%8'empire starts to lose lan'military losses

Territorial losses in the "#0


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'in septem)er "$"F. agreement !ith germany. germany !oul not allo! ottoman empire to loselan for five years )ut ottoman empire ha to fight alongsie germany if they go to !ar !ith russia

')ritish ecie to ta*e )ac* )attle ships an causes ottomans to ta*e sies !ith germany&ighting on the ttoman'Russian )orer'communities on )orers )egin to fight'communities start having tension, russian an ottoman government start sening out propogana'governments are paying people to fight')ecause )oth countries !ere preparing for !ar, there is poverty. a struggle for resources

The 1attles of =allipoli and ?ari@amish=allipoli'ottoman an )ritish troops fight')ecomes !ar !here ?


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/ecture Main >oints:=uring 2orl 2ar I, rulers in Europe an the ttoman empire falsely )elieve that all people !oul 5ointhe !ar accoring to their religious, ethnic, an national ientities%

After 2orl 2ar I, the ttoman empire !as issolve into a num)er of ne! colonies an inepenentcountries% The ne! )ounaries that !ere ra!n i not pay enough attention the people !ho live !ithinthem%

,ovember $

Russian Revolution

T2o events& Februar+ #3#$ and October #3#$';o! i most Russians +military an civilians experience 22I7')oth are attempts to move russia out of 22I'!or*e to move to!ar voting rights, !or*ing rights, an e6uality

'russians !ere not happy'life at home !as isrupte )y !ar

FebG #3#$

1etrogra, Tsar Nicholas II an the Duma&In the countrysie. !or*ers an animals calle to !ar'en of "$"G. "F million men ha )een mo)ilize'most !ere not elite, most !ere peasants'half of male la)or force !ere calle up'"'4 thirs of males a)sence in househols'farming machinery proucers !ere )usy ma*ing !eapons'men a)sent, !omen ha to pic* up slac* on farms'peasants )ecome last in line for fooIn the to!ns. 5o)s !ere plentiful pay an foo !ere not'ur)an !or*ers exempt from military services'if you ha a s*ill military coul use you coul up your !age'inflation in economy'government too* action against organize la)or an stri*es

'9olschevi*s an !or*er stri*es

In the military. e6uipment, foo, an morale !ere lo!'russian military loss !as enormous'"%G '"%# million *ille, 4 million prisoners, an " million missing'"$"G. troops starte )ecoming friens !ith the enemy'people from home as*e troops to push for peace

'soliers lac*e foo an e6uipment

(utiny an protest leas to provisional government'F


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&e) "$"0'lengthy foo lines'col, streets fille !ith ice'foo horing common'no !oo for heating homes'supply trains !ere )loc*e )y heavy sno! fall'local police i not stop stri*ers'stri*ers !ere not scare to protest or riot anymore. ma5or turning point'fe)% 4? factories !ere close'areas surrouning petrogra, police trie to arrest protestors, )ut !ere rescue)y the causes follo!ers'military units *ille officers'shoot outs in units. loyals verses re)els

(arch "$"0'zar nicholas II receive telegram that he nees to resign'sets up uma an he flees'uma oes not follo! orers'uma meets to set up ne! government

'split into t!o groups'lenin !as leaer of one group

septem)er 4?, "$"0' leon trots*y an the )olshevi*s !al* out of congress'the )olshevi*s )egin illegally filling the seat of congress !ith )olshevi*s, so they !ill still have

presence there

octo)er "


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soviet repu)lic

communism. supports pu)lic o!nership of lan, means of prouction, government !oul control economy

)olshevi*s too* over government in name of !or*ing classallo!e electionRevolt !as )looless. many people easily gave up po!er

lenin'uner his po!er transfer from capitalism to socialism're6ueste everyone to cease fighting

Dntil ecem)er "?, russia !as still engage in !ar'!hen pulle out of !ar, a civil !ar starte')olshevi*s +re army an anit)olshevi*s +!hite army

5uly "0 "$"# tsar nicholas II an family !as execute )y orer of lenin

Documents

His 102 Exam II Notes