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HEALTH CARE LAWS

DEDE CARR, BS, LDAKAREN NEU, MSN, CNE, CNP

Legal Issues in Health Care

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U.S. Department of Labor Grant

“This workforce solution was funded by a grant awarded by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration. The solution was created by the grantee and does not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Labor. The Department of Labor makes no guarantees, warranties, or assurances of any kind, express or implied, with respect to such information, including any information on linked sites and including but not limited to, accuracy of the information or its completeness, timeliness, usefulness, adequacy, continued availability, or ownership. This solution is copyrighted by the institution that created it. Internal use, by and organization and/or personal use by an individual or non-commercial purposes, is permissible. All other uses require the prior authorization of the copyright owner.”

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Health Care Laws

Competency:1. Explain the laws related to health care and their influence on the delivery system.

A. Define common legal terms.B. Name the federal laws related to Healthcare.C. Discuss MN state laws that relate to healthcare.D. Explain why everyone should have an advanced

directive whether they are ill or not.E. Define differences between certification, registration

and licensure.

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Vocabulary List

Review the Vocabulary List found on the Instructor Resource and Course Outline.

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Quotes

Good people do not need laws to tell them to act responsibly, while bad people will find a way around the laws. Plato

It may be true that the law cannot make a man love me, but it can keep him from lynching me, and I think that's pretty important.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Hatred does not cease through hatred at any time. Hatred ceases through love. This is an unalterable law. Buddha

When the President does it, that means that it is not illegal. Richard Nixon

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Law

Law can be defined as “those rules made by humans which regulate social conduct in a formally binding manner” (Bernzweig, p. 3, as cited in Ramont & Niedringhaus, p. 28).

It provides a framework for establishing which healthcare worker actions in the care of clients are legal.

It differentiates the healthcare worker’s responsibilities from those of other healthcare professionals.

It helps establish the boundaries for independent nursing actions.

It assists in maintaining a standard of healthcare practice by making healthcare workers accountable under the law.

(Ramont & Niedringhaus, p. 28)

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Laws

Health care facilities operate under federal, state and local laws.

The first of these laws that will discussed are the federal laws.

These laws are listed on the following slides with a brief explanation of each.

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Federal Law

Federal law is the body of law created by the federal government of a country.

A federal government is formed when a group of political units, such as states or provinces join together in a federation, surrendering their individual sovereignty and many powers to the central government while retaining or reserving other limited powers.

Two or more levels of government exist within an established geographic territory. The body of law of the common central government is the federal law.

(Wiley & Sons, Inc.)

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Federal Law

Federal law: A body of law at the highest or national level of a federal government, consisting of a constitution, enacted laws and the court decisions pertaining to them.

(Wiley & Sons, Inc.)

The federal law of the United States consists of the United States Constitution, laws enacted by Congress, and decisions of the Supreme Court and other federal courts.

(Wiley & Sons, Inc.)

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Federal Laws

1. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

2. Equal Pay Act3. American Disability Act (ADA)4. Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA)5. Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA)6. Health Insurance Portability &

Accountability Act (HIPAA)

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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

(EEOC) is responsible for enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant or an employee because of the person's race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy), national origin, age (40 or older), disability or genetic information.

Most employers with at least 15 employees are covered by EEOC laws (20 employees in age discrimination cases). Most labor unions and employment agencies are also covered.

It is also illegal to discriminate against a person because the person complained about discrimination, filed a charge of discrimination, or participated in an employment discrimination investigation or lawsuit. (U.S. EEOC, n.d.)

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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

The law forbids discrimination and retaliation when it comes to any aspect of employment, including hiring, firing, pay, job assignments, promotions, layoff, training, fringe benefits, and any other term or condition of employment.

Sex-Based Discrimination HarassmentIt is unlawful to harass a person because of that person’s

sex. Harassment can include “sexual harassment” or unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical harassment of a sexual nature.

Harassment does not have to be of a sexual nature, however, and can include offensive remarks about a person’s sex. For example, it is illegal to harass a woman by making offensive comments about women in general. (U.S. EEOC)

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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

The EEOC is a governmental agency that handles sexual harassment complaints that cannot be settled in the workplace.

Sexual harassment is a violation of the individual’s rights and a form of discrimination.

In 1987, the law prohibiting sexual discrimination was clarified to apply to all educational and employing institutions receiving federal funding.

The EEOC defines sexual harassment as “unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature” occurring in the following circumstances: [See following slides]

(Ramont & Niedringhaus, p. 37)

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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

EEOC defines sexual harassment occurring:When submission to such conduct is considered,

either explicitly or implicitly, a condition of an individual’s employment.

When submission to or rejection of such conduct is used as the basis for employment decisions affecting the individual (i.e., quid pro quo: job privileges or advancement on granting sexual favors).

When such conduct interferes with an individual’s work performance or creates an “intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment.”

(Ramont & Niedringhaus, p. 37)

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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

Other situations involving discrimination that the EEOC handles are age; religion; sex-based discrimination; race/color discrimination; pregnancy, national origin, disability (covered under ADA); and genetic information. (U.S. EEOC)

Wrongful discharge, such as when someone is fired that should not have been fired.

Due process of employee rights is defined by the employer & the union if needed.

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What is due process?

Due process is one of the most important rights that employees have in the workplace because it affects all of their other rights.

It refers to the right of an impartial and fair hearing regarding employers decisions and procedures.

This may also take place when the employer decides to get rid of someone and get them fired.

Due Process has an effective mechanisms and procedures for ensuring that there is justice among employees when disciplinary action is taken against them.

Managers usually define due process as the employee's right to be heard through the employers own complaint procedure.

It is important for employees to know and follow the grievance or complaint due process as outlined in the handbook.

(Fighel)

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Due Process

However, proactive employers will also incorporate the following principals or rights in their interpretation of due process:

1. The right to appeal disciplinary action.2. The right to know job expectations and the

consequences of not fulfilling those expectations.3. The right to consistent & predictable management

action for the violation of rules.4. The right to progressive discipline.So basically you, as an employee, have the right to present

your position during any disciplinary action at your job. This is just one of the few rights that you have everyday

when you go to work.

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Equal Pay Act

The Equal Pay Act requires that men and women in the same workplace be given equal pay for equal work. The jobs need not be identical, but they must be substantially equal.

All forms of pay are covered by this law, including salary, overtime pay, bonuses, stock options, profit sharing and bonus plans, life insurance, vacation and holiday pay, cleaning or gasoline allowances, hotel accommodations, reimbursement for travel expenses, and benefits.

If there is an inequality in wages between men and women, employers may not reduce the wages of either sex to equalize their pay. (U.S. EEOC, n.d.)

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American with Disabilities Act (ADA)

American with Disabilities Act (ADA)The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), passed by U.S.

Congress in 1990 and fully implemented in 1994, prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in employment, public services, and public accommodations.

Purposes of the ActTo provider a clear and comprehensive national mandate for

eliminating discrimination among individuals with disabilities.To provide clear, strong, consistent, enforceable standards

addressing discrimination against individuals with disabilities.To Ensure that the federal government plays a central role in

enforcing standards established under the act. (Ramont & Niedringhaus p. 36)

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American with Disabilities Act (ADA)

The ADA prohibits discrimination and ensures equal opportunity for persons with disabilities in employment, State and local government services, public accommodations, commercial facilities, and transportation

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is the most comprehensive civil rights legislation adopted to prohibit discrimination against people with disabilities.

Public and private businesses, state and local government agencies, private entities offering public accommodations and services, transportation and utilities are required to comply with the law.

(Center of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, n.d.)

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Patient Self-Determination Act

Patient Self-Determination ActCongress passed the Patient Self-Determination Act

(PSDA) in 1990.  The regulations were implemented in December 1991. 

This act gives patients the right to make choices and decisions about the types and extent of medical care they wish for themselves. 

Patients can specify if they want to accept or refuse specific medical care. 

They can also identify a legal representative for urgent healthcare decision purposes.  Then if they become unable to make decisions due to illness, the patients' wishes have been clearly documented at an earlier point.

(Northern Virginia Community College, n.d.)

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Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation ActThe Federal Nursing Home Reform Act or OBRA ’87 creates a set of national minimum set of standards of care and rights for people living in certified nursingfacilities.

These minimum federal health and care requirements for nursing homes are to be delivered through variety of established protocols within nursing homes and regulatory agencies.

OBRA set in motion forces that changed the way state inspectors approached all their visits to nursing homes.

(Turnham, n.d.)

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Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation ActOBRA regulations require that “each long-term

facility must provide each resident with a nourishing, palatable, well-balanced diet that meets the daily nutritional and special dietary needs of each resident” CFR (483.35), and that

“Each resident must receive and the facility must provide the necessary care and services to attain or maintain the highest practicable physical, mental, and psychosocial well being, in accordance with the comprehensive assessment and plan of care” CFR (483.25). (Minnesota Department of Health)

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Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act

The Federal government passed legislation in 1987 entitled the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA).

One of the provisions of that legislation was the registration of nurse aides.

A Nurse Aide is defined as any individual providing nursing or nursing-related services to residents in a long term care facility who is not a licensed health professional, a registered dietitian or a volunteer who provides such services without pay.

Nurse Aides must complete a training program and pass a knowledge test and a clinical skills test before they can be registered in Minnesota.

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Patient’s Bill of Rights

In 1973, the American Hospital Association (AHA) published “A Patient’s Bill of Rights” to promote the rights of hospitalized clients.

The publication was revised in 1992. AHA & OBRA guarantee that all clients have the right to: Considerate & respectful care Consideration of privacy for clients Confidentiality of all records and communications

regarding care The right to refuse a treatment or plan of care The right to make a statement such as a living will, which

should be followed by the agency as permitted by law. (Ramont & Niedringhaus, p. 113)

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Patient’s Bill of Rights

The AHA bill of rights states that clients have the right to:

Review all of their medical records and have them explained Receive requested care and services, provided they are reasonable Be informed of any business arrangements among institutions or

people involved in their care Be informed of resources that can be used to resolve a dispute or

grievance Be informed of hospital policies and procedures that relate to client

care, treatment, & responsibilities Be informed of hospital charges and available payment methods Refuse to participate in any research study Expect reasonable continuity of care Have options explained when hospital care is no longer appropriate

(Ramont & Niedringhaus, p. 113

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Patient’s Bill of Rights

The Patient’s Bill of Rights, by federal law, must be explained verbally and signed by the client before care can be provided.

Verification of compliance is an important function at the time of admission of the patient.

The client should be asked about advance directives (i.e., not to be resuscitated in the event of cardiac arrest), and this information must be in the client’s medical record.

A copy of the Patient’s Bill of Rights must be posted on the wall in every facility.

(Ramont & Niedringhaus, pp. 113-114)

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Minnesota’s Health Care Bill of Rights

Access the website to review the law:

Minnesota's Health Care Bill of Rights to learn about patient’s rights while in a healthcare facility.

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Resident’s Bill of Rights

OBRA guarantees the rights of residents in nursing homes.

Access the website to learn of the rights required by Minnesota Law:

Minnesota Nursing Home Bill of Rights

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Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act (HIPAA)

The Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act In 1996, a Public Law was passed by Congress; it’s purpose is

to:Improve portability & continuity of health insurance

coverage in the group & individual markets.Combat waste, fraud, & abuse in health insurance & health

care delivery.Reduce costs & the administrative burdens of health care by

improving efficiency & effectiveness of the health care system by standardizing the interchange of electronic data for specified administrative & financial transactions.

Ensure protecting the privacy of Americans’ personal health records by protecting the security & confidentiality of health care information. (Maryland Department of Health & Mental Hygiene)

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Definition of State Laws

In the United States, state law is the law of each separate U.S. state, as passed by the state legislature (and signed into law by the state governor) and adjudicated by state courts.

State law exists in parallel, and sometimes in conflict with the United States federal law. These disputes are often resolved by the federal courts.

(Wiley & Sons, Inc., n.d.)

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Minnesota State Laws

Minnesota State Laws1. Criminal Background Checks2. Minnesota Good Samaritan 3. Vulnerable Adult Law

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Criminal Background Studies

A background check or background investigation is the process of looking up and compiling criminal records, commercial records & financial records (in certain instances such as employment screening) of an individual.

Background checks are often requested by employers on job candidates, especially on candidates seeking a position that requires high security or a position of trust, such as in a school, hospital, financial institution, airport, and government. These checks are traditionally administered by a government agency

for a nominal fee, but can also be administered by private companies. Results of a background check typically include past employment

verification, credit score, and criminal history.

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To learn about Minnesota’s law regarding the requirements for a background check.

Access the website:

Minnesota Background Studies on Licensees and Other Personnel

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Good Samaritan Acts

Good Samaritan acts are laws designed to protect healthcare providers who provide assistance at the scene of an emergency against the claims of malpractice unless it can be shown that there was a gross departure from the normal standard of care or willful wrongdoing on their part.

Gross negligence usually further involves injury or harm to the person. For example, an injured child left on the side of the road

may be struck by an automobile when the nurse leaves to obtain help. (Ramont & Niedringhaus,p. 32)

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Good Samaritan Acts

It is generally believed that a person who renders help in an emergency, at a level that would be provided by any reasonable prudent person under similar circumstances, cannot be held liable.

Guidelines for healthcare workers who choose to render emergency care: Limit actions to those normally considered first aid if

possible. Do not perform actions that you do not know how to do. Offer assistance, but do not insist. Do not leave the scene until the injured person leaves or

another qualified person takes over. (Ramont & Niedringhaus, pp. 32-33)

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Minnesota Good Samaritan Law

A person at the scene of an emergency who knows that another person is exposed to or has suffered grave physical harm shall, to the extent that the person can do so without danger or peril to self or others, give reasonable assistance to the exposed person. If one does not, it is a petty misdemeanor.

A person who, without compensation or the expectation of compensation, renders emergency care, advice, or assistance at the scene of an emergency or during transit to a location where professional medical care can be rendered, is not liable for any civil damages as a result of acts or omissions by that person in rendering the emergency care, advice, or assistance, unless the person acts in a willful and wanton or reckless manner in providing the care, advice, or assistance. 

(Office of Revisor of Statutes, State of Minnesota)

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Vulnerable Adult Act

The Minnesota Vulnerable Adult Act outlines the types of abuse and the role of Adult Protective Services.

There are three basic kinds of maltreatment: Abuse - physical, emotional or sexual Neglect - caregiver neglect or self neglect Financial exploitation

State agencies such as Department of Human Services and Department of Health investigate complaints in facilities that are licensed and regulated (such as Adult foster care homes, nursing facilities, hospitals).

Eighty-seven counties have their own adult protection units which are responsible for investigating county complaints and providing protective services.

(City of Minneapolis, 1997-2010; Minnesota Board on Aging)

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Advance Directive

Advance Directive address such issues as:Life-prolonging treatments-Procedures that do not cure a

terminal illness or condition but rather keep a patient alive. Examples include a breathing machine, performing CPR, a feeding tube.

Terminal condition-A condition that is incurable and medical treatment is only delaying the dying process.

Persistent vegetative state- being in a unconscious state or a permanent coma without any chance of regaining consciousness.

Do not resuscitate (DNR)-Medical personal are informed that if the patient’s heart stops beating or if the patient stops breathing they are not to attempt CPR. (Minnesota Department of Health)

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Advance Directives

What is a Health Care Directive?A health care directive is a written document

that informs other of your wishes about your health care. It allows you to name a person ("agent") to decide for you if you are unable to decide. It also allows you to name an agent if you want someone else to decide for you. You must be at least 18 years old to make a health care directive. (Minnesota Department of Health)

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Advance Directives

Why Have a Health Care Directive?A health care directive is important if your

attending physician determines you can't communicate your health care choices (because of physical or mental incapacity).

It is also important if you wish to have someone else make your health care decisions.

In some circumstances, your directive may state that you want someone other than an attending physician to decide when you cannot make your own decisions.

(Minnesota Department of Health)

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What Can I Put in a Health Care Directive?

You may include: The person you trust as your agent to make health care decisions

for you. You can name alternative agents in case the first agent is unavailable, or joint agents.

Your goals, values and preferences about health care. The types of medical treatment you would want (or not want). How you want your agent or agents to decide. Where you want to receive care. Instructions about artificial nutrition and hydration. Mental health treatments that use electroshock therapy or

neuroleptic medications. Instructions if you are pregnant. Donation of organs, tissues and eyes. Funeral arrangements. Who you would like as your guardian or conservator if there is a

court action. (Minnesota Department of Health)

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Advance Directives

Here is a handy toolkit that explains the “How to” and the “why” one should have an advanced directive.

Visit the Minnesota Health Care Directive Toolkit

You may check if your parents or grandparents have one of these directives or if they wish to discuss and complete one.

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Living Wills

Living wills are written documents that direct treatment in accordance with a patient’s wishes in the event of terminal illness or condition.

Living wills may be difficult to interpret and not clinically specific in unforeseen circumstances.

Each state providing for living wills has its own requirements for executing them.

Generally, two witnesses, neither of whom can be a relative or a physician, are needed when the patient signs the document.

If healthcare workers follow the directions of the living will, they are immune from liability.

(Kockrow & Christensen, p. 203)

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Living Will

Living will is a document that allows a person to explain in writing which medical treatment he or she does or does not want during a terminal illness. A terminal illness is a fatal illness that leads ultimately to death.

The living will takes effect only when the patient is incapacitated & can no longer express his or her wishes. The living will states which medical treatments may be used & which may not be used to die naturally & without the patient’s life being artificially prolonged by various medical procedures.

The purpose of a living will is to allow you to make decisions about life support & direct others to implement your desires in that regard.

(Kockrow & Christensen, pp. 203)

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Living Will

The Living Will allows you to make the decision of whether life-prolonging medical or surgical procedures are to be continued, withheld, or withdrawn, as well as when artificial feeding and fluids are to be used or withheld.

It allows you to express your wishes prior to being incapacitated. Your physicians or health care providers are directed by the Living Will to follow your instructions. You may revoke the Living Will prior to becoming incapacitated.

(Kockrow & Christensen, pp. 203-204)

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Durable Power of Attorney for Health

A durable power of attorney for health care designates an agent, surrogate, or proxy to make health care decisions on his/her own behalf.

This agent is appointed to make health care treatment decisions based on the patient’s wishes.

In addition to federal statutes, the ethical doctrine of autonomy ensures the patient the right to refuse medical treatment.

The courts have upheld the right of a legally competent patient to refuse medical treatments based on religious beliefs, and Jehovah's Witnesses accept medical treatment but refuse blood transfusions for religious beliefs. (Kockrow & Christensen, p. 203)

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REGULATION OF

HEALTHCARE PRACTICE

Health Care Core Curriculum

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Regulation of Health Care Practice

Credentialing is the process of determining and maintaining competence in nursing practice.

The credentialing process is one way in which the nursing profession maintains standards of practice and accountability for the educational preparation of its members.

Credentialing includes Licensure, Registration Certification Accreditation (Ramont & Niedringhaus, p.

31)

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Licensure

Before a person can begin work in many health professions, a state license is required. Qualifications for licensure can vary from profession to profession and state to state.

An individual must complete certain steps, such as training, acquiring an academic degree in a particular area of study, and/or passing an exam, before becoming eligible to receive their license.

A person must graduate from a school whose program is approved by the state licensing agency.

After graduation, he or she must prove qualification to provide health care services by passing a special licensing examination.

The licensure credential is issued by governmental agencies such as the state’s Education Department, Department of Higher Education, and Department of Health.

(Stanfield, Cross, & Hui)

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Licensure

Licensure is usually granted on the basis of education and examination rather than performance.

Licensure is usually permanent, but a periodic fee, demonstration of competence, or continuing education may be required.

Licensure may be revoked by the granting agency for incompetence, criminal acts, or other reasons stipulated in the statutes or rules governing the specific area of licensure.

Licensure has been set in place to protect the public from unqualified practitioners.

(Ramont & Niedringhaus, p. 31)

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Certification

Professional certification ensures that health professionals meet established levels of competency.

Professional certification is granted by national organizations NOT by individual states, therefore it carries national recognition.

In health profession in which there is no state and which there is no state licensure, professional certification may be required.

A person must have completed a program of training recognized by the profession. Typically this means graduating from an accredited program.

After graduation a student must pass a special certification program. (Stanfield, Cross, & Hui)

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Registration

Professional registration means the listing of certified health professionals on an official roster kept by the state agency or health professional organization.

Some professions use the terms certification and registration interchangeably. (Stanfield, Cross, & Hui)

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Accreditation

Accreditation is a process by which a private organization, such as the National League of Nursing, or a governmental agency, such as the state board of nursing, appraises and grants accredited status to institutions, programs, or services that meet predetermined standards.

Minimum standards for basic nursing education programs are established in each state of the United States and in each province in Canada.

State accreditation or provincial approval is granted to schools of nursing that meet the minimum criteria. (Ramont & Niedringhaus, p. 31)

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Nurse Practice Acts

Each state in the United States has a nurse practice act, and each province in Canada has a nurse practice act or an act for professional nursing practice.

Nurse practice acts legally define and describe the scope of nursing practice, which the law seeks to regulate, thereby protecting the public as well.

Nurse practice acts are the legal authority that limits the services a member of the profession may perform and is determined by the laws of a jurisdiction. The legal authority for each health care profession is defined within their own state’s practice act. (Ramont & Niedringhaus, p. 31)

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Scope of Practice

Access the Website: Definitions of Scope of Practice-MN Board of Nursing

This website provides definitions about the different levels of nurses including advanced practice nurses and nursing assistants.

It also presents definitions about the practice of nursing which varies with the type of nurse (levels of education differ)

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Minnesota Law for Nurse Aide Training

Access website:Nursing Assistant Training-Minnesota Law

Minnesota CNA Certification

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Standards of Practice

Another way the nursing profession attempts to ensure that its practitioners are competent and safe to practice is through the establishment of standards of practice.

These standards are often used to evaluate the quality of care nurses provide.

Scope of practice is a document developed by the board of nursing that governs practice with each state.

The Minnesota Board of Nursing even has a scope of practice for nursing students in clinical sites.

(Ramont & Niedringhaus, p. 31)

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References

Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation. (n.d.). The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Retrieved from http://www.bu.edu/cpr/reasaccom/whatlaws-adaact.html

City of Minneapolis. (1997-2011). Vulnerable adults. Retrieved from http://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/police/crime-reporting/vulnerableadults.asp

Department of Justice, (2011). ADA Regulations and Technical Assistance Materials. Retrieved from http://www.ada.gov/publicat.htm#Anchor-ADA-44867

Fighel, T. (2011). Due process law in the workplace. Retrieved from http://ezinearticles.com/?Due-Process-Law-in-the-Workplace&id=4003032

Kockrow, O.E. & Christensen, B.L. (2006).Loss, grieving, dying, & death. In B.L. Christensen & E. O. Kockrow (Eds.). Foundations and adult health nursing (5th ed.) (pp. 188-216). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier, Mosby

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ReferencesMaryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. (2002).

Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act. Retrieved from http://www.dhmh.state.md.us/hipaa/whatishipaa.html

Minnesota Board on Aging. (2010). Adult Protective Services Unit. Retrieved from http://www.mnaging.org/advisor/vulnerable.htm

Minnesota Department of Health. (2011). Questions and answers about health care directives. Retrieved from http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/fpc/profinfo/advdir.htm

Minnesota Department of Health. (1991, October). Recommended menu pattern and small portion guidelines: Developed in accordance with OBRA Regulations for Nursing Facilities. Information Bulletin 91-3: NH-3. Retrieved from http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/fpc/profinfo/ib91_3.htm

Northern Virginia Community College. (n.d.). Patient Self-Determination Act: 1990. Retrieved from http://www.nvcc.edu/home/bhays/dogwood/selfdeterminationact.htm

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References

Office of Reviser of Statutes, State of Minnesota. (2006). 604A.01, Minnesota Statutes 2006 : 604A.01 Good Samaritan Law. Retrieved from https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bin/getpub.php?type=s&num=604A.01&year=2006

Standfield, P.S., Cross, N., & Hui, U.H. (2008). Introduction to Health Professions (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers 

Turnham, H. (n.d.). OBRA ‘87 Summary. National Long Term Care Ombudsman Resource Center. Retrieved from http://www.allhealth.org/briefingmaterials/OBRA87Summary-984.pdf

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References

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (n.d.). EEOC Overview. Retrieved from http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (n.d.). Equal Pay/Compensation Discrimination. Retrieved from http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/equalcompensation.cfm

Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2010). Webster’s New World Law Dictionary. Retrieved from http://law.yourdictionary.com/federal-law