HFSS for Antenna-RF Training Guide v12

1-1ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.February 23, 2009

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2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.January 31, 2010

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Chapter 1 - Introduction

Ansoft Antenna/RF Training Guide

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Training ManualTraining Manual



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Inventory Number: 002846

4th Edition

HFSS Release: 12.1Designer/Nexxim Release: 5.0.1

Published Date: January 31, 2010

Registered Trademarks:ANSYS is a registered trademark of SAS IP Inc.

All other product names mentioned in this manual are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective manufacturers.

Disclaimer Notice:This document has been reviewed and approved in accordance with the ANSYS, Inc. Documentation Review and Approval Procedures. This ANSYS Inc. software product (the Program) and program documentation (Documentation) are furnished by ANSYS, Inc. under an ANSYS Software License Agreement that contains provisions concerning non-disclosure, copying, length and nature of use, warranties, disclaimers and remedies, and other provisions. The Program and Documentation may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of that License Agreement.

Copyright 2008 SAS IP, Inc.

Proprietary data. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

All Rights Reserved.

Training Manual

Ansoft HFSS for Antenna/RF User Guide

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Table of Contents

Lectures

1. Introduction

2. Simulation Overview

3. Boundary Conditions

4. Mesh Operations/Advanced Solver Settings

5. Phased Array Design

6. Antenna Post Processing

7. Complex Geometry Modeling

8. An Introduction to Optimetrics

9. Field Calculator

10. Radar Cross Section (RCS)

11. An Introduction to HFSS-IE

Workshops

1. Examples Phased Array

HFSS: Waveguide Array 1-1

2. Examples Optimetrics

HFSS: Shorted Patch 2-1

Ansoft Designer: Dual-Band WLAN Antenna 2-2

3. Examples Push Excitations

Ansoft Designer: Active Antenna Array 3-1

4. Examples RCS

HFSS: RCS of a PEC Cube 4-1

5. Examples HFSS-IE

HFSS-IE: RCS of a PEC Cube 5-1

HFSS-IE: Reflector (HFSS DataLink) 5-2

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Welcome to Ansoft HFSS

What is HFSS? HFSS is a high-performance full-wave electromagnetic(EM) field simulator for arbitrary 3D volumetric passive device

modeling that takes advantage of the familiar Microsoft Windows graphical user interface. It integrates simulation,

visualization, solid modeling, and automation in an easy-to-learn environment where solutions to your 3D EM problems

are quickly and accurately obtained. Ansoft HFSS employs the Finite Element Method (FEM), adaptive meshing, and

brilliant graphics to give you unparalleled performance and insight to all of your 3D EM problems. Ansoft HFSS can be

used to calculate parameters such as S-Parameters, Resonant Frequency, and Fields. Typical uses include:

Antennas/Mobile Communications Patches, Dipoles, Horns, Conformal Cell Phone Antennas, Quadrafilar Helix, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), Infinite Arrays, Radar Cross Section (RCS), Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS)

Waveguide Filters, Resonators, Transitions, Couplers

Filters Cavity Filters, Microstrip, Dielectric Package Modeling BGA, QFP, Flip-Chip

EMC/EMI Shield Enclosures, Coupling, Near- or Far-Field Radiation

PCB Board Modeling Power/Ground planes, Mesh Grid Grounds, Backplanes

Silicon/GaAs - Spiral Inductors, Transformers

Connectors Coax, SFP/XFP, Backplane, Transitions

HFSS is an interactive simulation system whose basic mesh element is a tetrahedron. This allows you to solve any

arbitrary 3D geometry, especially those with complex curves and shapes, in a fraction of the time it would take using

other techniques.

The name HFSS stands for High Frequency Structure Simulator. Ansoft pioneered the use of the Finite Element

Method (FEM) for EM simulation by developing/implementing technologies such as tangential vector finite elements,

adaptive meshing, and Adaptive Lanczos-Pade Sweep (ALPS). Today, HFSS continues to lead the industry with

innovations such as Modes-to-Nodes and Full-Wave Spice.

Ansoft HFSS has evolved over a period of years with input from many users and industries. In industry, Ansoft HFSS

is the tool of choice for high-productivity research, development, and virtual prototyping.

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Installing the Ansoft HFSS software

System Requirements For up-to-date information, refer to the HFSS Installation Guide

Installing the Ansoft HFSS Software For up-to-date information, refer to the HFSS Installation Guide

Starting Ansoft HFSS Click the Microsoft Start button, select Programs, and select the Ansoft, HFSS 12 program group. Click HFSS 12.

Or Double click on the HFSS 12 icon on the Windows Desktop

NOTE: You should make backup copies of all HFSS projects created with a

previous version of the software before opening them in HFSS 12

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Web Update

WebUpdate This feature allows you to update any existing Ansoft software from the WebUpdate window. This feature automatically

scans your system to find any Ansoft software, and then allows you to download any updates if they are available.

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Getting Help

Getting Help If you have any questions while you are using Ansoft HFSS you can find answers in several ways:

Ansoft HFSS Online Help provides assistance while you are working.

To get help about a specific, active dialog box, click the Help button in the dialog box or press the F1 key.

Select the menu item Help > Contents to access the online help system.

Tooltips are available to provide information about tools on the toolbars or dialog boxes. When you hold the

pointer over a tool for a brief time, a tooltip appears to display the name of the tool.

As you move the pointer over a tool or click a menu item, the Status Bar at the bottom of the Ansoft HFSS

window provides a brief description of the function of the tool or menu item.

The Ansoft HFSS Getting Started guide provides detailed information about using HFSS to create and solve

3D EM projects.

Ansoft Technical Support

To contact Ansoft technical support staff in your geographical area, please log on to the Ansoft corporate

website, www.ansoft.com and select Contact.

Your Ansoft sales engineer may also be contacted in order to obtain this information.

Visiting the Ansoft Web Site If your computer is connected to the Internet, you can visit the Ansoft Web site to learn more about the Ansoft company

and products.

From the Ansoft Desktop

Select the menu item Help > Ansoft Corporate Website to access the Online Technical Support (OTS)

system.

From your Internet browser

Visit www.ansoft.com

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Technical Support

For Technical Support The following link will direct you to the Ansoft Support Page. The Ansoft Support Pages provide additional

documentation, training, and application notes. Web Site: http://www.ansoft.com/support.cfm

University Support Email Support: [email protected]

North America Commercial Support Email Support:

[email protected]

The names and numbers in this list may change without notice

Technical Support:

9-4 EST:

Pittsburgh, PA

(412) 261-3200 x199

Burlington, MA

(781) 229-8900 x199

9-4 PST:

San Jose, CA

(408) 261-9095 x199

Irvine, CA

(714) 417-9311 x199

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Ansoft Desktop Terms

Ansoft Desktop Terms The Ansoft HFSS Desktop has several optional panels:

A Project Manager which contains a design tree which lists the structure of the project.

A Message Manager that allows you to view any errors or warnings that occur before you begin a simulation.

A Property Window that displays and allows you to change model parameters or attributes.

A Progress Window that displays solution progress.

A 3D Modeler Window which contains the model and model tree for the active design.

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Ansoft HFSS Desktop

Menu

bar

Progress

Window

Property Window

Message

Manager

Project

Manager

with project

tree

Status

bar

3D Modeler

Window

Toolbars

Coordinate Entry Fields

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Project Manager

Project

Design

Design Results

Design Setup

Design AutomationParametric

OptimizationSensitivityStatistical

Project Manager Window

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Property Window

Property Window

Property tabs

Property

buttonsProperty

table

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Ansoft 3D Modeler

EdgeVertex

Plane

Coordinate System (CS)

Origin

Face

Model

3D Modeler Window

Graphics

area

Model

3D Modeler

design tree

Context menu

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3D Modeler Design Tree

Grouped by Material

Object View

Material

Object

Object Command

History

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Design Windows

Design Windows In the Ansoft HFSS Desktop, each project can have multiple designs and each design is displayed in a separate

window.

You can have multiple projects and design windows open at the same time. Also, you can have multiple views of the

same design visible at the same time.

To arrange the windows, you can drag them by the title bar, and resize them by dragging a corner or border. Also, you

can select one of the following menu options: Window >Cascade, Window >Tile Vertically, or Window > Tile

Horizontally.

To organize your Ansoft HFSS window, you can iconize open designs. Click the Iconize ** symbol in the upper right

corner of the document border. An icon appears in the lower part of the Ansoft HFSS window. If the icon is not visible,

it may be behind another open document. Resize any open documents as necessary. Select the menu item Window

> Arrange Icons to arrange them at the bottom of the Ansoft HFSS window.

Select the menu item Window > Close All to close all open design. You are prompted to Save unsaved designs.

Design icons

Iconize

Symbol

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Toolbars

Toolbars The toolbar buttons are shortcuts for frequently used commands. Most of the available toolbars are displayed in this

illustration of the Ansoft HFSS initial screen, but your Ansoft HFSS window probably will not be arranged this way. You

can customize your toolbar display in a way that is convenient for you.

Some toolbars are always displayed; other toolbars display automatically when you select a document of the related

type. For example, when you select a 2D report from the project tree, the 2D report toolbar displays.

To display or hide individual toolbars: Right-click the Ansoft HFSS window frame.

A list of all the toolbars is displayed. The toolbars with a check mark beside them are visible; the toolbars without a check mark are hidden. Click the toolbar name to turn its display on or off

To make changes to the toolbars, select the menu item Tools > Customize. See Customize and Arrange Toolbars on

the next page.

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Toolbars

Customize and Arrange Toolbars Select the menu item Tools > Customize, or right-click the Ansoft HFSS window frame and click Customize at the

bottom of the toolbar list.

In the Customize dialog, you can do the following:

View a Description of the toolbar commands

Select an item from the Component pull-down list

Select an item from the Category list

Using the mouse click on the Buttons to display the Description

Click the Close button when you are finished

Toggle the visibility of toolbars

From the Toolbar list, toggle the check boxes to control the visibility of the toolbars

Click the Close button when you are finished

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Overview

Ansoft HFSS Desktop The Ansoft HFSS Desktop provides an intuitive, easy-to-use interface for developing passive RF device models.

Creating designs, involves the following:

Parametric Model Generation creating the geometry, boundaries and excitations

Analysis Setup defining solution setup and frequency sweeps

Results creating 2D/3D reports and field plots

Solve Loop - the solution process is fully automated

To understand how these processes co-exist, examine the illustration shown on the next page.

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Overview

Design

Solution Type

Boundaries

Excitations

Mesh

OperationsAnalysis

Solution Setup

Frequency Sweep

Parametric ModelGeometry/Materials

Results2D Reports

Fields

Mesh

RefinementSolve

Update

Converged

Analyze

Finished

Solve Loop

NO

YES

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Opening a Design

Opening a HFSS project Opening a New project

In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > New.

Select the menu Project > Insert HFSS Design.

Opening an Existing HFSS project

In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu File > Open.

Use the Open dialog to select the project.

Click Open to open the project

Opening an Existing Project from Explorer

You can open a project directly from the Microsoft Windows Explorer.

To open a project from Windows Explorer, do one of the following:

Double-click on the name of the project in Windows Explorer.

Right-click the name of the project in Windows Explorer and select Open from the shortcut menu.

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Set Solution Type

Set Solution Type This section describes how to set the Solution Type. The Solution Type defines the type of results, how the excitations

are defined, and the convergence. The following Solution Types are available:

Driven Modal - calculates the modal-based S-parameters. The S-matrix solutions will be expressed in terms of the incident and reflected powers of waveguide modes.

Driven Terminal - calculates the terminal-based S-parameters of multi-conductor transmission line ports. The S-matrix solutions will be expressed in terms of terminal voltages and currents.

Eignemode calculate the eigenmodes, or resonances, of a structure. The Eigenmode solver finds the resonant frequencies of the structure and the fields at those resonant frequencies.

Convergence

Driven Modal Delta S for modal S-Parameters. This was the only convergence method available for Driven Solutions in previous versions.

Driven Terminal Delta S for the single-ended or differential nodal S-Parameters.

Eigenmode - Delta F

To set the solution type:

Select the menu item HFSS > Solution Type

Choose one of the following:

Driven Modal

Driven Terminal

Eigenmode

Click the OK button

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Converting older files

Converting Older HFSS file to HFSS 12 Because of changes to the HFSS files with the development of HFSS 12, opening a HFSS project from an earlier

release may take more time than you are used to experiencing. However, once the file has been opened and saved,

subsequent opening time will return to normal

Ansoft HFSS 12 provides a way for you to automatically convert your HFSS projects from an earlier version to the

HFSS 12 format.

To access HFSS projects in an earlier version.

Select the menu item File > Open

Files of Type: Ansoft HFSS Project Files (.hfss)

Browse to the existing project and select the .hfss file

Click the Open button



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Chapter 2 Simulation Basics


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2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.


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Core Technology

HFSS High Frequency Structure Simulator

Arbitrary 3D Volumetric Full-Wave Field Solver

Ansoft Desktop

Advanced ACIS based Modeling

True Parametric Technology Dynamic Editing

Powerful Report Generation

Dynamic Field Visualization

Design Flow Automation

Optimetrics/Ansoft Designer/AnsoftLinks

Advanced Material Types

Frequency Dependent Materials

Non-linear Materials

Anisotropic Materials

Advanced Boundary Conditions

Radiation and Perfectly Matched Layers

Symmetry, Finite Conductivity, Infinite Planes, RLC, and Layered Impedance

Master/Slave Unit Cells

Advanced Solver Technology

Automatic Conformal Mesh Generation

Adaptive Mesh Generation

Internal/External Excitations Includes Loss

ALPS Fast Frequency Sweep

Eigenmode

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Common HFSS Applications

Antenna

Planar Antennas - Patches, Dipoles, Horns, Conformal Cell Phone Antennas, Spirals

Waveguide Circular/Square Horns

Wire Dipole, Helix

Arrays - Infinite Arrays, Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS) & Photonic Band Gaps (PBG)

Radar Cross Section (RCS)

Microwave

Filters Cavity Filters, Microstrip, Dielectric

EMC/EMI Shield Enclosures, Coupling, Near- or Far-Field Radiation

Connectors Coax, SFP/XFP, Backplane, Transitions

Waveguide Filters, Resonators, Transitions, Couplers

Silicon/GaSa - Spiral Inductors, Transformers

Signal Integrity/High-Speed Digital

Package Modeling BGA, QFP, Flip-Chip

PCB Board Modeling Power/Ground planes, Mesh Grid Grounds, Backplanes

Connectors SFP/XFP, VHDM, GBX, NexLev, Coax

Transitions Differential/Single-ended Vias

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HFSS - Results

Matrix Data Modal/Terminal/Differential

S-, Y-, and Z-Parameters

VSWR

Excitations

Complex Propagation Constant (Gamma)

Zo

Full-Wave Spice

Full-Wave Spice Broadband Model

Lumped RLC Low Frequency Model

Partial Fraction - Matlab

Export Formats HSPICE, PSPICE, Cadence Spectre, and Maxwell SPICE

Common Display Formats:

Rectangular, Polar

Smith Chart

Data Tables

Common Output Formats:

Neutral Models Files (NMF) (Optimetrics only)

Parametric Results

Touchstone, Data Tables, Matlab, Citifile

Graphics Windows Clipboard

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HFSS - Results

Fields Modal/Terminal/Differential

Electric Field

Magnetic Field

Current (Volume/Surface)

Power

Specific Absorption Rate

Radiation

2D/3D Far-/Near-Fields

Arrays Regular and Custom Setups

RCS

Field Calculator

User Defined Field Calculations

Common Display Formats

Volume

Surface

Vector

2D Reports Rectangular, Polar, Radiation Patterns

Common Output Formats:

Animations AVI, GIF

Data Tables

Graphics Windows Clipboard, BMP, GIF, JPG, TIFF, VRML

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What is HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator)? HFSS is the industry-standard software for S-parameter, full-wave SPICE extraction and

electromagnetic simulation of high-frequency and high-speed components. HFSS is widely used for

the design of on-chip embedded passives, PCB interconnects, antennas, RF/microwave components,

and high-frequency IC packages.

HFSS improves engineering productivity, reduces development time, and better assures first-pass design success. The latest release of HFSS delivers significant productivity gains to Microwave/RF

engineers and expands electromagnetic co-design to a new segment of engineers working in the

areas of RF/analog IC and multi-gigabit designs as well as EMI/EMC.

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HFSS Methodology

HFSS uses the Finite Element Method (FEM) to solve Maxwells equations. The primary advantage of the FEM for solving partial differential equations lies in the ability of the basic building blocks

used to discretize the model to confrom to arbitrary geometry.

The arbitrary shape of the basic building block (tetrahedron) also allows HFSS to generate a coarse mesh where fewer

cells are needed to yield an accuate solution, while creating a finely discretized mesh where the field is rapidly varying

or higher accuaracy is needed to obtain an accurate global solution.

The FEM has been a standard for solving electromagnetic problems since the inception of HFSS in 1990.

The FEM has been a standard for solving problems in structure mechanics since the mid 1950s.

Tetrahedron

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HFSS - Technology

Tangential Vector Finite Elements

Transfinite Element Method

Adaptive Meshing

Vertex: Explicitly

Solved

Edge: Explicitly

Solved

Face:

Interpolated

Initial Converged

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Create Initial

Mesh

Solve fields using the

Finite Element Method

Max(|DS|)

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1D FEM Example

1D FEM Example The finite element method (FEM) can be used to approximate the unknown curve F(x).

The model is first discretized into cells (1, 2, 5).

Each cell is sampled to create a polynomial basis function which describes the function along the entire line.

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1D FEM Example

The finite element method (FEM) can be used to approximate the unknown curve F(x).

The basis functions try to describe the fields in between the sampled points.

A key feature of the FEM, as it is implemented in HFSS, is the ability to locally determine the error.

Recall that F(x) is not known, but the ERROR can be determined1

1 D. K. Sun, Z. Cendes, J.-Fa Lee, Adaptive Mesh Refinement, h-Version, for Solving Multiport Microwave Devices in Three Dimensions, IEEE Trans Magnetics, pp 1596-1599, Vol. 36, N.4, July 2000

Error

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The finite element method (FEM) can be used to approximate the unknown curve F(x). One method of decreasing the error is to make the mesh denser in areas of high error.

The FEM, with tetrahedral elements, allows for local control of the mesh density so a uniform mesh is not required.

1D FEM Example

Cell 1 Is Divided to

Reduce the Error

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The key to success

Finite elements and adaptive meshing Geometrically conforming, tetrahedral mesh automatically generated and refined below a user defined electrical length.

Iterative algorithm solves the fields of the model and intelligently refines the mesh until S-parameters converge below a

user defined threshold, Max Delta S.

User defines frequency or frequencies at which adaptive meshing is performed.

After each solution tetrahedral elements are graded for their accuracy to Maxwell's Equations.

User defines percentage of bad tetrahedral elements to be refined after each pass (30% Default).

Vertex: Explicitly Solved

Edge: Explicitly Solved

Face: Interpolated

Geometrically conforming,

tetrahedral mesh

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The Solve

HFSS Automated solution process

Initial Mesh RefinementAdaptive Port

Refinement

Solve

Quantify Mesh

Accuracy

Mesh Refinement

Frequency Sweep

Yes

No

Max(|DS|)

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Example Circular Waveguide Horn HFSS High Frequency Structure Simulator Full-Wave 3D field solver

Solves for the fields in an arbitrary volume

Waveguide Plug

Radome

Dielectric Waveguide

Circular Waveguide Horn Example

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HFSS Start to Finish

The ProcessDesign

Solution Type

Boundaries

Excitations

Mesh

OperationsAnalysis

Solution Setup

Frequency Sweep

Parametric ModelGeometry/Materials

Results2D Reports

Fields

Mesh

RefinementSolve

Update

Converged

Analyze

Finished

Solve Loop

NO

YES

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An Introduction to HFSS

Getting Started

Launching Ansoft HFSS To access Ansoft HFSS, click the Microsoft Start button, select Programs, and select the Ansoft, HFSS 12 program

group. Click HFSS 12.

Setting Tool Options Note: In order to follow the steps outlined in this example, verify that the following tool options are set :

Select the menu item Tools > Options > HFSS Options

Click the General tab

Use Wizards for data input when creating new boundaries: Checked

Duplicate boundaries with geometry: Checked

Click the OK button

Select the menu item Tools > Options > Modeler Options.

Click the Operation tab

Automatically cover closed polylines: Checked

Select last command on object select: Checked

Click the Drawing tab

Edit property of new primitives: Checked

Click the OK button

Opening a New Project If a new project and new design are not already opened, then:

In HFSS Desktop, click the On the Standard toolbar, or select the menu item File > New.

From the Project menu, select Insert HFSS Design.

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Ansoft Desktop

Menu

bar

Progress

Window

Property

Window

Message

Manager

Project

Manager

with project

tree

Status

bar

3D Modeler

Window

Toolbars


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Project Manager

Ansoft Desktop Project Manager

Multiple Designs per Project

Multiple Projects per Desktop

Integrated Optimetrics Setup

Requires License for Analysis

Project

Design

Design Results

Design Setup

Design AutomationParametricOptimizationSensitivityStatistical

Project Manager Window

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3D Modeler

EdgeVertex

Plane

Coordinate System (CS)

Origin

Face

Model

Modeler WindowGraphics

area Model

Modeler

design tree

Context menu

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Solution Type

Set Solution Type Select the menu item HFSS > Solution Type

Choose Driven Modal

Click the OK button

HFSS - Solution Types Driven Modal - calculates the modal-based S-parameters. The S-matrix solutions will be expressed in terms of the

incident and reflected powers of waveguide modes.

Generalized S-parameters

Driven Terminal - calculates the terminal-based S-parameters of multi-conductor transmission line ports. The S-matrix

solutions will be expressed in terms of terminal voltages and currents.

Eigenmode calculate the eigenmodes, or resonances, of a structure. The Eigenmode solver finds the resonant frequencies of the structure and the fields at those resonant frequencies.

Convergence

Driven Modal Delta S for modal S-Parameters.

Driven Terminal Delta S for the single-ended or differential nodal S-Parameters.

Eigenmode - Delta F

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Unit and Material Setup

Set Model Units Select the menu item Modeler > Units

Select Units: mil

Click the OK button

Set Default Material Using the 3D Modeler Materials toolbar, choose Select

From the Select Definition window, click the Add Material button

For the Material Name type: WGPlug

For the Value of Relative Permittivity type: 1.9

Click the OK button

Click the OK button

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3D Modeler Create a Primitive

The Coordinate Entry fields allow equations to be entered for position values.

Examples: 2*5, 2+6+8, 2*cos(10*(pi/180)).

Variables are not allowed in the Coordinate Entry Field

Note: Trig functions are in radians

Point 2

Point 3

Point 1

Grid Plane

Base Rectangle

Point 1

Point 2

Point 3


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3D Modeler Object Properties

Attributes

Commands

Attributes

Commands

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3D Modeler - Attributes

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Set Grid Plane Select the menu item Modeler > Grid Plane > XY

Create Waveguide Plug Select the menu item Draw > Cylinder

Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the center position

X: 0.0, Y: 0.0, Z: 0.0, Press the Enter key

Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the radius of the cylinder

dX: 284.0, dY: 0.0, dZ: 0.0, Press the Enter key

Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the height of the cylinder

dX: 0.0, dY: 0.0 dZ: -250.0, Press the Enter key

Select the Attribute tab from the Properties window.

For the Value of Name type: WG_Plug

Click the OK button

Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View. Or press the CTRL+D key

Create Waveguide Plug

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Modeler - Views View > Modify Attributes >

Orientation Predefined/Custom View Angles

Lighting Control angle, intensity, and color of light

Projection Control camera and perspective

Background Color Control color of 3D Modeler background

View > Active View Visibility - Controls the display of: 3D Modeler

Objects, Color Keys, Boundaries, Excitations, Field Plots

View > Options Stereo Mode, Drag Optimization, Color Key Defaults,Default Rotation

View > Render > Wire Frame or Smooth Shaded (Default)

View > Coordinate System > Hide or Small (Large)

View > Grid Setting Controls the grid display

Toolbar: Toggle Grid Visibility

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Changing the View

Context Menu

Shortcuts

Since changing the view is a frequently used operation, some useful shortcut keys exist. Press the appropriate keys and drag the mouse with the left button pressed:

ALT + Drag Rotate

In addition, there are 9 pre-defined view angles that can be selected by holding the ALT key and double clicking on the locations shown on the next page.

Shift + Drag - Pan

ALT + Shift + Drag Dynamic Zoom

Pan

Rotate Around

Model Center

Dynamic Zoom

Zoom In/Out

Top

Bottom

Right

Predefined View Angles

Left

Rotate Around

Current Axis

Rotate Around

Screen Center

Fit All

Fit Selected

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For the Material Name type: WG


Click the OK button

Click the OK button

Create Waveguide Select the menu item Draw > Cylinder


X: 0.0, Y: 0.0, Z: -250.0, Press the Enter key






For the Value of Name type: WG

Click the OK button

To fit the view:

Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View

Create Waveguide

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Port Setup

Create Excitation Select the menu item Edit > Select > Faces

By moving the mouse, graphically highlight the bottom face of the WG object

Click the left mouse button to select the face (use the B key to select Next Behind)

Select the menu item HFSS > Excitations > Assign > Wave Port

Wave Port : General

Name: p1,

Click the Next button

Wave Port : Modes

Number of Modes: 2,

For mode 1, click the None column and select New Line

Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the vector position


Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the vertex

dX: -568.0, dY: 0.0, dZ: 0.0, Press the Enter key

For mode 2, click the None column and select New Line

Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the vector position


Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the vertex

dX: 0.0, dY: -568.0, dZ: 0.0, Press the Enter key

Select Align modes using integration lines


Click the Finish button

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Type aluminum in the Search by Name field

Click the OK button

Create Waveguide Body Select the menu item Draw > Cylinder


X: 0.0, Y: 0.0, Z: 0.0, Press the Enter key






For the Value of Name type: WG_Body

Select the menu item Edit > Select > Objects

Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name

Select the objects named: WG_Body, WG_Plug, WG

Click the OK button

Select the menu item Modeler > Boolean > Subtract

Blank Parts: WG_Body

Tool Parts: WG_Plug, WG

Clone tool objects before subtract: Checked

Click the OK button

Create Waveguide Body

The resulting object should look like a cup

Note: The visibility of the WG_Plug and

WG have been turned off to show the

resulting WG_Body object after the

subtraction.

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For the Material Name type: Radome


Click the OK button

Click the OK button

Create Radome Select the menu item Draw > Box

Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the Position

X: -550.0, Y: -550.0, Z: 0.0 Press the Enter key

Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the opposite corner of the base rectangle



For the Value of Name type: Radome

Click the OK button


Create Radome

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Create Air Box

Set Default Material Using the 3D Modeler Materials toolbar, choose vacuum

Create Air box Select the menu item Draw > Box

Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the Position

X: -600.0, Y: -600.0, Z: -1050.0 Press the Enter key

Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the opposite corner of the base rectangle



For the Value of Name type: Air

Click the OK button


Air Box

Approx. /8

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Boundary Setup

Select the faces of the Air object Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name

Select the objects named: Air

Click the OK button

Select the menu item Edit > Select > All Object Faces

Add Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries > PML Setup Wizard

PML Setup Wizard: Cover Objects.

Uniform Layer Thickness: 600mil (Approx. /2)


PML Setup Wizard: Material Properties.

Minimum Frequency: 9GHz

Minimum Radiating Distance: 150mil


PML Setup Wizard: Summary

Show Objects in Groups: Checked

Click the Finish button

Create a Radiation Setup Select the menu item HFSS > Radiation > Insert Far Field Setup > Infinite Sphere

Name: ff_2d

Phi: (Start: 0, Stop: 90, Step Size: 90)

Theta: (Start: -180, Stop: 180, Step Size: 2)

Click the OK button

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Creating an Analysis Setup Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup

Click the General tab:

Solution Frequency: 10.8 GHz

Maximum Number of Passes: 20

Click the Options tab:

Order of Basis Functions: Second Order

Enable Iterative Solver: Checked

Click the OK button

Analysis Setup

Adapt Frequency

Add Solution Setup

Basis Order

Iterative Solver

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Adding a Frequency Sweep Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Sweep

Select Solution Setup: Setup1

Click the OK button

Edit Sweep Window:

Sweep Type: Discrete

Frequency Setup Type: Linear Step

Start: 10.2 GHz

Stop: 10.8 GHz

Step: 0.1 GHz

Save Fields: Checked

Click the OK button

HFSS Frequency Sweep Discrete Solves using adaptive mesh at every frequency

Matrix Data and Fields at every frequency in sweep

Fast - ALPS

Matrix Data and Fields at every frequency in sweep

Interpolating Adaptively determines discrete solve points using the adaptive mesh

Matrix Data at every frequency in sweeps

Fields at last adaptive solution

Add Sweep

Analysis Setup

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Analyze

Save Project Select the menu item File > Save As

Filename: hfss_wg_ant

Click the Save button

Model Validation Select the menu item HFSS > Validation Check

Click the Close button

Note: To view any errors or warning messages, use the Message Manager.

Analyze Select the menu item HFSS > Analyze All

Validate Analyze All

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Post Processing

Create Reports Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Modal Solution Data Report> Rectangular Plot

Solution: Setup1: Sweep1

Domain: Sweep

Category: Modal S Parameter

Quantity: S(p1:1, p1:1), S(p1:1,p1:2), S(p1:2,p1:2) Note: Hold Ctrl key to select multiple traces

Function: dB

Click New Report button

Click Close button

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Set Mode Field Excitation Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Edit Sources

Edit Sources Window:

For p1:1: Scaling Factor: 1, Offset Phase: 0 deg

For p1:2: Scaling Factor: 1, Offset Phase: 90 deg

Click the OK button

Note: The Edit Sources only impacts the field display

and data based on the fields (Far/Near Field). The

default for a Driven Modal solution is to excite Port 1

Mode 1 with 1W. The remaining modal ports are

perfectly matched. For a Driven Terminal solution, Port 1

terminal 1 is excited with 1V. The remaining terminals

are opens. In a terminal setup the user can also control

the load at each terminal.

Post Processing

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Create Field Overlay From the 3D Model tree, expand the Planes

From the tree, select the Global YZ

Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Plot Fields > E > Mag_E

Solution: Setup1 : LastAdaptive

Quantity: Mag_E

Click the Done button

Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Modify Plot Attributes

Select Plot Folder Window, Click the OK button

E-Field Window:

Click the Scale tab

Scale: Log

If real time mode is not checked, click the Apply button.

Click the Close button

To Animate the field plot:

Select the menu item HFSS > Fields> Animate

Click the OK button

Post Processing

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Create Reports Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Far Fields Report> Radiation Pattern

New Report Window:

Solution: Setup1: Last Adaptive

Geometry: ff_2d

Category: Realized Gain

Quantity: RealizedGainLHCP, RealizedGainRHCP, Note: Hold Ctrl key to select multiple traces

Function: dB

Click New Report button

Click Close button

Post Processing

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Mesh

GUI

Solver

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Preview in File Open dialog New

User Definable Keyboard Shortcuts New

Define, load or save shortcut keys to common commands

Desktop Enhancements

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Modeler Primitives 2D Draw Objects

The following 2D Draw objects are available:

Line, Spline, Arc, Equation Based Curve,

Rectangle, Ellipse, Circle, Regular Polygon,

Equation Based Surface

3D Draw Objects

The following 3D Draw objects are available:

Box, Cylinder, Regular Polyhedron, Cone,

Sphere, Torus, Helix, Spiral, Bond Wire

Toolbar: 2D Objects Toolbar: 3D Objects

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Modeler Boolean Operations/Transformations Modeler > Boolean >

Unite combine multiple primitives

Unite disjoint objects (Separate Bodies to separate)

Subtract remove part of a primitive from another

Intersect keep only the parts of primitives that overlap

Split break primitives into multiple parts along a plane (XY, YZ, XZ)

Split Crossing Objects splits objects along a plane (XY, YZ, XZ) only where they intersect

Separate Bodies separates objects which are united but not physically connected into individual objects

Modeler > Surfaces > Move Faces Resize or Reposition an objects face along a normal or vector.

Edit > Arrange >

Move Translates the structure along a vector

Rotate Rotates the shape around a coordinate axis by an angle

Mirror Mirrors the shape around a specified plane

Offset Performs a uniform scale in x, y, and z.

Edit > Duplicate >

Along Line Create multiple copies of an object along a vector

Around Axis Create multiple copies of an object rotated by a fixed angle around the x, y, or z axis

Mirror - Mirrors the shape around a specified plane and creates a duplicate

Edit > Scale Allows non-uniform scaling in the x, y, or z direction

Toolbar: Boolean

Toolbar: Arrange

Toolbar: Duplicate

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Polyline Cross Section New

Choose Cross Section Type and Size

Type: Line, Rectangle, Circle

Size can be a variable

Section is automatically swept along the polyline

1. Create a Polyline 2. Set Cross Section Property 3. Polyline with Cross Section Property

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Chamfers and Fillets

Create Chamfers and Fillets on 3D or 2D Objects Select a vertex graphically and choose the menu item:

Fillet or Chamfer

Chamfer - 45 degree cut

Fillet- Rounded edge

Original

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Imprint/Imprint Projection

Imprint New

Projection

Patch Antenna Array Imprinted on a Nosecone

Results in Faces of original object imprinted

Make sure that the distance selected is greater than the distance between the antenna and nosecone

Face created from

imprint

Face created from

Imprint projection

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Geometry Wrap New

Wrap a 2D sheet on an arbitrary geometry

Slot Coupled Patch Array wrapped on a

cylinder

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(Overlap between two cylinders)

Overlapping Geometry Definition: When an object occupies volume in multiple 3D objects. This does not apply to sheet objects

Solution:

Resolution: Set Material Override

Menu item: HFSS > Design Settings

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Modeler - Selection

Selection Types

Object (Default)

Face

Edge

Vertex

Selection Modes

All Objects

All Visible Object

By Name

Highlight Selection Dynamically By default, moving the mouse pointer over an object will dynamically highlight the object for selection. To select the object simply click the left mouse button.

Multiple Object Selection Hold the CTRL key down to graphically select multiple objects

Next Behind To select an object located behind another object, select the front object, press the b key to get the next behind. Note: The mouse pointer must be located such that the next behind object is under the mouse

pointer.

To Disable: Select the menu item Tools > Options > 3D Modeler Options

From the Display Tab, uncheck Highlight selection dynamically

Dynamically Highlighted

(Only frame of object)

Selected

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Enhanced Selection Options New

Select By Area

Click and drag to rubber-band select

Right-to-left selects all objects in passing through bounding box

Left-to-right select all objects enclosed by bounding box

Select By Variable

Helps find objects tied to variables

Select Variable and Click OK to highlight geometry

Select By Area

By default, only items with external surfaces are selected

Material filters

Enable the Include and Exclude radio buttons

Object name filters

Enable the Exclude and Include check boxes

Object type filters

Enable the check boxes for including Solids, Sheets,

and/or Lines

Hide unfiltered objects

Makes unfiltered objects transparent after selection

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Modeler Moving Around

Step 1: Start Point Step 2: Hold X key and select vertex point

Step 3: CTRL+Enter Keys set a local reference Step 4: Hold Z key and set height

Edge Center Snap

Toolbar: Snap Mode

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Measure

Modeler > Measure >

Position Points and Distance

Length Edge Length

Area Surface Area

Volume Object Volume

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Step 1: Select Face Step 2: Select Origin

Step 3: Set X-Axis New Working CS

Modeler Coordinate System Can be Parameterized

Working Coordinate System

Currently selected CS. This can be a local or global CS

Global CS

The default fixed coordinate system

Relative CS

User defined local coordinate system.

Offset

Rotated

Both

Face CS (setting available to automatically switch to face coordinate system in the 3D Modeler Options)

Cone created with Face CS

Change Box Size and Cone is

automatically positioned with

the top face of the box

Toolbar: Coordinate System

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Modeler Model Tree Select menu item Modeler > Group by Material

Grouped by Material Object View

Material

Object

Object Command

History

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Modeler Commands Parametric Technology

Dynamic Edits - Change Dimensions

Add Variables

Project Variables (Global), Design Variables (Local), or Post Processing Variables

Animate Geometry

Include Units Default Unit is meters

Supports mixed Units

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Post-Processing Variables

Post Processing Variables New

Can be modified without re-simulating the model

Can optimize complex weights of antenna elements in phased array

Optimization of Phased Array Excitations

Synthesized Far-field Pattern Specify Desired Scan Angle and

Maximum Sidelobe Level

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Automatic Feature Removal

Holes

Blends

Step 1: Enter Feature Detection Options

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Automatic Feature Removal

Removed

Note: There are two modes of operation for the feature removal: Healing

and Model Analysis. Model Analysis was used here and allows the user to

manually select which geometry features are removed. For healing, all

features that meet the user defined criteria are automatically removed.

Both options are found in the menu item Modeler > Model Analysis

Step 2: Select Features to Remove

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HFSS Matrix Data HFSS > Results > Solution Data

Export

NMF, Touchstone, Data Tables, Citifile, MATLAB (*.m)

NOTE: Make sure the Simulation is set to a Sweep before exporting. The Adaptive Passes will only export a single frequency point.

Equivalent Circuit Export

HSPICE, PSPICE, Spectre, Maxwell SPICE

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Convergence Based on Multiple Output Variables

Evaluate and save multiple expressions vs. adaptive pass New

Includes SYZ parameters, local, near and far field

Fully integrated with reporter and Optimetrics

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Results Data Management HFSS > Results > Browse Solutions

Solved model variations are retained. Unless otherwise notified by HFSS.

HFSS > Results > Clean Up Solutions

HFSS > Results > Import Solutions

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Results Create Reports HFSS > Results > Create Report

Show: Create Differential and/or Terminal plots

Output Variables

User Defined Equations

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New Plot Type

Rectangular Stacked Plot New

Plot all variations in stacked format

1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50Freq [GHz]

-25.00

-15.00

-5.00

-12.00

-7.00

-2.00

-22.50

-12.50

-2.50

-30.00

-20.00

-10.00

0.00

-0.50

-0.30

-0.10

-25.00

-15.00

-5.00

Curve Info

dB(St(coax_pin_T1,coax_pin_T1))Setup1 : Sweep1feed_xpos='-0.5cm' feed_ypos='-0.5cm'

dB(St(coax_pin_T1,coax_pin_T1))Setup1 : Sweep1feed_xpos='0cm' feed_ypos='-0.5cm'

dB(St(coax_pin_T1,coax_pin_T1))Setup1 : Sweep1feed_xpos='0.5cm' feed_ypos='-0.5cm'

dB(St(coax_pin_T1,coax_pin_T1))Setup1 : Sweep1feed_xpos='-0.5cm' feed_ypos='0cm'

dB(St(coax_pin_T1,coax_pin_T1))Setup1 : Sweep1feed_xpos='0cm' feed_ypos='0cm'

dB(St(coax_pin_T1,coax_pin_T1))Setup1 : Sweep1feed_xpos='0.5cm' feed_ypos='0cm'

Ansoft LLC HFSSDesign1XY Stacked Plot 1

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Fields Select Object Volume, Surface, or Line to display fields

Menu item: HFSS > Fields > Plot Fields >

Modify Plot Solution/Frequency/Qty

Plot Attributes

Edit Sources Change Excitation without resolving

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Edit Sources with Port Post-Processing

Option for port post-processing to affect sources for field plots New

Original Including Post Processing Effects

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Streamline Plot

New plot type for field quantities New

Pick source face, choose Poynting Vector, tick Streamline option

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Mesh Display Field Overlay

Select an object

Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Plot Mesh

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GUI

Mesh Solver

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Initial Mesh Overview

Ansoft TAU Mesh New

Strict or Tolerant

Effective on imported geometries

Automatic healing and repair

Ansoft Classic Mesh V11 Mesh Algorithm

Meshing Method

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Curvilinear Elements

Curvilinear Elements New

Most accurate solution to fields on curved structures

Mesh adapted about curved or true surfaces

Element matrices computed using the curved boundaries

Reduces solution time and RAM usage

A smaller, coarser mesh achieves equivalent accuracy

Default: DisabledRectilinear mesh element Curvilinear mesh element

Red HFSS

Blue Analytic Curve

10 cm radius PEC sphere

solved from 0.040 - 2 GHz

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Dependent Solve Setup

Initial mesh options Allows user to specify another simulation's mesh as starting mesh

Both simulations must be geometrically identical

Common uses Changing material properties without re-meshing

Defining multiple solution frequencies for meshing

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Dependent Solve Example

Dual-band patch antenna Use solution setups at 2.4 GHz and 5.5 GHz

Starting mesh uses final mesh from other resonant frequency

1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00Freq [GHz]

-14.00

-12.00

-10.00

-8.00

-6.00

-4.00

-2.00

0.00

dB

(St(

coax_pin

_T

1,c

oax_pin

_T

1))

Ansoft Corporation HFSSDesign2XY Plot 1

m2

m1

Curve Info

dB(St(coax_pin_T1,coax_pin_T1))Setup1 : Sweep1

Name X Y

m1 2.4625 -8.6805

m2 5.5438 -12.2778

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GUI

SolverMesh

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Solver Technology Overview

Solution Options Direct

Default technique

Solves matrix equation Ax=b

Multi-frontal Sparse Matrix Solver to find the inverse of A

Solves for all excitations(b) simultaneously

Iterative

Added in V11

Reduces RAM and can improve simulation speed

Solves matrix equation MAx=Mb

M is a preconditioner For HFSS this is a lower order basis function solution

Major computation is the matrix-vector multiplication: (MA)x

Iterates for each excitation Simultaneously solve using SMP (MP/HPC License)

Iterative Solver is more sensitive to mesh quality

Benefits from TAU Meshing

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Example Basis Functions & Iterative Solver

How many passes on computer w/8GB RAM?

Direct: 3 Passes Iterative: 11 Passes

Copper Wall

Increased Capacity (4x)

IterativeDirect

4x Capacity on Same Machine

2x Unknowns 2x Memory

Volume: 447cubic wavelengths

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Iterative Direct

Iterative Direct

3.2x Less RAM

6.4x Faster

Iterative and Direct

Converge in 3 Passes

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Solver Technology Overview

Order of Basis Functions Hierarchical basis functions

Introduced in V11

Zero or First or Second order basis functions

Higher-order elements have increased accuracy

Convergence is a function of basis order

Mixed Order New

hp-FEM Method

Refines element order(p) and element size(h)

Automatically distributes element order based on element size

Generates optimum combination of hierarchical basis functions (Zero and First and Second)

Efficient use of computing resources

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Januar

Documents

HFSS for Antenna-RF Training Guide v12