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Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 2
Summary
This eco-efficiency analysis compares various non-phthalate plasticizers for use in PVC applications in the German market. Plasticizers that were examined included Hexamoll® DINCH® (diisononylcyclohexane dicarboxylate), acetyltributyl citrate (ATBC), an acetylated castor oil derivative, alkylsulphonic phenyl ester (ASE), and diethylhexylterephthalate (DEHTP).
Hexamoll® DINCH® is the most eco-efficient plasticizer, with the lowest overall environmental impact. DEHTP has a slight cost advantage, but is less eco-efficient primarily due to a greater environmental impact. ATBC has an intermediate eco-efficiency. Acetylated castor oil derivative and ASE have the lowest but similar eco-efficiency, even though their costs and environmental impact differ significantly from each other.
The results hold not only for toy balls (base case), but also for garden hoses and medical tubing. While these have somewhat different compositions, the eco-efficiency relationships remain essentially unchanged compared to the base case.
Hexamoll® DINCH® is the most eco-efficient non-phthalate plasticizer for PVC applications such as balls, garden hose and medical tubing. It offers significant toxicological advantages over the complete life cycle, especially considering consumer exposure.
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 3
The Eco-Efficiency Label Requirements Requirements
1. Accomplished Eco-Efficiency Analysis according to the methodology certified
by TÜV Rheinland, Germany.
2. Verification of the investigated product to be more eco-efficient for the defined customer benefit than other alternatives as result of the analysis.
3. Presentation of a third party evaluation (so-called Peer Review according ISO 14040 & 14044.).
4. Publication of the results via internet on website www.oeea.de, which is referred to on the label.
5. Payment of the license fee for the duration of three years.
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 5
Eco-Efficiency Label Hexamoll® DINCH®
The Eco-Efficiency label can be awarded to the listed PVC products using Hexamoll® DINCH® as a plasticizer. It was shown that they are more eco-efficient than the alternative systems.
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 6
Expert Opinion: Critical Review TÜV Rheinland 2007
Critical Reviewers: Dr. Christoph Lutermann, TÜV Rheinland BioTech GmbH Bernhard Priesemuth, TÜV Rheinland Cert GmbH After critical review of the report titled ‘Non-Phthalate Platicizers for PVC Applications: Hexamoll® DINCH®’ and the supporting inventory and impact assessment calculations, the main conclusions of the critical reviewers are as follows: the input data is detailed and up-to-date and is treated according to the methodology following
DIN ISO 14040 et seq.
the system boundaries are appropriate and the alternatives are clearly and sufficiently modelled.
the analysis shows that Hexamoll® DINCH® is the most eco-efficient plasticizer for the described applications, having the lowest total environmental impact.
Excerpt: „Die Prozessketten und die dafür erforderlichen Input-Daten wurden detailliert erfasst und gemäß dem Bewertungsverfahren aufbereitet... Die verwendeten Datenquellen sind ausreichend und aktuell... Entsprechend der vorgesehenen Anwendung und der getroffenen Annahmen wurden die Systemgrenzen richtig gesetzt, das System ausreichend und deutlich beschrieben und die erhaltenen Daten entsprechend der Methode aggregiert. Durchgeführte Sensitivitätsbetrachtungen stützen das vorliegende Ergebnis... Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass Hexamoll® DINCH® der ökoeffizienteste Weichmacher für die vorgesehenen Anwendungen, mit den niedrigsten gesamten Umweltauswirkungen, ist.“
7
Non-Phthalate Plasticizers for PVC: Hexamoll® DINCH® Update of 2007 Study
October 20th, 2011 Dr. Anahí Grosse-Sommer GU/NE Dr. Peter Saling GU/NE In cooperation with: Markus Effinger E-CPI/MB Rainer Otter GUP/PB Jochen Wagner E-CPI/MT Co-Authors of 2007 Study: Heidrun Goth, Felix Richter, Thomas Schäfer
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 8
Methodology
The study is based on the eco-efficiency methodology, developed by BASF to assess the life cycle of all materials and energy required to fulfill a defined customer benefit (functional unit).
The environmental analysis follows the ISO norms 14040 and 14044 for life cycle assessment. The BASF eco-efficiency methodology goes beyond the norms by including life cycle costs and weighting to derive an environmental fingerprint as well as an overall environmental impact.
The methodology has been validated by the German TÜV in 2002 and by the US NSF in 2009.
This methodology was used by the "Öko-Institut” (Institute for Applied Ecology)" in Freiburg, Germany in different Plastics Europe (formerly APME) studies. Öko-Institut uses a similar methodology with a different weighting system ("Ecograde"). TNO in the Netherlands uses the BASF standard method with a different weighting system. The Wuppertal Institute on the method: “Basically, the large number of indicators used in the eco-efficiency analysis of BASF make relatively reliable statements possible …“. The method was initially developed by BASF and Roland Berger Consulting, Munich.
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 9
User Benefit and Alternatives
User Benefit: Production and use of 1000 toy balls in the German market
Hexamoll® DINCH®
Acetyltributyl citrate (ATBC)
Diethylhexylterephthalate (DEHTP)
Acetylated castor oil
Alkylsulphonic phenyl ester (ASE)
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 10
System Boundaries
Production Use Recycling/Disposal
Ca/Zn stabilizer
plasticizer
Non-rigid PVC
ancillary
additives
PVC pellets*
production of toy balls
use of toy balls
incineration of balls
*Note that only the differences in PVC material among alternatives are considered, not the absolute amounts used.
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 11
Abbreviations and Trademarks
UB user benefit (functional unit) that serves as basis for the comparison
Hexamoll® DINCH® Both Hexamoll and DINCH® are registered trademarks of BASF referring to 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester
DEHTP diethylhexylterephthalate
ASE alkylsulphonic phenyl ester
ATBC acetyltributyl citrate
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 13
Environmental Fingerprint
0,00
energy use
emissions
toxicity potential
occup.illnesses & accidents
resource use
land use Hexamoll® DINCH
ASE
ATBC
acet.castor oil deriv.
DEHTP
®
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 14
Costs Summary
-
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Hexamoll® DINCH ASE ATBC acet.castor oil deriv. DEHTP
disposal
PVC
other
plasticizer
cost
sEU
R/U
B
Costs shown are based only on material prices (average for 4/2010 – 4/2011).
®
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 15
Eco-Efficiency Portfolio (Base Case)
Base Case: Production and use of 1000 toy balls in the German market
0,2
1,0
1,80,21,01,8
envi
ronm
enta
l bur
den
(nor
m.)
costs (norm.)
Hexamoll® DINCH
ASE
ATBC
acet.castor oil deriv.
DEHTP
®
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 16
Eco-Efficiency Portfolio (Base Case): Comments
The eco-efficiency of Hexamoll® DINCH® balls is highest, followed closely by DEHTP balls. ATBC balls have an intermediate eco-efficiency, while balls plasticized with acetylated castor oil or ASE demonstrate a significantly lower eco-efficiency.
The differences in eco-efficiency are primarily due to environmental performance differences, while costs are similar for most alternatives. An exception is the ball made with acetylated castor oil; it is characterized by both higher environmental impact as well as higher costs.
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 17
Significant Environmental and Economic Factors
COSTS - high price for acetylated castor oil derivative
ENVIRONMENT - high energy use, material use and emissions associated with phenolsulfonic
acid for ASE production - high toxicity potential of acet. castor oil derivative during end consumer use - agricultural process necessary for castor oil derivative production is
associated with high land use
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 19
Energy Consumption Calculation Factor: 18%
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
Hexamoll® DINCH ASE ATBC acet.castor oil deriv. DEHTP
MJ/
UB
disposal
Ca/Zn stabilizer
PVC
plasticizer
®
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 20
Resource Use Calculation Factor: 14%
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
Hexamoll® DINCH ASE ATBC acet.castor oil deriv. DEHTP
kg S
ilver
-equ
ival
ents
/UB
disposal
Ca/Zn stabilizer
PVC
plasticizer
®
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 21
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Calculation Factor: 3%
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
Hexamoll® DINCH ASE ATBC acet.castor oil deriv. DEHTP
g C
O2
equi
vale
nts/
UB
disposal
Ca/Zn stabilizer
PVC
plasticizer
®
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 22
Acidification Potential (AP) Calculation Factor: 4%
®
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 23
Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) Calculation Factor: 3%
®
®
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 24
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) Calculation Factor: 1%
-0,05
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
Hexamoll® DINCH ASE ATBC acet.castor oil deriv. DEHTP
g C
FC11
-equ
ival
ents
/UB
disposal
Ca/Zn stabilizer
PVC
plasticizer
®
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 25
Water Emissions Calculation Factor: 6%
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
Hexamoll® DINCH ASE ATBC acet.castor oil deriv. DEHTP
Gre
y w
ater
[l d
ilute
d w
ater
eq.
] / U
B
disposal
Ca/Zn stabilizer
PVC
plasticizer
®
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 26
Solid Wastes Calculation Factor: 2%
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Hexamoll® DINCH ASE ATBC acet.castor oil deriv. DEHTP
kg M
unic
ipal
Was
te-e
quiv
alen
ts/U
B
disposal
Ca/Zn stabilizer
PVC
plasticizer
®
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 27
Land Use Calculation Factor: 20%
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Hexamoll® DINCH ASE ATBC acet.castor oil deriv. DEHTP
disposalCa/Zn stabilizerPVCplasticizerm
2a/U
B
®
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 28
Toxicity Potential: Determination (1)
•exposure of professionals •based on R-phrases (incl. educts) •weighting 10%
•exposure of professionals •based on R-phrases •weighting 20%
•exposure of public •based on expert ranking •weighting 70%
production of plasticizer and other substances
use of plasticizer (production of consumer product)
use of consumer products
The toxicity potential was determined by considering all substances involved in the life cycle of the balls. Exposure of the public to a toxic substance was weighted more heavily than exposure of professionals (see scheme below) since the latter have better training and equipment to deal with critical substances. For all production steps, the R-phrases (from EU safety data sheets) were used as a measure of toxicity. For the consumer use of the ball, an expert ranking of various toxicological and ecotoxicological values (see next page) was used to compare the various plasticizers.
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 29
Toxicity Potential: Determination (2)
Toxicity ranking of the five plasticizer alternatives during consumer use (i.e. of the ball). Ranking was performed by Dr. Rainer Otter based on EFSA reports and other publicly available data.
Ranking: -10 (worst) to +10 (best)
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 30
Toxicity Potential Calculation Factor: 20%
-
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
Hexamoll® DINCH
ASE ATBC acet.castor oil deriv.
DEHTP
consumer exposure
plasticizer use
Ca/Zn stabilizer
PVC
plasticizer productionNor
m. t
oxic
ity p
oint
s
®
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 31
Toxicity Potential: Comments Acetylated castor oil derivative is the worst alternative in terms of toxicity potential. While all plasticizers have a roughly similar prechain, acet. castor oil derivative has a considerably more critical ranking associated with consumer exposure. Particularly eye and skin irritation are of concern. ASE, while showing a lower toxicity potential than acet. castor oil derivative, is significantly more critical than the Hexamoll® DINCH®, ATBC and ASE.
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 32
Occupational Illnesses & Accidents Calculation Factor: 10%
-0,2
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
Hexamoll® DINCH ASE ATBC acet.castor oil deriv. DEHTP
norm
aliz
ed a
nd w
eigh
ted
disposalESOLoxiolCa/Zn stabilizerLipinol OPVCplasticizer
®
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 34
Scenario 1: Garden Hose
Base Case: Production and use of 1000 m garden hose in the German market
®
Eco-Efficiency Analysis, SEEBALANCE® BASF, October, 2010 35
Scenario 2: Medical Tubing
Base Case: Production and use of 1000 m medical tubing in the German market
®
36
Contact
If you have questions regarding this study, please contact:
Markus Effinger [email protected]