1. Introduction MethodsA buildings energy signature and general environmentalimpact are highly dependent on the behavior of theHigh Performance Refers to People TooOccupant Focused Approach Ethnographic Evaluationsoccupants and O&M personnel. Conversely, occupantSurveysInterviews Observationssatisfaction, productivity, and health are highly dependenton the nature of the building they occupy and how it is Marcel Harmon M.E. Group, Inc., Kansas City, MO 64111operated and maintained. Any High Performance / LEED /Green facility that doesnt actively take these reciprocal Human Factors and Sustainability Analysis of Contextual Relationshipsrelationships into account isnt truly high performance. Measuring & Estimating:Daylighting - Compared to little or no daylighting, Personal Control - Increased tenant environmental controlclassrooms with large amounts of daylighting have beenhave been found to provide average measured workforceo Occupant Impact on Building PerformanceBut where are the people? found to increase the rate of student learning by:productivity gains of: o Occupant Satisfaction & Engagement 20% in math 7.1% with lighting control,o Occupant Performance/Productivity 26% in reading 1.8% with ventilation control, and o Occupant Health Related CostsSource: Heschong Mahone Group. 1999. Daylighting in Schools: An Investigation into the Relationship Between Daylight and HumanPerformance. Report submitted to Pacific Gas and Electric. http://www.h-m-g.com. 1.2% with thermal control. Integration of this Process Into:Source: Kats, G., L. Alevantis, A. Berman, E. Mills, and J. Perlman. 2003. The Costs and Financial Benefits of Green Building: A Report to CaliforniasSustainable Building Task Force. o Programming/Planning and Design o RetrocommissioiningRelevant Human Factor ExamplesThermal Comfort Discomfort represented by non- o Post Occupancy EvaluationsEdward Gonzales Elementary School: POEoptimal temperature ranges have been shown todecrease occupant performance / productivity on either o Operations and MaintenanceDaylighting Quality & Energy Consumption Segmented light shelf allowed direct sunlight toside of the optimal temperature range by up to 9%. Final recommendations take the form of:Source: Seppnen, O., W. J. Fisk, and Q. H. Lei. 2006. Effect of Temperature on Task Performance in Office Environment. Publication No. LBNL-penetrate south classrooms and create glare 60946. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, CA.Source: Wargocki, P. and O. Seppnen, editors. 2006. Indoor Climate and Productivity in Offices, Guidebook No. 6. Rehva (Federation of 1) individual occupant/maintenance personnel behaviorEuropean Heating and Air-Conditioning Associations), Brussels, Belgium.problems; as a result blinds are closed and lightsmodification,turned on. Conrad Duberstein U.S. Post Office & Courthouse: Retrocommissioning+2) facility/design modification, and/orReflected Daylight 3) company/organizational policy modification.Image by Trey Hedden, McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MITClerestory Window Personal ControlUnwritten Rules of InteractionSuspended Being cold is the # 1 complaint. Space HeaterPLANNINGFluorescentPersonal Space Boundaries Fixture Personal space heaters used to gain control overSegmented LightOrganizational Policies Shelf, Composed of space temperature.Linear Slats Separated INVESTIGATIVE PHASEDecision Making Process by Small Gaps Additional electrical load estimated at $14,000 - Clothing Style PreferencesFIELDWORKANALYSISINITIALDirect Sunlight$26,600 annually. Group Dynamics Entering Through Gaps ASSESSMENT(See AssociatedPercentage of Each Genders ResponsesPattern on Wall)80%70%60%50%Source: Harmon, M. J. and R. D. Leonard. 2007. A Post Occupancy Evaluation of the Edward Gonzales Elementary School,Albuquerque Public School District, Albuquerque, NM. Prepared for The New Mexico Public School Facility Authority, by 40% 74% IMPLEMENTATION PHASEHuman Inquiry. Professional report in possession of client. 30%20%43% 41%10%16%23%14%6%9% 0% OWNER HANDOFF ComfortableComfortableCool/ColdWarm/Hot Cool/Cold Warm/HotHot & Cold Variation Hot & Cold VariationTypes of CommunicationEducation Levels/TypeSource: http://www.yankodesign.com/2009/12/22/always-take-Baca/Dloay azhi Community School: POE Conclusion the-stairs/Perception of Personal Control Types of Communication Cultural Conflict with LEEDA truly high performance building also refers to the Attitudes Placing the media centerMens Responses Womens Responsesperformance, well being, and satisfaction of its occupants. Habits (and the story pit) at the Thermal Comfort IssuesInsuring this requires a systematic accounting of occupant Health/Fitness Levelsvery center emphasizes Productivity/performance loss due to temperatureneeds / behavior during design, evaluation, andthe importance ofvariability: $67,500 annually.operations. Otherwise the intended energy savings, GHGknowledge in Navajo Productivity loss from contacting O&M: $825,000 reductions and general quality of the occupant experience will not be achieved.Ignore Human Factors & culture. annually. Some Estimated Annual Performance/Productivity & Health But also eliminated viewPsychological Energy Performance Below Expectations Savings Resulting from ECMsglass. Water Usage Above Expectations $6,000,000 Recommended ECMs Estimated OccupantSavings Recycling Programs Not Meeting Expectations Source: Harmon, M. J. and R. D. Leonard. 2005. A Post Occupancy Evaluation of the Baca/Dloay azhi Community School,Prewitt, NM. PowerPoint Presentation Prepared for The New Mexico Public School Facility Authority, by Human Inquiry. $5,000,000 Annual Productivity Losses Due to Social / CulturalBehaviorPhysiologicalPresentation in possession of client. & Needs Building Wear/Tear Above Expectations Distracting Noises: $4,000,000 $3,569,000Annual Productivity Losses Due to Carbon Footprint Above Expectations Limited Daylighting and ExteriorViews: Tenant Complaints & Turnover Rates Above Expectations$3,000,000 Annual Productivity Losses Due toOccupancy Sensors:Building & Low Levels of Occupant Productivity/Performance Net Zero and Behavior$2,000,000 Annual Productivity Losses Due toOrganization OccupantO&M PoliciesLack of, or Limited, Personal Lighting Policies & Absenteeism Above ExpectationsEncouraging Energy Conserving BehaviorControl:Annual Productivity Losses ResultingProceduresPerformance& Procedures $1,000,000 Sick Building Syndrome Symptoms Above Expectations Transparency and Competition: Add Point-of-Use,$872,284From Low Ventilation Rates: & HealthAnnual Productivity Losses Attributed Employee Turnover Rates Real-time and Recordable Energy Meters at$0Productivity / Health SavingsBuilding System ECM Savingsto Short Term Sick Leave ResultingFrom Low Ventilation Rates:Above ExpectationsIndividual Workstations, in classrooms, etc.-$1,000,000 Community Perceptions Source: M.E. Group, Inc. Retro-Commissioning Final Report for the Conrad Duberstein U.S. Courthouse and Post Office Building, NY0399ZZ, Brooklyn, NY. Prepared for theGeneral Services Administration by M.E. Group, Inc. Report in possession of client.BuildingsEnvironmentof Facility LowDecision Making ProcessesLong Term vs. Short Term Benefits Research suggests that the more people who have a say in the Source: M.E. Group, Inc. 2010. Retro-Commissioning Final Report for the Conrad Duberstein U.S. Courthouse and Post Office Building, NY0399ZZ, Brooklyn, NY. Prepared for the General Services Administration by M.E. Group, Inc. Report in possession of client.decisions involved in a building project (particularly earlier in the Source: Burgess, J. and M. Nye. 2008. Re-materialising Energy Use Through Transparent Monitoring Systems. Energy Policy 36:4454-design process), the more likely it will be designed and built 4459.sustainably (LEED or otherwise), all else being equal. For further information Incorporating productivity and health benefits directly into Please contact marcel.harmon@megroup.com and visit Source: Turner, C. and M. Frankel 2008. Energy Performance of LEED for New Construction Buildings. New Buildings Institute. LCCAs. www.megroup.com.