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Higher Industry
We will be learning the following:
1.Classifying Types of Industry2.Location Factors for Industry3.Case Study (Sambre-Meuse in Belgium)
a) Location factors for original industry
b) Decline of original industryc) Effects of industrial decline
4. Location factors of new industry5. Industry on OS Maps6. Geographical Methods and Techniques
Industry
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Definition
making a new product
taking from land or sea
developing new products
providing a service
Examples
software developer
teaching
farming
baker
Task 1: Defining Industry
0%
100%
Em
plo
ym
ent
Red = Secondary
Blue = Quaternary
Green = Tertiary
Brown = Primary
Task 1: Changes In Industrial Employment
Pre Ind. Devel. Ind. Industrial Post Ind.
The graph above shows the 4 stages of industrial development from pre industrial societies, through to full blown industrial revolution societies and onto the modern post industrial societies.
Pre IndustrialThis society is dominated by primary/secondary industry. There is low level technology, so little secondary industry and a high level of automated/manual work on farms. There is a service industry to sell primary products, but this is underdeveloped.
Developing IndustrialGreater development of technology sees more quaternary jobs and so a decrease in primary jobs. Improved technology sees the first large factories and so increasing employment in the primary/secondary industry, meaning shops are needed and so primary/tertiary increases. IndustrialThis is the main secondary/tertiary phase, when production levels are at their peak, and so tertiary levels increase too. Again primary is losing out as technology replaces people and the ideas behind the technology, sees quaternary increase. Post IndustrialThe last stage (for the moment) sees the dominance of Tertiary and quaternary/secondary industry as services and ICT develop. Increased automation and mechanisation sees secondary and primary decline.
Task 2: Location Factors for Industry
There are many reasons behind the location of industry, but the key thing to remember, if added together, is cost! Remember industry is a business which wants to make money!! We will only briefly look at these factors in this task, later we will look at them in more detail through a case study. They can also be seen in terms of industrial inputs and outputs as seen below. You may be asked to describe these Inputs, Processes and Outputs.
Inputs Processes OutputsRaw Materials
ManagementProducts
Transport
Labour
Research/Development
Technology
Bi-ProductsCapital
Industrial Inertia
TrainingMarkets
Waste Disposal
Power
Processing/Making
Associated Industry
Government Policies
Raw MaterialsAny industry needs components or ____ materials in order to actually make something. Being as close as possible to your raw materials means you’ll reduce your _______. TransportIn the olden days roads were _______ in quality and so weren’t good for moving raw materials and products about. Being by a river however meant you could move things about easily and so ___________. Rail became more popular later on in the late __________ and of course today we use our extensive road network. LabourHaving a skilled labour force is important as they can help with ____________ new products, are cheaper to train and are more ______________. Being near large centres of ______________ will often ensure you have a choice of workers to employ.
raw
costs
poor
cheaply1800’s
developingproductive
population
TechnologyImprovements in technology mean that production levels ___________ and can mean a long term reduction in __________ costs as people are replaced by machines. CapitalBuilding in areas which have more people with wealth and _____________ in industry are better places to build as it easier to attract investment, success breeds success. Industrial InertiaSometimes industries locate where they have done for years despite many of the main benefits having ________________. Examples are often linked to very highly skilled workers such as in the ____________ industry in Stoke – On –Trent. The cost of training new workers elsewhere is thought to be too expensive to bother with. MarketsA large market is essential as there is no point in making products which you will not be able to sell. Also being ______ to these markets is important in order to reduce ______________ costs.
increase labour
expertise
disappeared
pottery
closetransport
PowerIn the past power sources were ________ driven, being replaced later by _________ engines using both coal and water. It is therefore logical to be located close to these for power. Today modern industrial estates like to be in areas where there is a good supply of _______________, which generally speaking is most of mainland UK. Linkages ~ Agglomeration ~ Associated IndustriesSome industries locate next to others as, rather than needing raw materials they need _____________ from these industries. For example metal working factories need to be near a steel works to get there steel and reduce transport costs. Some smaller firms locate near bigger ones, which they supply, essentially locating by their ___________ e.g. ______ & panel manufacturers locate near car factories. Government PoliciesSome industry is attracted to an area because local or national Governments reduce their location costs. This can be done by giving rate relief, the business version of Community Tax, giving ________ for training workers, having ready built factories, cheap _______ for factories etc.
watersteam
electricity
components
markets tyre
grantsrents
Case Study
General & SQA Information
An examiner will expect quite detailed knowledge of an industrial area in the EU, you will always be given the option of choosing an area you have studied. When we look at the first industrial growth we refer to it as original industry, just as it is in the exam. The area we will look at is found in southern Belgium (see area circled on map), bordering both France and Germany, centred around cities such as Liege & Charleroi. The area is known for its Iron & Coal industry, though like the UK, these industries have become rundown. The first iron works were built at Seraing, near Liege in 1823. We will find out about the high and low points in this industrial area.
Belgium
Sambre-Meuse Region
Task 3 Case Study – The Sambre-Meuse We will look at the Sambre-Meuse area of Belgium in order to look at; 1.why industry first set up there (industrial locations factors)2.why it declined (change in location factors)3.the effects of that decline 4.why new industry set up there (industrial location factors)
Decline Of Original IndustryIn the Sambre–Meuse the iron/steel and coal industries started to decline after WWII. For your exam you will need to know the reasons behind this, they will either ask you about the general decline of original industry or possibly more specifically about the decline in coal. Either way revise both!! In groups you will be given a topic and help sheet to discuss one of the following issues & report back to the rest of the class what you think;
Decline In Coal Decline In SteelEconomic Effects Of Industrial DeclineEnvironmental Effects Of Industrial DeclineSocial Effects Of Industrial Decline
When we have reviewed your information we will complete the work below with the help of a power point.
Decline Of Original Industry Sambre-Meuse
The Coal Industry
1. People use less coal at home, relying on electricity. This can be made with coal, but doesn’t use as much.2. Some of the pits became exhausted, ran out of coal, after years of extraction.
3. Countries such as Brazil are producing their own coal so there is a smaller market to sell to. Often this coal is cheaper and so Sambre-Meuse coal can’t compete.4. Power generators are using different sources of fuel such as nuclear and wind, so once again there is smaller market to sell on.
Decline Of Original Industry Sambre-Meuse
The Coal Industry
CollieryColliery
5. Heavily folded coal seams mean top layers are easy to extract, but the lower levels are very difficult to get to. It becomes inefficient to extract coal and so is therefore too expensive to mine.
Decline Of Original Industry Sambre-Meuse
The Iron/Steel Industry
1. Countries such as S.Korea & Japan have modern factories which are more productive and automated than those in the Sambre-Meuse, so provide cheaper steel. Older works have can’t cope as well with changes in market demand.
2. One reason for this is that in the 1930’s little investment was made in Belgium steel as there was an economic depression.
3. As with coal there are many more countries (Brazil) selling steel so the Belgian market share has decreased.
4. Local raw material ran out increasing costs as they had to be imported and then moved inland, which was expensive.
5. The local rail and canal networks were out dated. Canals needed to be deepened and widened to help bring in the imported raw materials in bulk (cheaper). This was very expensive and took too long to do.
6. Demand for steel has also reduced as more alternatives are used like plastic, carbon fibre and aluminium.
Decline Of Original Industry Sambre-Meuse
Economic Effects
1. Less business means less taxes, but more unemployment benefits are being claimed, which drains the government’s budget. Also services are run down as there’s less taxes, which means there is less money to be spent on them.2. Housing starts to decay as both private and council owners cant afford to invest in repairs.
3.As one industry shuts it may cause others, such as its suppliers, to shut this may cause a “vicious cycle” of decline.
4. Local shops and cafes will suffer as they’ll receive money due to customers spending less as they’re unemployed, so they may lose staff or have to close.
Decline Of Original Industry Sambre-Meuse
Environmental Effects
1. There’ll be cleaner air due less factories producing smoke and remaining ones will use electricity.
2. Derelict buildings and spoil heaps (rock from mining) create an eye sore, this is unpleasant to live in and puts off new investors to the area.
3. River Meuse and Canal Albert are heavily polluted from dumped waste. When companies close down no one to pay the bill.
Decline Of Original Industry Sambre-Meuse
Social Effects
1. As factories close down there is an increase to unemployment and poverty levels.
2. A knock on affect is for crime rate, divorces and domestic abuse to all increase.
3. With fewer job opportunities more young, skilled workers will leave the area, decreasing the chances of new investment. With less young people schools will start to close.
Task 4: Location Factors for New Industry
Location Factors
New Industry
Market
SiteTransport Labour Force
Universities
Services Environment
PowerGovernment Aid
Location Factors
New Industry
Site
Flat Land
Easy Build
Cheaper Build
Spaced Contours
Location
Suburbs
Cheap Land
Greater Supply
Large Area
Large Complex
Expansion
Location Factors
New Industry
Labour Force
Large Supply Urban Areas
More Choice Best Workers
Location Factors
New Industry
Transport
Ports EU Trade
Air Int. Meetings
Road A or M roadsQuick
Rail StationsFreight/Normal
Workers
Components
Location Factors
New Industry
Universities
Skilled Labour
Post Graduates
R & D
Collaboration
Location Factors
New Industry
Very Hard To See On Map
Government Aid
Evidence
Closed Industry
Location Factors
New Industry
MarketLocation
LocalTown
NationalMotorway
InternationalPort
SizeProfits
Location Factors
New Industry
Power
Electricty
Large Supply Pylons
Location Factors
New Industry
Services Environment
Theatres
Museums
Country ParksLess Stress
Productivity
What are these black dots and rings?
What is this line with dashes through it?
What are these large irregular shaped buildings (peach) What are these areas of white open land? What do the spaced orange lines mean?
What is the old transport method in blue? What is the black line with small “v” shapes on it?
What is this black mound?
84
Explain the advantages of a proposed new industrial estate/science park here
Task 6: Geographical Methods and Techniques (GMT)
1970 1995Number Of Firms 27 45
Number Of
Employees
3,520 1,400
Largest Employer 2,100 350
Main Types Of Firms Car Manufacturing
Engineering
Footwear Manufacturing
Food Production
Retail
Computer Supplies
Furniture Sales
Double Glazing
Main Transport
Methods
Rail
Road
Road
Vacant Sites 2 18
Sales In UK 40% 80%
Sales Out with UK 60% 20%Describe and explain for the changes that have taken place on this industrial estate between 1970 & 1995.
DescribeJust say:•what has changed e.g. the largest employer•what it was like, include date & values e.g. employed 2,100 in 1970•what it became, include date & values e.g. but was 350 in 1995 All you have to do is repeat this two or three times and you’ll get your marks!
ExplainFor the things you have described you must say why they have changed, this is more important to the examiner e.g.
The largest employer has employed less people as firms have become more automated. In 1995 the move to all road transport reflects the improvement in the motorway network and higher cost of rail transportation. The change from heavier industry/manufacturing to lighter industry reflects the decline in old industries due to foreign competition.
GMT: Annotating An Industrial Field Sketch
Flat land so easier & cheaper building
costs.
Edge of city so cheaper land values
Large car parking space for workers
Less congested roads in the suburbs for quick transport
Landscaped grounds for happier & productive workers
Large area for
sprawling estate