Health Safety and Environment 2014 15 - Lecture 1

1

Health Safety and Environment

Lecture 1

Part 1: Health and Safety1. Information about the lecture

2. Definitions

3. Authorities and their cause

4. Risk and its management (Start)

Chapter 1Information about the lecture

Personal Data - Education

Name: Klaus Sntgerath Profession:

academically trained Mining Engineer (Dipl.-Ing.) Underground Mining Open Cast Mining Petroleum Engineering

College: Rheinisch Westflische Technische Hochschule Aachen (1984 1990)

Authority Trainee: Mining Authority Northrhine-Westfalia (1990 1993)

Personal Data - Job Since 1993: Mining Authority Lower Saxony

Mining Office (Bergamt) in Goslar (1993 1998) Higher Mining Authority (Oberbergamt)

in Clausthal-Zellerfeld (1998 2001) 2002:

New Organisation: State Mining Authoritiy (LandesbergamtClausthal-Zellerfeld with additional offices in Celle and Meppen)

Since 2006:New Organisation: State Authority for Mining, Energy and Geology (Offices in Celle. Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Hannover and Meppen)

Actual job: Head of Department Supervision of Operations, Energy Economics, Geological Information Systems

Head of the Pipeline Committee of the Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Protection and Nuclear Safety

2

Personal Data - Job Klaus Sntgerath Landesamt fr Bergbau, Energie und Geologie (LBEG) State Authority for Mining, Energy and Geology Department L2 Supervision of Operations, Energy Economics,

Geological Information Systems

Office Clausthal-Zellerfeld An der Marktkirche 9 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld

Phone +49(0)5323 9612 209 (Clausthal-Zellerfeld)+49(0)511 643 2250 (Hannover)

Fax +49(0)643 534209 Mobil +49(0)160 3072513 [email protected] Information about LBEG: www.lbeg.niedersachsen.de

Office Hannover Stilleweg 2 30655 Hannover

Schedule of Lectures

Time: 10:15 11:45 oclock

Lecture 1: 13th of November 2014

Lecture 2: 27th of November 2014

Lecture 3: 4th of December 2014

Lecture 4: 11th of December 2014

Lecture 5: 8th of January 2015



Terms of Lecture

Lecture Presentation during Lecture Script: Handout of presentation Ask Questions! Mention your ideas! Tell what you know!

(about the content to everyone)

Chapter 2:Definitions Health and Safety

3

Definition - Health

WHO definition of Health Health is a state of complete physical, mental

and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

The correct bibliographic citation for the definition is: Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19-22 June, 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7th of April 1948.

The Definition has not been amended since 1948.

Definition - Occupational Health

Shared common definition of occupational health of the International Labour Organization(ILO) and the World Health Organization(WHO).

Adopted by the Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health at its first session in 1950.

Revised at its twelfth session in 1995.

Definition - Occupational Health(ILO, WHO)

"Occupational health should aim at:

the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations;

the prevention amongst workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions;

the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health;

the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological capabilities; and,

to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job.

Definitions - Safety

Safety is the state of being "safe" (from French sauf), the condition of being protected against

physical, social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or other types or consequences of

failure, damage, error, accidents, harm or any other event which could be considered undesirable.

This can take the form of being protected from the event or from exposure to something that causes health or economical losses. It can include protection of people or of possessions.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety

4

Definition - Occupational Safety

Occupational safety should aim at:

the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of a non-dangerous environment for workers in all occupations;

the prevention against failures, damages, errors, accidents, harm or any other dangerous events;

the protection of workers in their employment from risks of injury or death;

the placing of organizational, technical or personal protection measures; and,

Occupational Safety and HealthReasons

Occupational safety and health can be important for moral, legal, and financial reasons. Moral obligations would involve the protection of

employee's lives and health.

Legal reasons for OSH practices relate to the preventative, punitive and compensatory effects of laws that protect worker's safety and health.

Financial: OSH can also reduce employee injury and illness related costs, including medical care, sick leave and disability benefit costs.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health

Occupational Safety and HealthObligations to

Obligation of the employer to provide a save working environment and to ensure prevention of occupational accidents, injury, death, illness

Obligation of the employee to take care for his health and safety recognize briefings and instructions Use protect devices and personal safety

equipment Use machines according to their

specifications

Chapter 3Authorities and their Cause

3.1 Authorities on international level

5

Organization of international Administrations - General

Basis: Treaty adopted and ratified by member states Bodies:

Professionals: Leading Director, Secretariat, Head Quarter, and so on

Delegates of member States: Administration Conference, Governing Body, Committees, Expert Groups, and so on

terms may be different in different Administrations Instruments:

Strategies, Conventions, Decisions, Recommendations, Guidelines, and so on (terms may be different in different Administrations)

defined by the treaty Some of them have to be ratified by member states

(Hard Law) Some of them should be recognized by member states

(Soft Law)

Organization of international Administrations Hard Law Soft Law

Soft law means commitments made by negotiating parties that

are not legally binding.

Hard law means binding legal instruments. To constitute law, a

rule, instrument or decision must be authoritative and prescriptive. In international law, hard law includes self-executing treaties or international agreements, as well as customary laws. These instruments result in legally enforceable commitments for countries (states).

ILO Health and Safety

Every 15 seconds

a worker dies from a work-related accident or disease.

160 workers have a work-related accident.

Every day

6,300 people die as a result of occupational accidents or work-related diseases

Per year

more than 2.3 million deaths

Over 317 million accidents occur on the job; many of these resulting in extended absences from work.

The economic burden of poor occupational safety and health practices is estimated at 4 per cent of global Gross Domestic Product each year.

6

ILO Health and Safety

The safety of work varies enormously between countries, economic sectors and social groups.

Deaths and injuries take a particularly heavy toll in developing nations, where large numbers of people are engaged in hazardous activities such as agriculture, construction, logging, fishing and mining.

Throughout the world, the poorest and least protected often women, children and migrants are among the most affected.

ILO - General

International Labour Organisation (ILO)

ILO Headquarter in Geneva

Emerged with the League of Nations from the treaty of Versailles in 1919 Founded to give expression to the growing concern

for social reform after World War I and

the conviction that any reform had to be conducted at an international level

The first international Labour Conference was held in Washington in October-November 1919

185 Member States (today) (of 194 by the United Nations recognized Nations)

ILO - General

Tripartite Structure

Employers representatives

Workers representatives

Governments representatives

have an equal voice

The ILO encourages this tripartismwithin its member States to promote a social dialogue

The socialPartners

ILO - General

Hallmarks of industrial society:

Eight-hour working day

Maternity protection

Child-labour Laws

Workplace safety and peaceful industrial relations

7

ILO - Bodies

Director-General heads the ILO

appointed by the Governing Body

Guy Ryder (United Kingdom) since October 2012

International Labour Conference Sets minimum international labour

standards

Sets the policies of the ILO

Meets annually

ILO - Bodies

International Labour Conference (continues) Adopts every two years

ILOs biennial work programme Budget (financed by member states)

Each member state has the right to send 4 delegates 2 governments representatives 1 workers representatives 1 employers representatives Free to speak Free to vote independently

ILO - Bodies Governing Body

executive body of the International Labour Office. meets three times a year, in March, June and November. takes decisions on ILO policy, decides the agenda of the

International Labour Conference, adopts the draft Programme and Budget of the Organization for submission to the Conference, and elects the Director-General.

56 titular members (28 Governments, 14 Employers and 14 Workers)

66 deputy members (28 Governments, 19 Employers and 19 Workers).

10 permanent governmental seats held(Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States).

The other Government members are elected by the Conference every three years.

The Employer and Worker members are elected in their individual capacity.

ILO - Bodies

Administration and management are decentralized in regional, area and branch offices in more than 40 countries

Tripartite committees Committees covering major industries

Committees of experts Vocational training

Management development

Occupational Health and Safety

Industrial relations

Workers education

Social problems of women and young workers

Support the work of the Governing Body and the Office

8

ILO What the ILO does

The ILO has 4 principal strategic objectives: To promote and realize standards, and

fundamental principles and rights at work.

To create greater opportunities for women and men to secure decent employment.

To enhance the coverage and effectiveness of social protection for all.

To strengthen tripartism and social dialogue

ILO International Labour Standards

Conventions and Recommendations are to be adopted by the tripartite International

Labour Conference Set international standards

Conventions (hard Law) Ratification by member states Binding obligations Implement their provisions

Recommendations (Soft Law) No ratification Provide guidance on

Policy Legislation Practice

ILO International Labour Standards Conventions and Recommendations - Covered issues:

Certain basic human rights Notably freedom of association Abolition of forced labour Child labour Elimination of discrimination in employment

Labour administration Industrial relations Employment policy Working conditions Social security Occupational safety and health Employment of women Employment of special categories

e. g. migrant workers e. g. seafarers

9

European OSHA

Key facts

Every few minutes somebody dies from work-related causes in the European Union

Every year thousands of employees are injured at work

Men have more accidents than women

Young workers have a much higher accident rate than other age groups; older workers have more fatal accidents

The rate of accidents is higher in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

Accident rates are higher in some sectors, including agriculture and construction

Accidents occurring at night tend to be more fatal than ones occurring at other times.

Wounds and superficial injuries are the most common type of injury

Workers on shift work have a higher accident rate

European OSHA

Set up in 1996

collects, analyses and communicate OSH-related information across the EU.

Mission: to make Europes workplaces safer, healthier and more productive, by promoting a culture of risk prevention.

Located in Bilbao, Spain

Network of Partners in all Member States and beyond

European OSHA

Director

Dr. med. Christa Sedlatschek (Specialist in occupational health)

Legal representative and is responsible for the management.

Governing Board Sets the goals and strategies and identifies priority issues

where further information or activity is required.

Appoints the Director and adopts the annual management plan, work programme, annual report and budget.

Representatives of governments, employers and workers from EU Member States as well as of the European Commission and other observers.

European OSHA

Advisory Groups

Provides with strategic guidance and feedback on EU-OSHA work.

Members are appointed by EU-OSHA and its Board and include individuals from workers and employers groups and government.

Bureau Steering group, overseeing the Agency's operational performance.

Eleven members from the Governing Board.

Focal Points in Member State, Candidate and EFTA countries.

Supports with information and feedback

Work with national networks including government, workers' and employers' representatives.

Expert Groups provide advice in their field of expertise.

10

Picture: European Agency for Safety and Health at Work

European OSHA Legal Basis

Article 153 of the EU Treaty

Legal basis of the EU policy on health and safety at work

gives the EU authority to legislate in this field.

Directive 89/391/EEC amended by Directive 2007/30/EC, framework directive,

sets out the general principles for good safety and health at work.

Other EU legislation addresses specific occupational safety and health issues, such as

chemical agents,

noise and

pregnant workers.

Community strategy on health and safety at work

Objectives and priorities of European policy

European OSHA Strategy Objectives of the Community strategy 2007-2012

(ambitious) overall objective: to reduce by 25% the total incidence rate of accidents at work per 100 000 workers in the EU 27 for the period 2007-2012.

In order to achieve this goal, the following main instruments are proposed: guarantee the proper implementation of EU legislation; support SMEs (small and medium enterprises) in the implementation

of the legislation in force; adapt the legal framework to changes in the workplace and simplify

it, particularly in view of SMEs; promote the development and implementation of national strategies; encourage changes in the behaviour of workers and encourage their

employers to adopt health-focused approaches; finalise the methods for identifying and evaluating new potential

risks; improve the tracking of progress; promote health and safety at international level.

11

European OSHA Publications

Factsheets

Reports

Literature Reviews

Forums

Magazines

Annual Reports

Work Programme

Evaluation Reports

Technical Reports on specific Topics (More detailed)

No Conventions, Decisions or Recommendations!!!

European OSHA

Campaigns

Key objective for the Agency: Staying directly in touch with workers and workplaces across Europe

awareness campaigns,

e. g. European Campaign for Safety and Health at Work

e. g. European Week for Safety and Health at Work

e. g. the Healthy Workplace Initiative (HWI) in the newer Member States.

From theEuropean OSHAWebsite:

European OSHA

Working in Partnership

International Level: Part of the worldwide occupational safety and health

network (shares information and expertise)

OSH bodies outside Europe

International Bodies: e. g. ILO, World Health Organisation (WHO)

National Level: network of focal points OSH organisations in the member states

Work with government, employers and workersrepresentatives

Provide information and advice to support agency activities

National safety and health institutions

European OSHA

Working in Partnership (cont.) EU-Bodies

European Commission

European Parliament

European Economic and Social Committee

other EU Agencies

Social Partners

12

Chapter 3Authorities and their Cause

3.2 Authorities on national level

USA: OSHA/BOEMRE

US Department of Labor

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

US Department of the Interior

Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE)

OSHA

4,609 workers were killed on the job in 2011almost 90 a week or nearly 13 deaths every day.(In 1970, 38 workers were killed on the job every day in America.)

Every year in America, nearly 4 million people suffer a workplace injury from which some may never recover.

These are preventable tragedies that disable our workers, devastate our families, and damage our economy.

Occupational injuries and illnesses cost American employers more than $53 billion a year in workers compensation costs alone.

Indirect costs to employers, including lost productivity, employee training and replacement costs, and time for investigations following injuries can more than double these costs.

Workers and their families suffer great emotional and psychological consequences.

13

OSHA

Inception in 1971 Basis: Occupational Safety and Health Act 1970

OSHA is part of the United States Department of Labor. Since then OSHA helped to reduce

workrelated deaths and injuries by more than 65%

Increasing of employees and Worksites:

Employees Worksites

1971 56 million 3.5 million

today >130 million >7.2 million

OSHA

OSHA and its state partners have

approximately 2400 inspectors

About 550 state consultants, plus

complaint discrimination investigators,

engineers,

physicians,

educators,

standards writers,

and other technical and support personnel

in in more than 130 offices throughout the country.

This staff establishes protective standards, enforces those standards, and reaches out to employers and employees through technical assistance and consultation programs.

OSHA Coverage

most private sector employers and their workers,

some public sector employers and workers in the 50 states and certain territories and jurisdictions under federal authority.

Not covered

The self-employed;

Immediate family members of farm employers;

Workplace hazards regulated by another federal agency (for example, the Mine Safety and Health Administration, the Department of Energy, Federal Aviation Administration, or Coast Guard).

14

OSHAs Mission

Congress created OSHA to assure safe and healthful conditions for working men and women

by setting and enforcing standards and providing training, outreach, education and compliance assistance.

Under the OSH law, employers are responsible for providing a safe and healthful workplace for their workers.

For more information, visit OSHAs website at www.osha.gov.

OSHA Rights and Responsibilities

Employers MUST provide their workers with a workplace that does not have serious hazards and must follow all OSHA safety and health standards.

1. First try to eliminate or

2. reduce hazards by changes in working conditions;

3. Further than relying on personal protective equipment;


Employers Obligations Inform workers about hazards through training, labels,

alarms, color-coded systems, chemical information sheets and other methods.

Provide safety training to workers in a language and vocabulary they can understand.

Keep accurate records of work-related injuries and illnesses.

Perform tests in the workplace, such as air sampling.

Provide required personal protective equipment at no cost to workers.

Provide medical tests.


Employers Obligations Post OSHA citations and injury and illness data where

workers can see them.

Notify OSHA within eight hours of a workplace fatality or when three or more workers are hospitalized.

Prominently display the official OSHA Job Safety and Health Its the Law poster that describes rights and responsibilities under the OSH Act.

Not retaliate or discriminate against workers for using their rights under the law, including their right to report a work-related injury or illness.

15


Rights of the Workers Working conditions that do not pose a risk of serious harm.

File a confidential complaint with OSHA to have their workplace inspected.

Receive information and training about hazards, methods to prevent harm, and the OSHA standards that apply to their workplace.

The training must be done in a language and vocabulary workers can understand.

Receive copies of records of work-related injuries and illnesses that occur in their workplace.


Right of the Workers Receive copies of the results from tests and

monitoring done to find and measure hazards in their workplace.

Receive copies of their workplace medical records.

Participate in an OSHA inspection and speak in private with the inspector.

File a complaint with OSHA if they have been discriminated by their employer as the result of using any of their rights under the OSH Act.

OSHA Standards and Guidance

Hazards addressed by OSHA standards e. g.: provide fall protection;

prevent trenching cave-ins;

prevent exposure to some infectious diseases;

ensure the safety of workers who enter confined spaces;

prevent exposure to harmful chemicals;

put guards on dangerous machines;

provide respirators or other safety equipment;

provide training for certain dangerous jobs in a language and vocabulary workers can understand.

OSHA - Enforcement

Inspections are initiated without advance notice, conducted using on-site or telephone and facsimile investigations, performed by highly trained compliance officers.

Priorities:

Imminent danger;

Catastrophes fatalities or hospitalizations;

Worker complaints and referrals;

Targeted inspections particular hazards, high injury rates; and

Follow-up inspections.

When an inspector finds violations of OSHA standards or serious hazards, OSHA may issue citations and fines.

16

OSHA - Reporting

All employers must report to OSHA within eight hours of learning about:

The death of any worker from a work-related incident;

The in-patient hospitalization of three or more workers as a result of a work-related incident;

Fatal heart attacks that occur at work;

Deaths from motor vehicle accidents on public streets;

OSHA uses of this information:

Inspection targeting

Performance measurement

Standards development

Recource allocation

OSHA - Complaints

Hazardous workplace complaints

If your workplace has unsafe or unhealthful working conditions, you may want to file a complaint. Employees also may file a complaint by phone, mail, e-mail, or fax with the nearest OSHA office and request an inspection.

Whistleblower Program: Protection from Discrimination

If you believe that your employer has discriminated against you because you exercised your safety and health rights, contact your local OSHA office. There are only 30 days to report discrimination.

Also for other laws than the OSH Act, e. g. Clean Air Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, Toxic Substances Control Act,

OSHA Assistence, Services and Programs

Establisching an Injury an Illness Prevention Program

Compliance Assistance Specialists to provide information to employers and workers

Free On-site Consultation Services for Small Business

Cooperative Progams

Alliance Program

OSHA Strategic Partnership (OSPP)

Challange Program

Voluntary Protection Program

Occupational Safety an Health Training

Susan Harwood Training Grants

OSHA Educational Materials

17

BOEMRE

Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BORMRE)

Until 18.06.2010: Minerals Management Service (MMS)

Agency of the United States Department of the Interior

Manages the nation's natural gas, oil and other mineral resources on the outer continental shelf (OCS)

Three regions: Alaska, Golf of Mexico, Pacific Ocean BOEMRE is responsible for inspection and oversight of

energy companies to ensure they are following the law and protecting the safety of their workers and the environment.

BOEMRE

The BOEMRE was reorganized in May 2010 following the Deepwater Horizon disaster.

The bureau is organized into these three newly created agencies: Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Responsible

for leasing areas of the Outer Continental Shelf for conventional and renewable energy resources.

Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement Responsible for ensuring comprehensive oversight, safety, and environmental protection in all offshore energy activities.

Office of Natural Resources Revenue Responsible for royalty and revenue management, including collection and distribution of revenue, auditing and compliance, and asset management.

BOEMRE Overview of Safety Program

The GOM Region more than 7,000 active leases covering more than 39

million offshore acres some 33,000 personnel work offshore over 3,400 producing and up to 80 mobile drilling and

work-over facilities some 150 qualified operators. BOEMRE's approach to prevention has four major program

components: the Technology Assessment and Research Program; an extensive offshore personnel training program; a regulatory program, which includes approval of plans,

facilities, and operations, and an inspection of those facilities and operations;

accident investigations

BOEMRE - Investigations The BOEMRE reviews all incidents reported to the Bureau to determine

whether or not they will be investigated. Whether an incident is investigated and the degree to which it is investigated is based upon the following factors:1. The actual and potential severity of the incident.2. The complexity of the incident.3. The probability of similar incidents occurring.

District Investigations are conducted by a team appointed by the District Manager of the office with responsibility for the location of the incident.Teams are primarily composed of District office personnel, but may involve other BOEMRE or non-BOEMRE personnel.

Panel Investigations are conducted by a team appointed by the Regional Director of the office with responsibility for the location of the incident. A panel leader is designated to direct the work of the team.Teams are primarily composed of Regional and District personnel, but may involve other BOEMRE or non-BOEMRE personnel.Panel investigations are usually conducted when a more in-depth investigation is needed and may involve more comprehensive investigation techniques such as formal hearings.

18

BOEMRE - Environment The Bureau, as with all Federal agencies, must consider the

potential environmental impacts for every decision made. For oil and gas development, these efforts begin with the

preparation of a Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement in support of the5-year OCS Leasing Program.

Additional environmental reviews are conducted for specific activities such as drilling a well or installing a platform.

Similarly, BOEMRE is responsible for leasing areas of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) for renewable energy projects including wind, wave, and ocean

current technologies, other mineral resources, such as sand and gravel borrow sites.

Environmental Review

BOEMRE Environment Acts and Orders

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

Endangered Species Act (ESA)

Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA)

Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA)

Clean Air Act (CAA)

Clean Water Act (CWA)

National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA)

Fishery Conservation and Management Act (FCMA)

Executive Order 12114: Environmental Effects Abroad

Executive Order 12898: Environmental Justice

Executive Order 13007: Indian Sacred Sites

Executive Order 13089: Coral Reef Protection

Germany Authorities dealing with Health and Safety

Federal Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs

Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

States State Ministries of Labour (different Names)

Authorities for Safety at work (different Organizations and Names)(dealing with occupational Health and Safety)

Mining Authorities (like LBEG)(different Organizations and Names)(dealing with occupational Health and Safety in mining activities and exploration, exploitation of natural gas and oil)

Germany - Accident Prevention and Insurance Associations

Accident Prevention and Insurance Associations (Berufgenossenschaften) Legal accident insurance

Task: to prevent occupational accidents, illness, and occupational dangers for health

The associations have to rehabilitate injured or ill Employers

Pay for the consequences of accidents, injuries, or illness

19

Germany - Accident Prevention and Insurance Associations

Accident Prevention and Insurance Associations (Berufgenossenschaften) Financed by companies

Membership of companies is obligatory

9 industrial Accident Prevention and Insurance Associations covering different kinds of activities (such as Mining, Shipping, Metal Industry, Trade Industry)

1 agricultural Accident Prevention and Insurance Associations

Germany Regulations on occupational health and safety

Labour Protection Act with Ordinances Work Place Ordinance Constructions Site Ordinance Operational Safety Ordinance Screen Wark Ordinance Load Lift Ordinance Noise and Vibration Protection Ordinance Biological Agents Ordinance Ordinance on Hazardous Substances

Product Safety Act with Ordinances e. g. Machine Ordinance Explosion Protection Ordinance

Safety at Work Act Regulations of the Accident Prevention and Insurance Associations

Chemicals Act with Ordinances Nuclear Act with Ordinances

X-Ray Ordinance Radiation Protection Ordinance

Germany Regulations on occupational health and safety

Mining and Exploration and Production of Oil and Natural Gas have other/additional regulations:

Mining Act with Ordinances

Federal General Mining Ordinance

Deep Drilling Ordinance

Environmental Impact Assessment Mining Ordinance

etc.

Chapter 4

Risk and its Management

20

Risk Historical Background

Scenario analysis matured during Cold War confrontations between major powers (U.S. and USSR)

Risk became widespread in insurance circles in the 1970s when major oil tanker disasters forced a more comprehensive foresight.

The scientific approach to risk entered finance in the 1980s when financial derivates proliferated.

Risk reaches general professions in the 1990s when the power of personal computing allowed for widespread data collection and numbers crunching.

Risk - Categories Economic

Ability to attract and retain staff in the labour market; exchange rates affect costs of international transactions; effect of global economy on national economy

Socio culturalDemographic change affects demand for services; stakeholder expectations change

Health and SafetyBuildings, vehicles, equipment, fire, noise, vibration, asbestos, chemical and biological hazards, food safety, traffic management, stress, etc.

TechnologicalObsolescence of current systems, cost of procuring best technology available, opportunity arising from technological development.

EnvironmentalBuildings, Operations, etc. need to comply with changing standards

OperationalRelating to existing operations both current delivery and building and maintaining

Risk - Today

Life contains mortal danger

Progress reduces risk Lifespan in developed countries is increasing

Medical progress

Improved protection at work places and in traffic

Political measures due to peace and social affairs

Every Technique is risky Measurement/calculation: How high is the risk?

Assessment: fixing an acceptable risk

ALARP-Principle: Risk should be as low as reasonable practicable

Risk - ALARP

ALARP As low as reasonable practicable

not acceptable risk Risk is not tolerable

Only acceptable if aALARP-Region further reduction of the risk is not possible

Risk has to be reduced further

acceptable risk

neglectable risk

21

Risk sensitive Industries

Some industries manage risk in a highly quantified and numerate way.

E. g. nuclear power industry, aircraft industry

Here a possible failure could result in highly undesirable outcomes.

Risk - Definition

Risk is a concept that denotes a potential impact that may arise from a future event.

Exposure to the consequences of uncertainty constitutes a risk.

In everyday usage, risk is often usedsynonymously with the probability of a knownloss.

Risk communication and risk prevention are essential factors for all human decision making

Risk - Definition

Risk is described qualitatively and quantatively

Risk is proportional to

the expected losses which may be caused by an event and

to the probability of this event.

Greater loss and greater probability result in a greater overall risk.

Risk - Definition

Definition in engineering (quantitative)

Risk = (probability of an accident) * (losses per accident)

The probability of a negative event can be estimated by using the frequency of past similar events.

But probabilities for rare failures may be difficult to estimate. In case of extrem low probabilities it is difficult to proof plausibility

How to calculate the loss of human Life? May be cost of insurance against death.

22

Risk - Management

What is risk management?

To manage risk simply means reducing the occurrence or consequence of undesired events to acceptable limits.

This can be done by evaluating the likelihood and the financial or safety impact of the undesired event.

Numerous benefits can be realized through risk management for society as well as for the profit-making institution.

Risk -Managment

Industry can use risk management techniques to: Identify corrective action to avoid safety hazards and to

minimize the possibility of financial loss and unscheduled downtime caused by system failures, accidents, inefficient maintenance procedures, and operability problems

Create a "living" system reliability model to continually evaluate the cost and benefits of proposed process modifications and operations changes

Identify those areas where increased operator awareness can most readily increase safety or reduce financial risk, or where relaxed operating procedures would minimally affect risk or reliability

Provide environmental, regulatory, and insurance agencies with comprehensive, quantitative risk statements that help the agency assess hardware modifications under consideration by the owner for the reduction of risks

Improve public relations by making a conscientious effort to reduce risks to public health and safety

Risk System improvement

Measures to improve a system

Redundant components

Safe lay out of components

Limitation of operation

Regularly investigation of componants or the whole system

Regularly maintenance or exchange of components

Risk Basics

Hazard is a state or set of conditions of a system that together with other conditions in the environment, will lead inevitably to an accident.

Safety is freedom from accidents or losses. (Leveson 1995)

Relative definition of safety

All hazard cannot be eliminated.

Often, hazard elimination requires sacrificing some other goals

Hazard analysis investigates factors related to accidents.

To identify and assess potential hazards

To identify the conditions that can lead to hazard, so that the hazard can be eliminated or controlled.

Failure is a defect or break down of a system.

23

Risk - Basics

An accidental event is defined as the first significant deviation from a normal situation that may lead to unwanted consequences (e.g., gas leak, falling object, start of fire).

An accidental event may lead to many different consequences. Most well designed systems have one or more barriers that are

implemented to stop or reduce the consequences of potential accidental events.

Barriers are also called safety functions or protection layers, and may be technical and/or administrative (organizational).

The probability that an accidental event will lead to unwanted consequences will therefore depend on whether the barriers are functioning or not.

The consequences may also depend on additional events and factors. (e. g. Ignition in case of a gas release, presence of people, weather conditions like wind direction).

Risk Possible sources of hazards

Sources and propagation paths of stored energy in electrical, chemical, or mechanical form

Mechanical moving parts Material or system incompatibilities Nuclear radiation Electromagnetic radiation (including infra-red, ultra-violet,

laser, radar, and radio frequencies) Subsequent problems of survival and escape (e. g. collission) Fire and explosion Toxic and corrosive liquids and gases escaping from

containers or being generated, e. g. as a result of other incidents

Deterioration in long-term storage Noise including sub-sonic and supersonic vibrations Biological hazards (e. g. bacterial growth) Human error in operating, handling, or moving near

equipment of the system Software error

Risk human error

Human error is regarded as the most frequently cause of failures

Heinrich 1931:about 90 % of accidental events can be attributed to human errors(Study on Safety at Work)

Perrow 1984:about 90 % of all accidental events in technical systems can be attributed to deficiencies of development and bad organisation

Risk How to identify Hazards?

Examine similar existing systems

Review previous hazard analyses for similar systems

Review hazard checklists and standards

Consider energy flow through the system

Consider inherently hazardous materials

Consider interactions between system components

Review operation specifications, and consider all environmental factors

Use brainstorming in teams

Consider human/machine interface

Consider usage mode changes

Try small scale testing, and theoretical analysis

Think through a worst case what-if analysis

24

Risk How to identify Hazards?

Data sources for Hazard Identification

Accident reports/databases (e. g. for pipelines CONCAWE, EGIG)

Accident statistics

Near miss/ dangerous occurrence reports

Reports from authorities or governmental bodies

Expert judgement

Risk Psychology (Problem: Framing) Risk calculationis always subjective and guided by

personal interests Human tendencies to error and wishful thinking often affect

even the most rigorous applications and are a major concern. All decision-making under uncertainty must consider

cognitive bias, cultural bias, and notational bias. No group of people assessing risk is immune to groupthink

(acceptance of obviously wrong answers because it is socially painful to disagree)

In particular the risk of extreme events is discounted because the probability is too low to evaluate intuitively.

Example: One of the leading causes of death is road accidents

caused by drunk drivers but partly drivers largely or totally ignore the risk of such a fatal accident.

Risk Analysis - Methods

Checklist Failure Mode & Effects Analysis (FMEA)

Hazard and Operability Study

Dow Chemical Companys Fire and Explosion Index (Dow Index) Layer of Protections Analysis (LOPA)

DIN V 19250 Risk Graph Event-Tree Analysis (ETA)

Fault-Tree Analysis (FTA) Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)

System Hazard Analysis Subsystem Hazard Analysis Operating & Support Hazard Analysis Fault Hazard Analysis Software Hazard Analysis Sneak Circuit Analysis Simultaneous Timed Events Plotting Analysis (STEP) Risk Assessment Tool Hazard Totem Pole Management Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT)

Documents

Health Safety and Environment 2014 15 - Lecture 1