hino Crystal and fiber dual-readout calorimeters: building ...ias.ust.hk/program/shared_doc/2016/201601hep... · Crystal and fiber dual-readout calorimeters: building and understanding

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Crystal and fiber dual-readout calorimeters: building and understanding them

Silvia Franchino* On behalf of the RD52 Collaboration

*Kirchhoff Institute for Physics

University of Heidelberg, Germany

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Outline

• Introduction on Dual Readout Calorimetry

• Overview on tested prototypes with RD52 CERN project

• Chrystal dual readout calorimeter results

• Fiber dual readout calorimeter results

• Construction methods for fiber Cu-Pb calorimeters

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RD52

Dual Readout Calorimetry

CERN project

RD52 is a generic detector R&D project, not linked to any experiment

Goal: • Investigate and eliminate factors that prevent us from measuring hadrons and

jets with similar precision as electrons and photons • Develop a calorimeter that is up to the challenges of future particle physics

experiments (jet energy resolution `dominant factor)

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Dual Readout Method

Hadronic shower consists of em component (π0) and non-em component (π+-) Calorimeter response to them is very different Hadronic shower characterized by large fluctuations, event by event, in • Energy sharing between those two components • Amount of invisible energy

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Hadronic shower consists of em component (π0) and non-em component (π+-) Calorimeter response to them is very different Hadronic shower characterized by large fluctuations, event by event, in • Energy sharing between those two components • Amount of invisible energy

DREAM: Reduction of fluctuations in em fraction Measurement, event by event, of em fraction of hadron showers

Simultaneous measurement, during shower development, of: • Scintillation light S (dE/dx charged particles) • Cherenkov light C (em part of the shower)

Dual Readout Method

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Original DREAM module: numbers More details in yesterday talk from Sehwook Lee

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Original DREAM module: method

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Hadronic signal linearity

Jet energy resolution Original DREAM module: results

200 GeV “jets”

R. Wigmans, 2014, Bethe Forum, Bonn

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• Build a larger detector reduce effects of side leakage Hard to do and money consuming in a prototype scale

How to improve DREAM had performance

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• Increase Cherenkov light yield (DREAM: 8p.e./GeV Fluctuations contribute 35%/√E)

• Reduce sampling fluctuations (DREAM: this effect contributed ~ 40%/√E)


• Homogeneous EM section (Crystals)

• RD52 new fiber calo (increased sampling fraction, type of fiber optimization)

TOPIC OF THIS TALK

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• Increase Cherenkov light yield (DREAM: 8p.e./GeV Fluctuations contribute 35%/√E)

• Reduce sampling fluctuations (DREAM: this effect contributed ~ 40%/√E)

• Measure Ekin neutrons, correlated to nuclear binding energy loss (invisible energy) From time structure of the signal (NIM A 598 (2009) 422)


Probing the tot. signal distribution with N fraction

N fraction anti-correlated to f em (C/S)

Time structure of DREAM signal. Tail absent in em showers

• Homogeneous EM section (Crystals)

• RD52 new fiber calo (increased sampling fraction, type of fiber optimization)

TOPIC OF THIS TALK

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Dual Readout Method

Sampling calorimetry Hom. calorimetry Two types of fibers, Cherenkov and Scintillation separated by construction

Potential to solve light yield + sampling fluctuation problem, Need to separate C and S light.

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Dual Readout Method



DREAM Cu-fiber 2003 - 11 Crystals DRC 2007-11

Single Xtals, prove of principles

• PbWO4 + Pr, Mo doped PbWO4 • BGO • BSO

Matrixes + DREAM, em section

• PbWO4 • Doped PbWO4 • BGO

2010 Pb - Tile DRC

Cu, Pb Fiber DRC 2012- 16 D

REA

M co

ll R

D5

2 co

ll

RD

52

co

ll

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Dual Readout Method



DREAM Cu-fiber 2003 - 11 Crystals DRC 2007-11

Single Xtals, prove of principles

• PbWO4 + Pr, Mo doped PbWO4 • BGO • BSO

Matrixes + DREAM, em section

• PbWO4 • Doped PbWO4 • BGO

2010 Pb - Tile DRC

Cu, Pb Fiber DRC 2012- 16 D

REA

M co

ll R

D5

2 co

ll

RD

52

co

ll

NIM A 762 (2014) 110 NIM A 735 (2014) 120 NIM A 735 (2014) 130 NIM A 808 (2016) 41

NIM A 598 (2009) 710 NIM A 686 (2012) 125 NIM A 610 (2009) 488 NIM A 584 (2008) 273

NIM A 638 (2011) 47 NIM A 640 (2011) 91 NIM A 621 (2010) 212 NIM A 604 (2009) 512 NIM A 593 (2008) 530 NIM A 595 (2008) 359

NIM A A 533 (2005) 305 NIM A A 536 (2005) 29 NIM A A 537 (2005) 537 NIM A 548 (2005) 336 NIM A 550 (2005) 185 NIM A 581 (2007) 643 NIM A 598 (2009) 422

INST 9, (2014) C05009

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Test beam @ SPS - CERN

Used particles (both polarities): 4 – 180 GeV electrons, pion/protons, muons

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Dual readout with homogeneous materials

(Crystals)

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DRC with homogeneous materials • Xtals have potential to solve light yield + sampling fluctuation problem,

• However need to separate C and S component.

( not

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RD52 Chrystal program

• 2008: PbWO4 crystal matrix + DREAM. Demonstrated the feasibility of applying the dual-readout principles in a crystal calo. Separation C and S components with signal anisotropy,

time structure (NIM A584 (2008) 273)

• 2008: PbWO4, BGO single crystals. Investigated methods to separate C and S light : spectral difference, the time structure, directionality (NIMA595 (2008) 359)

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Separation of C, S light in PbWO4, BGO

Steeper leading edge, higher amplitude C component (suppression of S component with 45C temperature)

e 50 GeV

PbWO4

(NIMA595 (2008) 359)

BGO

YELLOW filter BLUE filter

For both crystals: measured 30 p.e./GeV Cher. (in DREAM it was 8)

BGO: better separation between C and S (accuracy of C/S measurement at 1 GeV: ~ 20-30%) thanks • large decay time of the S • spectral differences

TO BE IMPROVED: • C small fraction to total light (big S light yield) • S decay time ~300 ns, too slow

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• 2009-2011: BGO, PbWO4 matrixes + DREAM. to see to what extent the dual readout principle (that worked so well to improve the hadronic performance of the DREAM in stand alone) are applicable when most of the shower is deposited in a crystal calorimeter section NIMA 598 (2009) 710, NIM A 610 (2009) 488

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Crystal matrix + DREAM calo

200 GeV “jets” BGO + DREAM

Purpose of these tests: to see to what extent the dual readout principle (that worked so well to improve the hadronic performance of the DREAM in stand alone) are applicable when most of the shower is deposited in a crystal calorimeter section

Performed tests: PbWO4 matrix, BGO single Xtal, BGO matrix from L3 experiment (100 crystals) read first with 4 and then with 16 PMT

NIMA 598 (2009) 710, NIM A 610 (2009) 488

The dual-readout principle also worked well for this hybrid calorimeter system.

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• 2009-2011: Dedicated crystals (PbWO4 doped with Pr and Mo) NIMA 604 (2009) 512, NIMA

621 (2010) 612, NIMA 686 (2012) 125

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Doped PbWO4 crystals

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Doped PbWO4 crystals

(0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%)

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Mo-doped PbWO4 crystals NIMA 604 (2009) 512

Good C/S separation

Mo-doping results: • shift emission spectrum toward higher λ

optical filters • slower S decay time (~50ns) time

information • Shift of self- absorption (measured Cherenkov

l.y only 8 p.e./GeV)

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Optimization of Mo-doping NIMA 621 (2010) 612

Choice of OPTICAL FILTERS and % of Mo doping: Compromise between:

• C and S good separation (better UV filter UG11, pure C light, not S contamination)

• C light yield and C light absorption (better softer filter, more gap between filter transmission and self absorption, less contribution to C photoelectron statistics fluctuation

C light yield (p.e./GeV) C light attenuation (in 10 cm)

C/S separation

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0.3% Mo-PbWO4 matrix

• Good E reso if reading the two sides, separation of C and S with OPTICAL FILTERS

• Investigated possibility to readout only one side (more experiment-compatible) and separate C and S with time structure (integral in different time gates)

S from integration of the tail of the signal (small p.e. statistic ) • C Linearity not good due to self absorption

Two sides readout

one sides readout

NIMA 686 (2012) 125

YELLOW filter UV filter

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• 2009-2011: Dedicated crystals (PbWO4 doped with Pr and Mo) NIMA 604 (2009) 512, NIMA

621 (2010) 612, NIMA 686 (2012) 125

• 2011 BSO- BGO single crystal performances comparison NIMA640 (2011) 91

• 2011 Separation of C and S light with Polarization of C light (BSO crystals) NIMA 638 (2011)

47

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BSO (bismuth silicate, Bi4Si3O12) (Ishii et al., Optical Materials 19, (2002); Harada et al., Jpn.J. Appl.Phys.Vol.40 (2001) ;

Kobayashi et al. Nim 205 (1983) 113-116, RD52 coll NIMA640 (2011) 91)

Same as BGO but with Si atoms instead of Ge; developed to increase rad hardness and decrease costs.

Measured results: BSO vs BSO

• faster signal (~100 ns) • smaller Scint l.y. (~1/4) • Better transparency to C light

(absorption cutoff < 300 nm) • C/S BSO ~ 5 C/S BGO

• Same absorption • C l.y. BSO > BGO

Time (ns)

Best Crystal found for dual readout calorimetry

Possibility to read onlt one side with UV or BLUE filter and discriminate S and C components with time structure

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Conclusion from testing

homogeneous DRC CONSIDERATIONS BEFORE TESTING: ADVANTAGES: • No sampling fluctuations • simpler calibration

FORESEEN DISADVANTAGES: • No sensitivity to neutrons • high cost • rad harness

ADDITIONAL OUCOMES FROM PERFORMED TESTS:

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To separate the C and S component, crystals have to be readout in non conventional way results not good as the ones obtained by standard em calorimetry

• Extraction of pure C and S signals implies • To sacrifice a large fraction of available C photons (optical filters) • C photons are attenuated by crystal UV self absorption

Chrystal + optical filters: don’t offer a benefit in term of C light yield in dual readout calorimetry

(comparable with the one measured with the RD52 fiber calorimeter)

Conclusion from testing

homogeneous DRC CONSIDERATIONS BEFORE TESTING: ADVANTAGES: • No sampling fluctuations • simpler calibration

FORESEEN DISADVANTAGES: • No sensitivity to neutrons • high cost • rad harness

ADDITIONAL OUCOMES FROM PERFORMED TESTS:

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RD52 Fiber Dual Readout Calorimetry;

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DRC fiber calorimeters

Texas Tech Uni

INFN Pavia

2003

DREAM

2012

RD52

Copper 2m long, 16.2 cm wide 19 towers, each 2 PMT

Copper, 2 modules

Lead, 9 modules

INFN Pisa

2012

RD52

Each module: 9.3 * 9.3 * 250 cm3 (10 λint) Fibers: 1024 S + 1024 C, 8 PMT Sampling fraction: 4.5, 5%

Sampling fraction: 2%

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Pb 3*3 matrix

2 Cu modules

Detailed results next week: Sehwook Lee, Michele Cascella

RD52 fiber prototypes

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Em performance RD52 Cu calo

Em performance strongly improved with the new RD52 Cu-fiber prototype. Better sampling fraction

DREAM DREAM

Cu-fiber RD52 Cu-fiber RD52

NIM A 735 (2014) 130

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At small angles: ~ 16% / sqrtE + 1% Constant term due to fluctuation in interaction point (only S) Disappears for angles >

Another advantage of new wrt old dream structure: C and S independent, sample different parts of the, possible to add the two signals Improvement in resolution (doubled sampling fraction) if combining C and S independent signals

DREAM RD52

NIM A 735 (2014) 130

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Small-angle em performance (Cu)

Fluctuations on different impact point

Em showers very narrow at the beginning; Sampling fraction depends on the impact point (fiber or dead material) If particles enter at an angle the dependence disappears

Effect NOT seen in Cherenkov signals since early part of the shower do not contribute to the signal (outside numerical aperture C fibers)

NIM 808 (2016) 41

20 GeV e

S, C: sample INDEPENDENTLY the em showers We can sum their contributions em energy resolution improves

by a factor √2

Estimated Cherenkov l.y. > 30 p.e./GeV

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e/pi separation in the Pb RD52

longitudinally unsegmented calorimeter NIM 735 (2014) 120

With combination of cuts: Electron ID efficiency: 99.8%, pion mis-ID < 0.2%

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Crucial features:

NO longitudinal segmentation

• compact construction • No intercalibration between sectors • Easily calibrate with electrons

Good (<ns) time structure reconstruction

To measure interaction depth (Used CAEN DRS 32 channels chip, 200 ps time reso, see M. Cascella talk next week)

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Construction of the RD52 fiber prototypes

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Choice of the RD52 fiber calorimeters

components Scintillating fibers : doped SCSF-78, (produced by Kuraray) + YELLOW filter to eliminate effect of self absorption in the short wavelength region (λatt >5m)

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Cherenkov fibers : PMMA based SK40 (produced by Mitsubishi), measured λatt ~ 6m. Good numerical aperture Aluminized front end (in only one Cu prototype). With Sputtering, at Fermilab.

• more C light, • more uniform response as a function of interaction depth • With precise time information, possible to know the interaction depth

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Cherenkov fibers : PMMA based SK40 (produced by Mitsubishi), measured λatt ~ 6m. Good numerical aperture Aluminized front end (in only one Cu prototype). With Sputtering, at Fermilab.

• more C light, • more uniform response as a function of interaction depth • With precise time information, possible to know the interaction depth

Phototubes: Hamamatsu R8900, a 10-stage, super-bi alkali photocathode , 21 mm size of active area. • Largest possible ratio (85%)between

the photocathode surface and the total surface to minimize dead zones between towers;

• Squared section cathode to have the best fiber packing

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Super bi alkali Photocathodes

High Quantum efficiency in the low frequency region

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Measurement of fiber absorption

Measurement done at the INFN Pisa (F. Scuri)

Transmission Loss

SK 40 less loss in the UV region

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Pb – fiber construction (INFN Pavia)

Pb fabrication: Cold extrusion (industry, Italy), both sides. Assembling in INFN Pavia, no glue used

Front face

rear face

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Pb – fiber construction (INFN Pavia)

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Cu – fiber construction (INFN Pisa)

Cu fabrication: Saw scraping (INFN Pisa ) on one side (tried both sides but more complicated alignment, stacking …)

Water cooling

Saw scraping

Assembling, pressure for gluing ~ same assembling technique as PAVIA but with glue

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Toward industrial Cu production

We have investigated many techniques in order to make grooves in Cu:

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NOT recommended by experts


• Extrusion (technique used for RD52 Pb, and for DREAM, not easy for RD52 Cu pattern) not possible with this pattern, because aspect ratio and Cu too hard Trials done in AMES lab (USA), not good depth control, risk to break the mask

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• Extrusion (technique used for RD52 Pb, and for DREAM, not easy for RD52 Cu pattern) not possible with this pattern, because aspect ratio and Cu too hard Trials done in AMES lab (USA), not good depth control

• Rolling not enough precision obtained Impossible with one face pattern Somehow done for two sides pattern but not good uniformity

Tecnique used for KLOE Pb fiber calorimeter production

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• Rolling not enough precision obtained Impossible with one face pattern Somehow done for two sides pattern but but not good uniformity

• Saw scraping with rotating calibrated disks (like PISA prototype) time consuming for big production

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• Rolling not enough precision obtained Impossible with one face pattern Somehow done for two sides pattern but but not good uniformity

• Saw scraping with rotating calibrated disks (like PISA prototype) time consuming for big production

• Water jet

• Chemical milling

+ Final rolling for fine adjustments

PROMIZING, INDUSTRIALLY COMPATIBLE

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Water jet grooving

First trial done in Iowa (water + garnet), still need to be characterized (AMES lab), but seems promising.

Additional rolling to smooth the surface and remove irregularities.

Rolling mask (AMES lab)

Nominal pressure: 4000 Atm. Trials done reducing the pressure and changing the speed

Industrial compatible

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Chemical milling

Results from the very first trial (Photolithography technique, CERN PCB lab).

First need fine tuning required to obtain the final depth (mask width, etching time)

Industrial compatible

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Chemical milling vs saw scraping

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Conclusions

What we learned from the RD52 experience …

And what need to be done for a real calorimeter experiment

(my personal point of view..)

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From RD52 fiber prototypes

to a 4π calorimeter Best solution found: Copper Dual Readout (em + had) fiber calorimeter , high fiber filling fraction, not longitudinally segmented, read out with fast electronics (< ns).

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to a 4π calorimeter

Suggestions on what needs to be done.. • Projective geometry (NIM A337 ( 1994) 326- 341)

Best solution found: Copper Dual Readout (em + had) fiber calorimeter , high fiber filling fraction, not longitudinally segmented, read out with fast electronics (< ns).

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• Use of SiPm two advantages: • Get rid of the “fiber forest”, readout closer to the end face • transversal segmentation as small as needed


Fiber bunches + PMT SiPM matrix directly coupled to end of detector

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• Rad hardness Cherenkov clear fibers (Cherenkov l.y. could become worse .. in case use quarts, but more expensive)



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• Rad hardness Cherenkov clear fibers (Cherenkov l.y. could become worse .. in case use quarts, but more expensive)

• Industrial production of grooved Copper

• Custom fast electronics • …



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Backup slides

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Calor 2010, Mark Thomson

Calorimetry for future electron colliders

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.E.P,@

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016

66 S

. Franch

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ead

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S. H

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016

v

v

v

v

67 S

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S. H

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016

Time structure, neutron component

Comparison signal shape leakage counters (average signal)

Prompt charged shower particles escaping the calorimeter

Signal produced by recoiled protons from elastic neutron scattering time constant 10-20 ns

Sensitivity to the neutrons Possible to improve resolution

Leakage counters Shower max

40GeV pi

68 S

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Calorimeter response

R. Wigmans, SPSC report

69 S

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016

70 S

. Franch

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out Calorim

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.E.P,@

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S. H

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016

71 S

. Franch

ino – Dual R

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out Calorim

etry – H

.E.P,@

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S. H

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016

Original DREAM module

72 S

. Franch

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ead

out Calorim

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S. H

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016

73 S

. Franch

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out Calorim

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S. H

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Polarization

74 S

. Franch

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out Calorim

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S. H

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016

75 S

. Franch

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out Calorim

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.E.P,@

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S. H

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Electrons in BGO matrix

Crystal matrixes em energy resolution

Electrons in 0.3% Mo-PWO

76 S

. Franch

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ead

out Calorim

etry – H

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S. H

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77 S

. Franch

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016

78 S

. Franch

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out Calorim

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.E.P,@

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S. H

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016

Aluminized front end C fibers

79 S

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out Calorim

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.E.P,@

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S. H

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016

80 S

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S. H

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016

81 S

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out Calorim

etry – H

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S. H

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016

Why Copper rather than lead?

82 S

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S. H

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016

83 S

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.E.P,@

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S. H

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016

84 S

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ead

out Calorim

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.E.P,@

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S. H

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016

Time structure (1) Average Cherenkov signal (40 GeV mixed beam) from tower around the beam axis

Particle ID possibility in longitudinally unsegmented detector.

Depth shower max ~ 5cm

Depth shower max ~ 25cm

Average depth light production ~125 cm

Shower max

40GeV mixed beam

PMT Calo

μ π e

85 S

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Comparison with other fiber calorimeters. For E > 20 GeV already the best energy resolution even at smaller angles Expected improvement for bigger angles

Best performance for E >20 GeV

For E < 20 GeV fiber to fiber disuniformities play a role; needed better fiber polishing, light mixers before PMT. Not affecting hadronic performance because large number of fiber contributing to hadronic signals

86 S

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Hadronic E reso

Monte Carlo simulations DREAM method simulated with GEANT4 2015: Repeated some of these simulations with high precision version of had. showers (neutrons followed in details)

Goal for future e+e- accelerators

W/Z hadronic decay separation, high precision GEANT4 full-size Cu RD52

Nucl. Instr. Meth. A762 (2014) 100

Documents

hino Crystal and fiber dual-readout calorimeters: building ...ias.ust.hk/program/shared_doc/2016/201601hep... · Crystal and fiber dual-readout calorimeters: building and understanding