HFC227ea Engineering Manual

7/27/2019 HFC227ea Engineering Manual

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Introduction___________________________________________________________

With the Montreal Protocol conference from 1993, manufacturing of

substances with Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP), including Halon 1301

(CBrF3), Halon 1211 (CCIF2Br) and Halon 2201 (CHF2Br), which were used as fire

extinguishing agents, was banned.

HFC227ea as one of the Halon alternatives is a clean and safe fire suppression

agent for use in total flooding automatic systems. Storage and distribution

requirement are similar to Halon or other HFCs fire suppression systems andthe majority of system components are identical. Due to the difference in

agent quantity and discharge characteristics, HFC227ea is not a direc t

replacement (drop-in) for existing Halon 1301 installation. It is rated as Zero

Ozone Depletion (ODP), is electrically non conductive, clean and leaves no

residue.

HFC227ea may consist of a single cylinder or several cylinders combination,

manifold together and connected via a pipe network to a number of

discharge nozzles. System discharge can be activated mechanically or

electrically. Mechanical manual actuation is via a manual pull handle

mounted on cylinder valve. Electrical ac tuation is via a solenoid actuator

which mounted on the side of manual pull actuator and is energized

automatically from detection and alarm control panel.

Health and Safety

Exposure to HFC227ea at the design concentration of 7% and up to 9.0% is

not hazardous to health within a limited egress time. Exposure to higherconcentrations is permissible for a limited period. In accordance with NFPA

2001, Halocarbon clean agent system for spaces that are normally occupied

and designed to concentrations up to the NOAEL shall be permitted. Its Non

Observed Adverse Effec t Level (NOAEL) for cardiac sensitization is 9%. With 9%

concentration level, the maximum human exposure time shall not exceed 5

minutes.

The National Fire Protection Assoc iation (NFPA 2001 Standard on CleanAgent Fire Extinguishing Systems) recommends that unnecessary exposure to

any agent be avoided and that personnel evacuate protected areas as

quickly as possible to avoid the decomposition products of the clean agent.

HFC227ea can decompose at high temperature or under fire to a form of

halogen ac ids which is readily detec ted as a sharp, pungent odor even afterfire extinguished or long before hazardous maximum exposure levels are

reached. Ventilation and openings are required to clear the protec ted areas

after HFC227ea system discharged, no one is allowed to enter the areas

during system discharge or before the area is totally ventilated and safe for

occupancy again. Direct contact with the vaporizing liquid discharge from a

HFC227ea nozzle has a cool chilling effect on objects and in extreme casescan cause frostbite to the skin. Ones should avoid direc t contac t with the

agent.

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WARNING!

The discharge of clean agent systems to extinguish a fire can result in a

potential hazard to personnel from the natural form of the clean agent orfrom the products of combustion that result from exposure of the agent to the

fire or hot surfaces. Unnecessary exposure of personnel either to the natural

agent or to the products of decomposition shall be avoided.



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HFC227ea contains no chlorine and bromine atoms, presenting no ozone

depletion effect. According to medical findings, as an aerosol propellant,

HFC227ea is used in pharmaceutical metered dose inhalers such as those

used for dispensing asthma medication.

NOTE:

HFC227ea shall not be used on fires involving the following materials unless

they have been tested to the satisfaction of the authority having jurisdiction.

1. Certain chemicals or mixtures of chemicals, such as cellulose nitrate and

gunpowder, those are capable of rapid oxidation in the absence of air.

2. Reactive metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, titanium,zirconium, uranium, and plutonium.

3. Metal hydrides.

4. Chemicals capable of under going auto thermal dec omposition, such as

certain organic peroxides and hydrazine.



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SYSTEM COMPONENTS

This sec tion shows the individual components:

1. HCV Valves 9. Pilot Cylinder c/w Solenoid2. HCV Manual Pull Ac tuator 10. Heat & Smoke Detec tor

3. Discharge Hose 11. Extinguishing Panel

4. Solenoid Ac tuator 12. Sounder

5. Cylinder 13. Alarm Bell

6. Discharge Flashing Light 14. Abort Switch

7. Nozzles 15. Door Warning Sign

8. Manual Pull Box 16. Door Fan Test Equipment

HCV valves

Part no. Part name. Outlet size

SPS1C001HVC20 HVC 20

(for 25L cyl)

1 BSP

SPS1C001HVC40 HVC 40

(for 45 -

130L cyl)

2 BSP

SPS1C001HVC60 HVC 60(for 160 -

230L cyl)

2 1/2 BSP

HCV manual pull Actuator

Part no. Part name.

SPS1C-003-MPAV Manual pull ac tuator

Discharge hoses

Part no. Part name.

1. SPS1C-005-38mm

SPS1C-005-50mm

SPS1C-005-65mm

2. SPS1C-006-8mm

Discharge Hose

Loop Hose

1

2



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Solenoid Actuator

Part no. Part name.

CO2070-BR-XXX-XX Solenoid Actuator

Cylinders

Part no. Part name.

SPS1C-004-25L

SPS1C-004-45L

SPS1C-004-75LSPS1C-004-100L

SPS1C-004-130L

SPS1C-004-160L

SPS1C-004-190L

SPS1C-004-230L

25L cylinder

45L cylinder

75L cylinder100L cylinder

130L cylinder

160L cylinder

190L cylinder

230L cylinder

Discharge Flashing Light

Part no. Part name.

FAS251-24VDC-STD Discharge Flashing

Light

Nozzle

Part no. Part name.

SPS-1C007-15mm

SPS-1C007-20mm

SPS-1C007-25MM

Nozzle

Nozzle

1 Nozzle



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Manual Pull Box

Part no. Part name.

CO2072-MS-STD-RD Manual Pull Box

Pilot Cylinder c/w Solenoid

Part no. Part name.

CO205A-CS-001-SP Pilot Cylinder c/w

Solenoid

Optical Smoke Detector

Part no. Part name.

FAS1B-55000-317 Optical Smoke Detec tor

Heat Detector

Part no. Part name.

FAS1B-55000-100 Heat Detec tor



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Extinguishing Panel

Part no. Part name.

FAS0021P-002-RD Extinguishing Panel

Sounder

Part no. Part name.

FAS4A-Y04-24VDC Sounder

Alarm Bell

Part no. Part name.

FAS194-LA-150-RD Alarm Bell

Abort Switch

Part no. Part name.

FAS258-AB-28V Abort Switch



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Door Warning Sign

Part no. Part name.

MISC-SPD-DIV Door Warning Sign

Door Fan Test Equipment

Part no. Part name.

SPS xxxxxxxxxx Door Fan Test Equipment



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SYSTEM DESIGN

Two main elements are critical to HFC227ea system design. The first is the risk

assessment to determine the type of protec tion required, such as what kind of

hazards to protect from, whether an occupied area or a restricted area,ventilation or openings, what kind of building, types of equipments, locations

etc. The second is calculating the quantity of HFC227ea required, determine

cylinder quantity, nozzle quantity, nozzle orifice size, pipe sizes, piping layoutand nozzle location base upon criteria of room sizes, floor height, raised floor

and/or ceiling voids.

Hazard Analysis

An analysis of the hazards is useful and highly rec ommended to carry out bythe contractor/designer/supplier if such location is far too complex and

difficult to visualize and/ or understand under a plan drawing. This enablecontractor to measure and provide an accurate details for designer/supplier

to calculate a precise pre-engineered HFC227ea system for eac h application

in accordance with NFPA 2001 standard.

HFC227ea systems are suitable for use in normal commercial and industrial

environments. The design concentration for Class A & C is 7.17% but differs for

Class B fires. However, the minimum design concentration for flammable

liquids is 9.0% based on commercial grade heptanes. All design

concentration calculations are based on extinguishing concentrations plus an

additional 20% safety factor for Class A & C and a 30% safety factor for Class

B and all manually actuated only systems.

Class A Fires involving solid materials usually of an organic nature, in

which combustion normally takes place with the formation of

glowing embers.

Class B Fires involving flammable liquids or liquefiable solids and

flammable gases.

Class C Fires involving energized electrical equipment where the

elec trical non conductivity of the extinguishing media is of

importance.

Design concentrations are determined by NFPA 2001.

HFC227ea cup-burner value is 6.7% for commercial heptane fuel. Nozzle

distribution test concentration is 6.9%.

Nozzle efficiency factor = nozzle distribution test concentration / cupburnervalue.

= 6.9/6.7 = 1.03

Safety factor: Class A = 1.2

Class B = 1.3Class C = 1.2



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Minimum design concentrationClass A fire (determine by fire test) 5.8% x 1.03 x 1.2 = 7.17%

Class B fire (commercial grade heptane) 6.7% x 1.03 x 1.3 = 9.0%

Class B fire (other C lass B fuels) cupburner value x 1.03 x 1.3 = no less than

9.0%Class C fire same concentration as Class A fire

Although HFC227ea is tested capable to extinguish fire under Class A, B & C, it

is not effective on the following:

Class A Deep seated fires.

Class D combustible metals.

Chemicals capable of auto-thermal decomposition.

Chemicals capable of rapid oxidation.

Enclosures with hot surfaces >400 C (>752 F).

Volume of Hazard

In order for the design concentration can be achieved and maintained, the

total flooding applications hazard area must be an enclosed space with nosignificant openings. In general, the design is based on an empty area. All

subsequent furniture, fittings or even the large equipment and cabinets

should not be considered in the design calculation as it has a little effect on

the actual concentration and as it is assumed that the internal area is

required to be flood with the agent.

Temperature of Hazard

The extinguishing agent required must be based on the anticipated minimum

ambient temperature in the hazard area. Precaution must be taken that the

calculated concentration for normally manned areas at the anticipatedmaximum ambient temperature in the area does not exceed the

NOAEL/LOAEL values as per the NFPA2001, sec tion 1.5 - Safety

Filled and pressurized cylinders should not be exposed to temperatures other

than the storage / operating temperature range of 0 to 50C (32F to 120F).

This also includes while being transport or storage.



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System Design Procedure

Kindly follow these procedures when designing HFC-227ea systems:-

Hazard analyses and survey of protected area.

Determine the required design concentration for the hazard.

Determine the hazard altitude level and correction factor. (Refer to

Table B)

Calculate the agent quantity to provide required design

concentration at minimum expected ambient temperature in

protected area.

Determine the cylinder size.

Determine the integrity of the protec ted area.

Loc ate nozzles.

Locate and design pipe work.

Check the percentage agent split at tees.

Identity all pipe lengths, rises, drops, and nozzle.

Note:For flow splits less than 30%, the split shall be done through a side teewith the smaller flow going through the side tee member. The minimum

flow through the side tee member is 10%. The maximum flow through the

tee is 90%. For the flow splits equal to or greater than 30%, the split shall be

done through a bull head tee. The maximum flow through a bull tee is

70%.



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Example: Tee Split Design Diagrams

a) Side Tee Split limits. B) Bull Tee Split limits.

90 70% 70 30%

30 70%

10 30%

c) Side Tee Orientation correct d) Side Tee Orientation incorrect

Correct Incorrect

Tee splits tee splits

e) Bull Tee Orientation correct f) Bull Tee Orientation incorrec t

Correct tee splitsIncorrect

Tee splits

NOTE: Incorrec t orientation of side and bull tee could result in separation of HFC-227ea from the Nitrogen(due to HFC-227ea greater density). The design would a lso be outside the parameters permitted by theca lculation software. Refer to diagram d) and f).



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Design Calculations

The required agent quantity is based on the volume of protec ted area at the

lowest expec ted ambient temperature and concentration required. To

obtain the minimum agent quantity required, use the following equation:

W = (V/S) x ( C/100 C)

W = weight of Agent required

V = volume of protec ted area

S = spec ific vapour volume

S = 0.1269 + 0.000513 T

C = Required HFC-227ea Design Concentration (% by volume) at Design

Temperature (t).

T = Design temperature in protected area (C)

Design Example

Server Room: 6.3m x 6m x 2.5m(H) = 94.5m

T = 20C for calculation example

(7% required design c oncentration example only)

W = (94.5 0.1373) x (7 (100 -7) ) = 51.81kg

or

94.5m x 0.5483 (flooding factor) = 51.8kg

Note: Refer to table A for flooding factor.



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Table A HFC-227ea Total FloodingQuantity

Temp Specific Weight Requirements of protected space, W/V (kg/m3)

Vapour

Volume Design concentration (by volume)

T S

oC kg/m3 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12%

-10 0.1215 0.6169 0.7158 0.8142 0.9147 1.0174 1.1225

-5 0.1241 0.6064 0.7005 0.7987 0.8951 0.9957 1.0985

0 0.1268 0.5936 0.6858 0.78 0.8763 0.9748 1.0755

5 0.1294 0.5816 0.6719 0.7642 0.8586 0.955 1.0537

10 0.132 0.5700 0.6585 0.749 0.8414 0.936 1.0327

15 0.1347 0.5589 0.6457 0.7344 0.8251 0.9178 1.0126

20 0.1373 0.5483 0.6335 0.7205 0.8094 0.9004 0.9934

25 0.1399 0.5382 0.6217 0.7071 0.7944 0.8837 0.975

30 0.1425 0.5284 0.6104 0.6943 0.7800 0.8676 0.9573

35 0.145 0.5190 0.5996 0.6819 0.7661 0.8522 0.9402

40 0.1476 0.5099 0.5891 0.6701 0.7528 0.8374 0.9230

45 0.1502 0.5012 0.5790 0.6586 0.7399 0. 823 0.908

50 0.1527 0.4929 0.5694 0.6476 0.7276 0.8093 0.8929

55 0.1553 0.4847 0.5600 0.6369 0.7156 0.796 0.8782



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Table D Equi valent L ength

Diameter

(mm)

90 Elbow

(m)

45 Elbow

(m)

Thru Tee

(m)

Side Tee

(m)

Union

(m)

10 0.4 0.18 0.24 0.82 0.09

15 0.52 0.24 0.3 1.04 0.12

20 0.67 0.3 0.42 1.37 0.15

25 0.85 0.4 0.55 1..74 0.18

32 1.13 0.52 0.7 2.29 0.24

40 1.31 0.61 0.82 2.65 0.27

50 1.68 0.79 1.06 3.41 0.37

65 2.01 0.94 1.25 4.08 0.43

80 2.5 1.16 1.55 5.06 0.55

100 3.26 1.52 2.01 6.64 0.73

125 4.08 1.92 2.56 8.35 0.91

150 4.94 2.32 3.08 10 1.07

Equivalent length table for pipe fittings.



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INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS

GENERAL

Prior to installing the HFC-227ea fire suppression system, the installer must be

familiar with the system and have previous experience in installation ofgaseous suppression systems. The installer must refer to the piping and

instrumentation diagram and general arrangement drawings for the system

and c heck that all components are complete and in order. If the installation is

carried out by untrained or inexperience personnel, they may jeopardize the

integrity of the system, their own safety and of others as well as the warranty

of the system.

The instructions in this sec tion as well as information contained in thecomponent data sheets should be read by the installer.

The location of the cylinder bank shall have sufficient floor loading capability,a flat dry floor and walls or solid structures for securing the system. The owner /

client should satisfy themselves in this regard.

All necessary work permits & procedures shall be obtained / established firstto the satisfaction of the client, owner or the local authorities having

jurisdiction.

SAFETY

The HFC-227ea system is filled to a pressure of 25 bars at a reference

temperature of 20oC. The cylinders have the different sizes which could fill withdifferent quantity of agent. Safety precautions must be adhered to in the

handling of the HFC-227ea cylinders.

Some safety precautions to follow are: -

1) The transport cap shall always be screwed onto the cylinder whenever

the cylinder is moved, being loaded or unloaded.

2) Always use suitable lifting gear, (forklift, truck or hoist) when loading or

unloading cylinders. Do not offload the cylinders by dropping them to

the ground.

3) Use a suitable cylinder trolley to move the cylinders. Do not roll them on

the ground.

4) At site, if the cylinders are not to be installed immediately, store either

on their sides with wedges to prevent them from rolling or secure themusing ropes or belts in an upright position. The storage area must be dry

and in a place where they will not be damaged.

5) Do not remove the screwed cylinder transport cap from the cylinder

unless the cylinders are securely held in position by its clamps orbrackets.



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6) Never attempt to remove a cylinder valve from a pressurized cylinder.

7) Do not use extreme force (hammers, long levers, pipe wrench, etc.) on

any part of the valve or actuating components.

8) Cylinders, valves, and actuating components SHALL NOT BE drilled,

braised, welded, machined or stamped. The only permitted processes

are cleaning and painting of the cylinders.

9) In the event of any abnormalities such as jammed or deformed valves,

cracks or other apparent weaknesses, keep away and inform the

appropriate engineer.

10)Heavy protective gloves (preferably textile or leather) should be worn

at all times for the manual handling of cylinders to minimize the risk ofhand injury. During discharge, all connected parts of the cylinder and

valve are likely to bec ome very cold and there is a risk of "frostbite" if

any of the parts are handled at that time with unprotected hands,

particularly if hands are wet.

11)Safety footwear shall always be worn at all times.

HFC-227ea System Installation Procedures

1) The following drawings and instructions should be as a minimum bein the possession of the installer :-

a) P & I Diagram

b) Piping Isometric

c) Piping Plan

d) Cylinder Bank Assemblye) Electrical Wiring Diagram

f) Installation Procedures, this sec tion.

g) Material List

Material Preparation.

a) Prior to carrying out the assembly and installation, check that all

the required materials have arrived at site and they are in good

condition.

b) Ensure that the protected areas and cylinder storage areas

matches the drawings in layout and size. Inform the projec t

manager of any discrepancies.



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Transport and Storage of Materials

The cylinders must be fitted with transport caps whenever they are moved or

when they are not connected to the manifold.

When the cylinders and associated equipment arrive on site, they shall bestored in a dry room within a temperature range of 0oC and 50oC until they

are needed for installation.

When storing the cylinders, secure them so that they cannot fall or roll.

Avoid exposing the cylinders from sunlight and heat.

NOTE:

The cylinders must not be dropped or rolled when transporting or moving

them. A suitable trolley should be used to move the cylinders.

Installation of the low pressure pipe distribution network

The low pressure pipe network begins after the manifold. The pipes used shall

be Sch. 40 ASTM A-106A or other equivalent standards which can

accommodate the maximum pressure calculated in the network. Refer to

table E.

1) Piping should be installed in accordance with good commercialpractice. Screwed pipe should be cleaned of oil and swarf.

Screwed joints should be sealed using PTFE on the male threads.

Care should be taken to avoid possible restrictions due to foreign

matter, faulty fabrication or improper installation. The piping system

should be securely supported with due allowance for agent thrustforces and thermal expansion/contraction, and should not be

subjected to mechanical, chemical, vibration, corrosion or other

damages. Where explosions are likely, the piping system should be

attached to supports that are least likely to be displaced. A

galvanized steel pipe is recommended as they are less likely to

corrode within a short period of time. If rust flakes or particles arepresent within the pipe, they may come loose during a discharge

and may be able to block off the orifices in the nozzles thus

jeopardizing the release. Also the rust c loud / spray may ruin the

ceiling tiles, or may damage sensitive equipment within the

enclosure. Special coatings or corrosion resistant materials must be

used in corrosive environments.

2) After installation of the pipe work it is recommended to flush the

pipe work in order to remove dirt / particles, sealing material,

cutting burrs, etc. as well as to verify that flow is continuous and

that the piping is unobstructed. Flushing should be performed priorto the pressure testing of the pipe work and after any rectification



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work on the pipe network. If water is used for flushing, ensure that

the pipe work is blown dry to minimize internal corrosion of the

piping. If gaseous media is used, (compressed air, nitrogen, etc.)

ensure that the pipe work has not been sealed off in any way.

Make sure that no one is in any of the rooms in which the pipe workis to be flushed. Where necessary, filter bags should be used to

collect any dirt or particles being blown out of the pipe work

espec ially if there is equipment in the room.

3) The pipe work should be leak tested prior to installing the discharge

nozzles. Leak testing of the distribution pipe work should be carried

out as follows :-

a) Verify that all manifold check valves are fitted onto themanifold. Plug off the nozzle points using suitable plugs.

b) Connec t the nitrogen test supply cylinder assembly to the

manifold.c) Make sure that no one is in any of the rooms in which the

pipe work is to be tested.

d) Slowly pressurize the distribution pipe network to 3 bar.

e) Check the pipe network for leaks. If there are no leaks,proceed to pressure test the pipe work to 3 bar for about 10

minutes. Any pressure drop should not exceed 20% of the

test pressure.

f) Release the pressure slowly after testing.

g) If rectification work was carried out, flush the pipe works first

prior to pressure test the pipe work again.

The following tables show the maximum allowable pressure (psi) for steel pipe

with threaded end connection as well as rolled grooved or welded end

connections.



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Table E

Maximum Allowable Pressure (psi) for steel pipe with threaded end

connections

Schedule Nom. Wall Grade A-106C A-53BA-53B A-53A

Pipe A-106B A-106A

Size Thickness Type Seamless Seamless ERW Seamless

40 1/2" 0.109 2593 2222 1896 1778

3/4" 0.113 2234 1915 1634 1532

1" 0.133 2026 1736 1482 1390

11/4" 0.140 1782 1528 1304 1222

11/2" 0.145 1667 1429 1220 1144

2" 0.154 1494 1280 1093 1025

21/2" 0.203 1505 1193 1100 1032

3" 0.216 1392 1096 1018 954

4" 0.237 1278 1022 935 876



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Table F

Acceptable Fittings Maximum Pipe Size

Class 300 malleable/ductile iron up to 3" NPS1,000-lb rated ductile iron / forged steel > 3"

Class 300 flanged joints All

Source: NFPA2001 - 2004 Edition

Note: Other fittings manufactured to equivalent standards / codes can be

used so long as they can withstand the working pressure.

Installation of the Discharge nozzle

1) Install the appropriate nozzles with the correc t orifice sizes in their

designated locations as per the piping isometric drawing & plan.

2) Screw the discharge nozzles into their fittings, using PTFE tape to

make a tight seal. Use a spanner to make the nozzles hand tight.

A. Miscellaneous1) Install the entrance warning signs on all entry doors into the

protected area.

2) Install the manual release warning signs adjacent to the cylinder

equipped with the manual release.

3) Check the integrity of the protected area for excessive openings

which could result in unacceptable leakage of the c lean agent.

NOTE 1: A fan integrity test may be used to ascertain the integrity ofthe enclosure.

NOTE 2: A discharge test is usually notencouraged for HFC gases todetermine the performance of the system.

4) Check the interconnections between the actuation device and

the control panel, as well as the pressure switches and the audio &

visual alarms plus equipment and ventilation systems shutdown.



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Pipe Hangers/Support

The maximum distance between hangers/support should not exceed the

distances as stated in table G. Piping shall be sec urely supported using solid

supports, giving due allowance for thrust forces and thermal expansion and

contrac tion and should not be subjected to mechanical, chemical, vibrationor other influence unless special prec autions are made.

Adequate hanger/support shall be provided for nozzles and their reactive

forces such that in no case shall the distance from last hanger/support be

more than 300mm.

Table G Hanger Spacing

Pipe Size

(mm)

Maximum Spacing

(m)

10 1

15 1.5

20 1.8

25 2.1

32 2.4

40 2.7

50 3.4

65 3.5

80 3.7100 4.3

150 5.2

Electrical Clearance

When exposed electrical conductors are present in the protected enclosure,

safety clearance no smaller than those listed in Table H shall be provided,

where practicable between electrical conductors and all parts of the systemthat may be approached during maintenance. Where these clearances

cannot be achieved, warning notices shall be provided and a safe system of

maintenance work shall be adopted.

Minimum clearance from any on or about the permanent equipment where

a person may be required to stand (measure from the position of the

feet).Section clearance to the nearest unscreened live conductor in air.

Ground clearance to the nearest part not at earth potential of an insulator

supporting a live conductor.



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Table H Safety Clearance

Maximum Rated

Voltage

(KV)

Minimum Section

Clearance

(m)

Minimum Ground

Clearance

(m)15 2.6 2.5

33 2.75

44 2.9

6 3.1

88 3.2

110 3.35

132 3.5

165 3.8

220 4.3275 4.6



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System Operation

General

The SRI HFC-227ea fire suppression system must be used in conjunction with a

detection and control system in order for the extinguishing system to operateautomatically. Some issues must be addressed before deciding on the bestdetection system. They are:-

a) the speed of detection required

b) what phenomenon to detect, e.g. Smoke, heat, flame, gas, fuel mist,

etc.

c) Relative acceptability of unwanted alarms

d) Cost effectiveness

Generally, all gaseous extinguishing systems requires a detection and control

system to operate automatically. Detectors are needed to sense the fire,while the control system would give the signal to all visual & audio alarms,

shutdown auxiliary equipment, and activate the suppression system.

Detection Speed

A gas extinguishing system's speed of extinguishment is usually moredependant on the response time of the detection system, rather than the

discharge time of the gas. There is a wide variety of detec tion and controltechnologies available in order to cover the different types of fire risks.

However, the technologies differ greatly in cost, and as such it is important to

select a system that offers the client the optimum and cost-effec tive fire

protection system.

Types of Detectors

The types of detectors commonly used in gaseous fire extinguishing systems

are smoke detectors and heat detectors. For certain special hazards, flame

detectors and gas detectors are used.

Smoke detectors are available in several types, optical, aspirated and air

aspiration system. The first two types are widely available at reasonable prices

and are c ommonly used. Aspirated type is slightly more expensive but their

response time is faster. For an even faster response time an air aspiration

system can be used. However, they are much more expensive and are moresuited for clean room environments. Generally, the more sensitive the

detec tors, the more prone they are to false alarms.

Heat detectors are normally available in 3 types, rate of rise (ROR), fixed

temperature or a combination of both ROR and fixed temperature. Heat

detec tors are less prone to false alarms and are cheaper compared to smokedetectors. However, in most cases, a fire may well be underway before the



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heat detector operates. In high risks or sensitive areas using a gaseous

extinguishing system, the delay of a heat detector would cause fire damages

which might be unacceptable to the client.

Flame detectors are employed where flammable liquids or powders are

present since fires spread very rapidly. Flame detectors are available in 2types, ultra-violet (UV) and infrared (IR) flame detec tor. UV flame detector

respond faster compared to the IR flame detector. UV detectors can be

blinded by dirt or grease while IR detectors can be blinded by water.

Consideration must be given to incorporate a monitoring system on these

detec tors to give a fault alarm if they are blinded.

Detector Spacing

Currently, there is no one internationally recognized standard for detector

spacing therefore the detec tor requirements shall be based on the respective

countries' standard or as required by the loc al authority having jurisdiction.

There is a general consensus that while the detec tors used for fire alarms can

be installed at its maximum area coverage, those used for triggering gas

suppression systems should be reduced or halved. This is bec ause detectorsinstalled at the maximum approved spacing for fire alarm use could result in

excessive delay in agent release, especially when more than one detection

device is required to be in alarm before automatic actuation results.

Detector Location

Detec tors should be placed in a protected enclosure with the following aims:

1) to give the detectors the best chance to detect a fire quickly, and

2) to reduce the risk that the detec tors give a false alarm.

To make sure that the detec tors can sense a fire, do:-

1) locate them at least 1 m from all obstructions.

2) assure a free passage of smoke to the detectors. Install detectors in a

cable floor as well as the main room if the cable floor should also beprotected.

3) evaluate the impact of the ventilation systems on detectors; they

sometimes either prevent the smoke reaching the detection chamber

or else contaminate detectors in air currents with dust.

Conventional detectors should be installed in crossed zones, where each

zone is made up of detectors installed diagonally to each other. In any case

a minimum of two detec tors must operate before the gas is released

automatically.



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28

Typical Sequence

The following is a typical sequence of events (details may vary according to

local prac tice or regulations):-

a) A detector goes into alarm

b) Visual and audible pre-alarm is given

c)The ventilation system is automatically switched off

d) A second detec tor goes into alarm, confirming the fire condition.

e) Visual and audible fire alarm is given and the time delay is started.

f) Any automatic closing of doors or openings is initiated.

g) After the preset delay, a signal is sent to the elec tric actuator to

release the gas.

h) A visual alarm is given, indicating the release of the gas.

Other possible events which could alter this sequence are:

a)The release signal may be manual; it will have the same effect as the

second (confirmation) detection signal.

b)There might be an Abort or Hold switch to prevent a discharge, forexample when people are present in the enclosure.

All control panels normally would have a fac ility for adjusting the time delay

but the range may vary from 0 60 seconds depending on the local

requirements.

It is not the intention of this sec tion to recommend any particular makes of

detec tors and control systems since each countries have their own standards

and regulations. As such, the proposed detec tion and control system shall

have the approval of the Local Authority having J urisdiction.



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29

Condition During a Fire

The users fire and safety instruction to personnel should include advice on theconditions prevailing during the discharge on a HFC-227ea system. This

advice is intended to prepare the personnel for the situations likely to arise

and therefore minimize the risks of panic. Three major conditions prevailduring HFC-227ea systems discharge of which personnel should be made

aware:

HFC-227ea Concentration

HFC-227ea total flooding systems greater than 9% design conc entration

should only be used with manual actuation in normally occupied areas. A

normally occ upied area is defined as an area intended for occupancy.

Any area protected by HFC-227ea system should be evac uated prior to startof system discharge. Where egress of normally occupied areas cannot be

accomplished within one minute, HFC-227ea total flooding systems shall be

designed not to exceed 9% concentration.

Refer to NFPA 2001, clause 1.5.1.2 for additional information.

HFC-227ea Decomposition

HFC-227ea decomposes when exposed to temperatures exceeding 482C.

The rate of this decomposition is dependent upon the size of the area whereextreme temperatures are found, and also upon the length of HFC-227ea

exposure time.

To avoid decomposition, the HFC-227ea systems are designed to discharge

and extinguish the fire quickly. (NFPA 2001, clause 5.7.1.2 Discharge time)

Hydrogen Fluoride is the most toxic decomposition product. This materialgenerates a sharp acrid odour, which is easily detected and acts as a

warning and a good safeguard to personnel.

HFC-227ea Discharge Condition

HFC-227ea has a low boiling point; consequently the discharge is very cold at

the point where it leaves the nozzle. Care should be taken to avoid working

within 1 meter of HFC-227ea discharge nozzles.

The velocity of discharge of HFC-227ea from a discharge nozzle is very high,

care should be taken to insure that objects which may become dangerousprojectiles are secured or removed from the protected area.



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30

Actions Following a Fire

General

These notes are only applicable to the protected area(s) protec ted by a

HFC-227ea fire extinguishing system. Where such a system may form part of,or combine with other forms of fire protection systems then composite

instruction for all systems are necessary to ensure the safety of personnel and

property following a fire. The organization will have appointed, or nominated,a responsible person to act as a Fire Officer or Safety Officer to look after

the safety issue. Actions following a fire should be coordinated and/or

direc ted by the officer.

Ac tions Immediately Following a Fire

These ac tions should, at a minimum, include the following:

Advise the Fire Brigade or police if appropriate.

Organize a roll call of employees and any visitors.

Prevent unauthorized personnel from entering the protected area.

In the case of deep seated fires, the protected area should be kept

tightly closed for at least 60 minutes after discharge of HFC-227ea

extinguishing agent. It is important that the fire be completely

extinguished before ventilating the area. Before permitting any one toenter the area, ventilate thoroughly or ensure self-contained breathingequipment is used.

Do not enter the protected area in which fire has been extinguished

with an open flame or lighted cigarette as the possible presence of

flammable vapours may cause re-ignition or explosion.

Should it be necessary to enter a area containing HFC-227ea or

decomposition products the following precautions should be taken;

Use a fresh air mask or self contained breathing equipment.

Do not use a filter mask or canister type mask.

Do not enter area unless you are under observation from outside the

area, or tethered by a lifeline.

Ensure that all pressurized equipment is isolated or safe from release.



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31

TESTING AND COMMISSIONING

PRE - COMMISSIONING CHECK LIST

1) Check that all pipes and fittings are in accordance with the

correc t specifications as shown on the General ArrangementDrawings. Chec k that the systems are installed in

accordance to the drawings. Any deviations from the

original design should be incorporated into "As Built". Check

that all remedial works (if any) have been completed.

2) Check that all discharge nozzles with the appropriate orifice

size are fitted in their designated locations.

3) Check all pipe supports and brackets to ensure that the

system pipe work is firmly sec ured in position.

4) Check all cylinder supports and brackets to ensure that the

cylinders are firmly secured in place.

5) Check all fittings and hoses are tightened and secured.

6) Check the cylinder pressure. The pressure may vary

depending on the ambient temperature.

COMMISSIONING PROCEDURES

Testing the ac tuation of the system can be broken down into 2 separate

functional tests; electrical and mechanical.

WARNING:BEFORE CARRYING OUT ANY FUNCTIONAL TESTS, MAKE SURE THAT THEACTUATION DEVICE IS REMOVED FROM THE CYLINDER VALVE.

Electrical Actuation

1) Make sure that the actuation device is disconnected from the

valve.

2) From the control panel, initiate a fire condition. This will start a time

delay prior to simulate a 24V DC output to the actuation device

connection. Depending on the local authority requirements the

delay can be adjusted at the control panel from 0 to 60 seconds.

Normally the delay is set at 30 sec onds.

3) Use the multi meter to measure if there is 24V DC output from the

panel. Make sure to reset the control panel first prior to connecting

the actuation device again.



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Mechanical Actuation

1) The manual / pneumatic ac tuator is fitted to the top of the

cylinders valve.

2) Pull the safety pin out and operate the manual release lever.

NOTE: ONCE THE TESTING AND COMMISSIONING HAS BEENCOMPLETED, REINSTALL THE ACTUATION DEVICE BACK ONTO THECYLINDERS VALVE.

Commissioning Forms and Certification

The Testing and Commissioning forms / checklist and Acceptance report shallbe duly completed, and all necessary signatories obtained. A copy is to be

given to the relevant party.



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33

Testing and Commissioning Check List for HFC-227ea System. (Sample)

Item Description Yes No Remarks

Piping

1 Check that the correct pipe schedule

and fittings were used. Refer to

isometric drawings for spec ifications.

2 Check that the pipe routing and size

correlate with the pipe plan and piping

isometric drawings. Any major

modifica tions to be noted and handed

over to the project engineer for

verification of calculation.

3 Check that the piping network aresecurely fastened to a solid and stable

structure using appropriate supports.

Check that all bolts are tighten properly.

4

Check that the piping network has

been flushed / dried out and pressure

tested. Test report to be issued by

the installer.

5 Check that all discharge nozzles are

Installed securely and are notobstructed.

Verify that each nozzle with the correc t

orifice size is installed at the correc t

location as per piping isometricdrawing.

Cylinders

6

Check that the number, their volume

and filling pressure correspond with the

project specification

7 Check that they are not damage, the

Paint has been repaired.

8Check that the wall brackets aresecurely fastened to a solid and stable

structure. Check that all bolts are

tighten properly.

9 Check that all cylinder clamps are

mounted properly and all bolts are

securely fastened.

10 Check that each cylinder has been

labeled and the label has been filled

correctly.



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Item Description Yes No Remarks

11 Check that the cylinder transport caps

are available for transport of the

cylinders for refilling.

Manifolds

12 Check that the manifold arrangement is

ac cording to drawings.

13 Check that the manifold brackets are

securely fastened to a solid and stable

structure. Check that all bolts are

tightened properly.

14 Check that the manifold is securelyfastened to the brackets.

15 Check that the manifold assembly is

securely fitted to the distribution pipe

network.

Accessories

16 Check that the discharge hose(s) has a

smooth bending, are not stretched,

compressed or kinked.

17 Check that the discharge hose(s) has

been securely fixed onto the discharge

valve outlet and at the manifold check

valve.

18 Check that pressure on each cylinder

is within the acceptable range.

19

Check that the pressure gauge

orientation is correct, i.e. The dial gauge

face is facing outwards.

20

Check that the pneumatic actuating

hoses are connected properly to

the pneumatic actuators on each

slave cylinders. Tighten using a spanner

until it stops.

21

Check that there is a plug installed on

the pneumatic actuator at the last slave

cylinder to close the actuating line.



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WARNING :

BEFORE CARRYING OUT ANY FUNCTIONAL TESTS, MAKE SURE THAT

THE ACTUATION DEVICE IS REMOVED FROM THE CYLINDER VALVE.

Item Description Yes No RemarksAccessories

22 Check that the actuation device

wiring is properly terminated.

23 Check the function of the manual /

pneumatic actuator if fitted. Replace the

seal tag a fter completion of test.

Room / Enclosure

24 Verify the room sizes, compare actual

volume with project information. Seevolume input used in the calculation.

25 Verify that vents / pressure relief

arrangement where required is installed

in accordance with system requirements.

Check against results from flow

calculation information or calculations

based on the room integrity test / door

fan test.

26

Ensure that the room(s) has been cleaned

up.

General

27 Ensure that all doors into the protected

area has been provided with a warning

label / signage.

28 Ensure that the operating instructions

has / will be given.

29 Ensure that the operation and

maintenance manual has / will be given.

Commissioning Engineer's Name : Signature :

Installer / Contractor's Name : Signature :

Completion Date :

Client :



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36

HFC-227ea FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM

CERTIFICATE OF INSTALLATION, COMMISSIONING AND ACCEPTANCE (SAMPLE)

CLIENT :

SITE ADDRESS :

WORK UNDERTAKEN :

CONTRACT NO :

We hereby certify that in carrying out this work the methods, materials andcomponents used comply with the specifications and standards as listed in thecontract.

Other than the deviations listed below :-

Design Concentration :

Fan Test Result : PASSED FAILEDNOT

APPLICABLE

All commissioning procedures as per checklist have been carried out.

Commissioning Engineer's Name : Signature :

Installer / Contractor's Name : Signature :

Date :

We confirm that the work has been carried out to our complete satisfaction and is

accepted in good working order. A copy of the Operation and Maintenancemanual, as-built drawings and operating instructions have been supplied and

received.

Client's Representative Signature :

Name and Position :

Date :



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MAINTENANCE

The system shall be maintained on a regular basis, at least on an annual basis

or as otherwise spec ified by the loc al authority having jurisdiction.

Maintenance of the system shall include the following:-

A. Protected Area / Enclosure Check1. Survey the protec ted area to verify that it has not changed from

what the system was designed to protect. While surveying, look

for different fuels, new equipment, blocked open doors or

dampers, new penetrations or gaps which may lead to loss of

the hazard integrity, etc.B. Discharge Nozzles

1. Check all nozzles to make certain they are in place and have

not been tampered with. Check the nozzles for corrosion or

damage, and that they are not obstructed internally or

externally.C. Distribution Pipe Network

1. Check the condition of the piping to make certain that it is

properly secured in the hangers, the brackets are not loose andall fittings are connected tightly.

D. Signage1. Check all warning nameplates throughout the area. Ensure that

they are in place, mounted securely, readable and are not

damaged.

IMPORTANTPrior to carrying any maintenance on the system, the system should be

inhibited electrically by the control panel (if available). For multiple cylinders

system, the actuating hose must be disconnected from the slave cylinder.

Thereafter, remove the actuation device from the master cylinder. For single

cylinder systems, proceed to remove the actuation device once the system

has been inhibited electrically if so equipped. (Ref. Fig. 7.5 - (7) for details)

E. Cylinders check1. Chec k the cylinder bracketing. Ensure that the cylinders are

secured in the brackets. Check for corrosion, damage or missingcomponents. For the packaged type, check the frame and

plates for damage or corrosion as well as loose or missing

components.2. Check the condition of all cylinders. Check for signs of damage

or corrosion and check the c ylinders' last hydro test dates.(NFPA 2001 states "Cylinders continuously in service without

discharging shall be given a complete external visual inspection

every 5 years or more frequently if required. The visual inspec tion

shall be in accordance with Compressed Gas Association

Pamphlet C-6, Section 3; except that the cylinders need not be

emptied or stamped while under pressure").



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3. Check storage cylinder pressure gauge and ambient

temperatures; compare this pressure to the temperature

correction chart to determine temperature corrected pressure.

If the cylinder correc ted pressure shows a pressure loss of more

than 10%, the cylinder should be removed for weighing, allmeasurements and actions shall be recorded.

F. Components CheckMake a visual inspection of the systems components, distributionpiping and nozzles. Check the immediate vicinity of all

equipment to ensure that no accidental damage or tampering

has occurred.

G. Specialized Maintenance DutiesCylinder Hydrostatic Pressure Testing

Providing cylinders are submitted to a full external inspec tion

every 12 months from the date of introduction, the allowable

interval period before the first periodic inspection and

hydrostatic pressure test is 20 years.

Any cylinder that is discharge between 10 years and 20 years of

being introduced into service shall be submitted to a full

periodic inspection and a hydrostatic pressure test before being

refilled. The interval between the first and second periodicinspection and hydrostatic pressure test may not exceed 10

years. Subsequent retests are not to exceed 5 years. (NFPA

2001)

Finally

Carry out a final visual inspection of the system and the

protected area to ensure that all equipment has been

reinstalled and reconnected properly. Ensure that any

associated control/indication panel is displaying normal

operation. Complete the maintenance log book, recording

work carried out and parts used. Inform the responsible personthat the work is complete and that the system is back on

operation mode.

Documents

HFC227ea Engineering Manual