High School

EnglishGrammar &

CompositionWren & Martin

MULTICOLOUREDITION

by

P.C. WREN, M.A. (OXON)

and H. MARTIN, M.A. (OXON), O.B.E.

Revised byN.D.V. PRASADA RAO, M.A., D.T.E., Ph.D.

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High School English Grammar & Composition Multicolour

Wren and Martin’s monumental work High School English Grammar and Composition is available in two editions. One is a multicolour illustrated edition, and the other is a regular edition without illustrations.The material in the book has been further updated wherever it has been felt necessary, particularly in the chapters dealing with adjectives, active and passive voice, articles and prepositions. It was in the year 1972 that the revision of this book was contemplated and the publishers commissioned me to revise it thoroughly. The revised edition came out in 1973 and was very well received. One of the main features of the revised edition was the addition of a great deal of new material (such as the three chapters on structures) based on the new developments in the study of English structure and usage. Subsequently the book was revised several times and most extensively for this edition.Unlike many traditional grammar books, this book in the present form helps the student to use the language as well as giving detailed information about the language. It provides ample guidance and practice in sentence building, correct usage, comprehension, written composition and other allied areas so as to equip the student with the ability to communicate effectively in English.It is gratifying to learn that this classic work, though primarily intended for use in the Indian subcontinent, is also used in Sri Lanka, Maldives, Nepal, Bhutan, Indonesia, the Philippines, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Mauritius, the Middle East, African countries, etc. It is hoped that the book will be found useful in many more countries where English is used as a second or foreign language.

Dr N.D.V. Prasada Rao

PREFACE

Book I. Grammar CHAPTERS PAGES 1. THESENTENCE ... 10 2. SUBJECTANDPREDICATE ... 10 3. THEPHRASEANDTHECLAUSE ... 11 4. PARTSOFSPEECH ... 12 5. THENOUN:KINDSOFNOUNS ... 13 6. THENOUN:GENDER ... 16 7. THENOUN:NUMBER ... 18 8. THENOUN:CASE ... 22 9. THEADJECTIVE ... 26 10. COMPARISONOFADJECTIVES ... 30 11. ADJECTIVESUSEDASNOUNS ... 38 12. POSITIONOFADJECTIVES ... 39 13. THECORRECTUSEOFSOMEADJECTIVES ... 39 14. ARTICLES ... 42 15. PERSONALPRONOUNS ... 48 16. REFLEXIVEANDEMPHATICPRONOUNS ... 53 17. DEMONSTRATIVE,INDEFINITEANDDISTRIBUTIVEPRONOUNS ... 54 18. RELATIVEPRONOUNS ... 56 19. INTERROGATIVEPRONOUNS ... 64 20. THEVERB:TRANSITIVEANDINTRANSITIVEVERBS ... 66 21. VERBSOFINCOMPLETEPREDICATION ... 70 22. ACTIVEANDPASSIVEVOICE ... 71 23. MOOD ... 75 24. TENSES:INTRODUCTION ... 77 25. THEUSESOFTHEPRESENTANDPASTTENSES ... 80 26. THEFUTURE ... 84 27. THEVERB:PERSONANDNUMBER ... 86 28. THEINFINITIVE ... 87 29. THEPARTICIPLE ... 90 30. THEGERUND ... 95 31. IRREGULARVERBS ... 97 32. AUXILIARIESANDMODALS ... 103 33. CONJUGATIONOFTHEVERBLOVE ... 108 34. THEADVERB ... 110 35. COMPARISONOFADVERBS ... 115 36. FORMATIONOFADVERBS ... 116 37. POSITIONOFADVERBS ... 117 38. THEPREPOSITION ... 119 39. WORDSFOLLOWEDBYPREPOSITIONS ... 126 40. THECONJUNCTION ... 137 41. SOMECONJUNCTIONSANDTHEIRUSES ... 145 42. THEINTERJECTION ... 149 43. THESAMEWORDUSEDASDIFFERENTPARTSOFSPEECH ... 150

Contents

Book II. Composition

PART I: ANALYSIS, TRANSFORMATION AND SYNTHESIS

1. ANALYSISOFSIMPLESENTENCES ... 157-165 Exercises 1-7 ... 157 2. PHRASES ... 165-170 AdjectivePhrases ... 165 Exercises8-12 ... 166 AdverbPhrases ... 167 Exercises13-19 ... 167 NounPhrases ... 169 Exercises20-22 ... 169 3. CLAUSES ... 170-177 AdverbClauses ... 170 Exercises23-26 ... 171 AdjectiveClauses ... 172 Exercises 27-30 ... 173 NounClauses ... 174 Exercises31-36 ... 174 4. SENTENCES:SIMPLE,COMPOUNDANDCOMPLEX ... 177-179 Exercise 37 ... 178 5. MOREABOUTNOUNCLAUSES ... 179-181 Exercises 38-39 ... 180 6. MOREABOUTADJECTIVECLAUSES ... 181-183 Exercises40-42 ... 182 7. MOREABOUTADVERBCLAUSES ... 183-190 AdverbClausesofTime ... 183 Exercise43 ... 183 AdverbClausesofPlace ... 184 Exercise44 ... 184 AdverbClausesofPurpose ... 184 Exercise45 ... 184 AdverbClausesofCauseorReason ... 184 Exercise46 ... 184 AdverbClausesofCondition ... 184 Exercise47 ... 184 AdverbClausesofResultandConsequence ... 185 Exercise48 ... 185 AdverbClausesofComparison ... 185 Exercises49-50 ... 186 AdverbClausesofSuppositionorConcession ... 186 Exercises51-55 ... 186 8. ANALYSISOFCOMPLEXSENTENCES (ClauseAnalysis) ... 190-193 Exercise56 ... 192 9. ANALYSISOFCOMPOUNDSENTENCES(ClauseAnalysis) ... 193-196 Exercise 57 ... 195 Exercise 58 (Miscellaneous) ... 195 10. TRANSFORMATIONOFSENTENCES ... 196-203 SentencesContainingtheAdverb'too' ... 196 Exercise59 ... 196 InterchangeoftheDegreesofComparison ... 197

Exercise60 ... 197InterchangeofActiveandPassiveVoice ... 198

Exercises61-63 ... 199 InterchangeofAffirmativeandNegativeSentences ... 200 Exercises64-65 ... 200 InterchangeofInterrogativeandAssertiveSentences ... 200 Exercises66-67 ... 201 InterchangeofExclamatoryandAssertiveSentences ... 201 Exercises68-69 ... 201 InterchangeofOnePartofSpeechforAnother ... 202 Exercise 70 ... 202 11. TRANSFORMATIONOFSENTENCES(CONTD.) ... 203-216 ConversionofSimpleSentencestoCompound (Double)Sentences ... 203 Exercises 71-72 ... 203 ConversionofCompound(Double)Sentencesto SimpleSentences ... 204 Exercises73-74 ... 204 ConversionofSimpleSentencestoComplex ... 206 Exercises75-78 ... 206 ConversionofComplexSentencestoSimpleSentences ... 208 Exercises 79-82 ... 209 ConversionofCompoundSentencestoComplex ... 212 Exercises83-84 ... 212 ConversionofComplexSentencestoCompound ... 214 Exercises85-86 ... 214 Exercise 87 (Miscellaneous) ... 215 12. SYNTHESISOFSENTENCES ... 216-222 CombinationofTwoorMoreSimpleSentences intoaSingleSimpleSentence ... 216 Exercises 88-93 ... 217 Exercise94(Miscellaneous) ... 220 13. SYNTHESISOFSENTENCES(CONTD.) ... 222-224 CombinationofTwoorMoreSimpleSentences intoaSingleCompoundSentence ... 222 Exercise 95 ... 223 14. SYNTHESISOFSENTENCES(CONTD.) ... 224-230 CombinationofTwoorMoreSimpleSentences intoaSingleComplexSentence ... 224 Exercises96-100 ... 225 15. THESEQUENCEOFTENSES ... 230-232 Exercises 101-103 ... 231 16. DIRECTANDINDIRECTSPEECH ... 232-239 Exercises104-109 ... 235

PART II: CORRECT USAGE

17. AGREEMENTOFTHEVERBWITHTHESUBJECT ... 241-243 Exercise110 ... 243 18. NOUNSANDPRONOUNS ... 243-247 Exercises111-114 ... 246 19. ADJECTIVES ... 247-249 20. VERBS ... 249-252 Exercise 115 ... 252 21. ADVERBS ... 252-254 Exercise116 ... 253 22. CONJUNCTIONS ... 254-255 23. ORDEROFWORDS ... 255-257

Exercises117-118 ... 256 24. IDIOMS ... 257-263 25. IDIOMS(CONTD.) ... 263-276 26. PUNCTUATION ... 277-282 Exercises 119-122 ... 280 27. SPELLINGRULES ... 283-284 28. THEFORMATIONOFWORDS ... 284-296 Exercises123-124 ... 285 29. FIGURESOFSPEECH ... 296-301 Exercise 125 ... 301

PART III: STRUCTURES

30. VERBPATTERNS ... 303-309 Exercise126 ... 309 31. QUESTIONTAGS,SHORTANSWERS,ETC. ... 309-311 Exercises 127-130 ... 310 32. MORESTRUCTURES ... 312-315 Exercise 131 315

PART IV: WRITTEN COMPOSITION

33. PARAGRAPH-WRITING ... 317-320 PrinciplesofParagraphStructure ... 317 Examples ... 318 TheWritingofSingleParagraphs ... 319 Exercise 132 ... 320 34. STORY-WRITING ... 320-323 Hints ... 320 Specimen Outline ... 320 Exercise 133 ... 321 35. REPRODUCTIONOFASTORY-POEM ... 323-327 Hints ... 323 Specimens ... 324 Exercise134 ... 326 36. LETTER-WRITING ... 327-349 TheFormofLetters ... 327 ClassificationofLetters ... 330 SocialLetters ... 330 Exercise 135 ... 332 Exercise136 ... 334 Exercises137-139 ... 336 Exercises140-141 ... 339 NotesofInvitations ... 340 BusinessLetters ... 341 Exercise142 ... 344 LettersofApplication ... 345 Exercise143 ... 345 FurtherOfficialLetters ... 346 Exercise144 ... 346 LetterstoNewspapers ... 346 Exercise145 ... 347 MoreLetters ... 347 Exercise146 ... 348 37. COMPREHENSION ... 349-362 Specimen ... 349 Exercise147 ... 350 38. PRECIS-WRITING ... 362-376

UsesofPrecis-Writing ... 363 MethodofProcedure ... 363 ToSumUp ... 365 Specimens ... 366 Exercise148 ... 367 39. EXPANSIONOFPASSAGES ... 376-378 MethodofProcedure ... 376 Specimens ... 377 Exercise149 ... 378 40. ESSAY-WRITING ... 379-389 CharacteristicsofaGoodSchoolEssay ... 379 ClassificationofEssays ... 380 Example ... 382 The Elephant ... 382 BareOutline ... 383 FullOutline ... 383 WritingtheEssay ... 384 SummaryofMethodofProcedure ... 385 Holidays ... 385 BooksandReading ... 385 AVisittoaBookFair ... 386 AHouseonFire ... 386 The Elephant ... 387 PopulationGrowth ... 387 ‘‘SpreadingGreeneryforaHealthyLiving’’ ... 388 Exercises 150-151 ... 388 41. AUTOBIOGRAPHIES ... 389-391 Specimens ... 389 Exercises152-154 ... 390 42. DIALOGUE-WRITING ... 391-399 MethodofProcedure ... 391 SpecialHints ... 391 Specimens ... 392 Exercises155-162 ... 396 43. THEAPPRECIATIONOFPOETRY ... 399-409 AppreciationofthePoem ... 404 Specimens ... 404 Exercise163 ... 406 44. PARAPHRASING ... 409-429 UsesofParaphrasing ... 409 CharacteristicsofaGoodParaphrase ... 410 TheParaphraseofPoetry ... 411 SpecialHints ... 412 MethodofProcedure ... 413 Specimens ... 414 Exercise164 ... 415 45. COMMONABBREVIATIONS ... 419-420

An authentic and useful solution of this book entitled. “A Key to Wren and Martin’s High School English Grammar and Composition” is also available.

English Grammar

This section presents the various grammatical forms and relates them to meanings and uses. The clear explanations and examples, followed by a lot of

practice material, will help you to understand the grammatical system and make correct sentences.

Can we say ‘two dozens bananas’? We can’t. We should say ‘two dozen bananas’. Dozen score, hundred, thousand and million don’t take -s when a number comes before them. You will find this point in chapter 7.

We normally use any (not some) in questions, e.g.  Have you bought any biscuits ?But we can’t say to our guests :  Would you like any biscuits ?We should say :  Would you like some biscuits ?We should use some in questions when we expect people to say ‘yes’, for ex-

ample, in offers and requests. (Chapter 13)Can you correct this sentence ?  Gopal usually goes to the college by bus.We should omit the before college. We can’t use the or a/an before school,

college, university, church, hospital and prison when we think about the normal purpose of these places. (Chapter 14)

Read the following conversation :  ‘Have you decided what to do ?’ - ‘Yes. I will resign the job.’The second speaker has made a mistake. The sentence should be : ‘I am going

to resign the job’. We should use will when we decide to do something at the time of speaking. When we have decided to do something before talking about it, we should use the going to form, not will. (Chapter 26)

The following sentence is incorrect :  It has been raining since two hours.We should use for, not since. Since is used with a point of time and for with

a period of time (Chapter 38).And there are a lot of points like these to learn. You will find the usage points

woven into the description of the grammatical system. Note that you can’t master grammar by merely reading the rules and examples. You should PRACTISE. Don’t neglect to do the exercises.

High School English Grammar andComposition Book (Multicolour Edition)

Publisher : SChand Publications ISBN : 9789352530083 Author : Wren And Martin

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