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APPLYING PSYCHOLOGICALPERSPECTIVES TO HEALTH AND

SOCIAL CARE

Evonne K

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THE PSYCHODYNAMICAPPROACHThe psyho!yna"# #s a asso#ate! th#s A$str#an psyho%og#stS#g"$n! &re$!' The theory (e%#eves that )e are not a)are o* $nons#o$s part o* yo$r "#n!+ ($t )e are a%)ays a)are o* )#n o$r ons#o$s+ e'g' o$r tho$ght an! *ee%#ngs' Th#s theory a%states that o$r ear%y e,per#enes #n %#*e have a very #"portan#n o$r %ater %#*e' It a#"s to "a-e the $nons#o$s tho$ghts

ons#o$s'

Th#s theory an he%p to e,p%a#n a(nor"a% (ehav#o$r an! pho(&or e,a"p%e+ #* one e,per#ene! so"eth#ng tra$"at# #n the#r%#*e+ they are %#-e%y to repress #t #nto the#r $nons#o$s "#n! )they )#%% very %#tt%e to not at a%%'

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APPLICATION O& THE PSYCHODYNAMPERSPECTIVE TO HEALTH AND SOCIACARE PRACTICE

It #s #"portant #s #"portant to reogn#se that #* o$r (ehav#o$r #s ontro%%e! (y$nons#o$s !r#ve+ then $s#ng .$est#on an! ans)er tehn#.$es )o$%! (e #neas )e "ay not -no) )hat #s tro$(%#ng $s #nto (ehav#ng the )ay )e !o'

0hen )e are an,#o$s )e ten! to $se a ser#es o* strateg#es to ontro% o$r an,s$h as !en#a% an! se%* "ot#vat#ona% state"ents s$h as 1yo$2re #n ontro%'Everyth#ng #s 3ne2'

Another #s thro$gh regress#on therapy' In regress#on therapy+ the pat#ent )#%%ta-en (a- to the#r past 4so"et#"e thro$gh hypnotherapy5 #n or!er to 3n! tha$se or %#n- to the#r a(nor"a% (ehav#o$r' 6y $s#ng hypnotherapy+ the perso"ore %#-e%y to see the#r ear%y v#son "ore %ear%y'

Th#s -#n! o* therapy an (e $se! to reover %ost "e"ory e'g a*ter an a#!enph#(#as+ )here the pat#ent )#%% (e ta-en (a- to the 3rst t#"e they ha! an en)#th the#r *eare! o(7et or s#t$at#on'

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APPLICATION O&PSYCHODYNAMICPERSPECTIVE TO HEALTHAND SOCIAL PRACTICEAor!#ng to psyhoana%ysts+ !epress#on #s *or"e! !$e to theperson %os#ng so"eth#ng they %ove+ an! (ea$se o* th#s+ the ps$/er#ng *ro" the !epress#on )#%% start *ee%#ng that they )erea$se o* the %oss'

Psyhoana%ysts )or- (y ana%ys#ng yo$ thro$gh !rea"s or

$nons#o$s #"p$%ses' Th#s he%p the" to get to the root a$sethe !epress#ve (ehav#o$r'

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SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

The so#a% %earn#ng theory #s a (ehav#o$r#st perspet#ve' They(e%#eve that a% (ehav#o$rs are %earnt *ro" the so#a% #n8$enearo$n! $s+ an! )e !o th#s thro$gh o$r o(serv#ng ro%e "o!e%s #"#tat#on'

Ro%e "o!e%s are very #"portant+ th#s #s (ea$se #* )e a!"#re

so"eone+ )e are "ore %#-e%y to opy9 #"#tate the#r (ehav#o$r'Aor!#ng to th#s perspet#ve+ there are "any #n8$enes on apersons (ehav#o$r s$h as+ *a"#%y "e"(ers+ teahers+ e%e(rte%ev#s#on et'

A ase st$!y )as !one to see ho) *ar th#s theory )as orretres$%ts sho)e! that the h#%!ren #"#tate! the v#o%ent (ehav#o$

the a!$%t that they sa) as ro%e "o!e%s+ they )ere $s$a%%y o* tsa"e se,'

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APPLICATION O& SOCIALLEARNING THEORY TOHEALTH AND SOCIAL CAREPRACTICEIn a hea%th an! so#a% are sett#ng+ a ro%e "o!e% an (e $se! to pro"ote ant#!#sr#"#natory (ehav#o$r an! prat#es' A ro%e "o!e%2s harater#st#s an #nthose aro$n! the"'

&or e,a"p%e+ #n ; )hen Pr#ness D#ana a HIV an! AIDS hosp#ta% an! shoo)#th the pat#ents there' Th#s he%pe! the p$(%# to reons#!er the#r v#e)s on th#%%ness an! the peop%e )ho s$/er *ro" #t' Another one #s 6ara- O(a"a' He %(an )h#h app%#e! to the )#th HIV an! AIDS *ro" enter#ng the ?SA'

As )e%% as ro%e "o!e%s (e#ng $se! to re"ove st#g"as asso#ate! )#th !#seasan a%so (e $se! #n hea%th e!$at#on progra""es+ e'g' @LS2s sa*e se, a"pa

A%so @a"#e O%#ver2s shoo% !#nner a"pa#gn eno$rage! %oa% a$thor#t#es to the #"portane o* a (a%ane! !#et'

In a hea%th an! so#a% are sett#ng+ "o!e%%#ng an he%p pat#ents #n the hosp#taovero"e the#r an,#et#es *or e,a"p%e'

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THE 6EHAVIO?RISTPERSPECTIVETh#s perspet#ve arg$es that a%tho$gh there are other stages#nvo%ve! #n the !eve%op"ent o* o$r (ehav#o$r+ they a%so say tthe )ay )e (ehave #s !$e to o$r past e,per#enes' Th#s happthro$gh pos#t#ve re#n*ore"ent+ negat#ve re#n*ore"ent+p$n#sh"ents an! v#ar#o$s re#n*ore"ents'

Re)ar!s an "a-e a person "ore %#-e%y to repeat the (ehav#o)h#%e p$n#sh"ents "a-e the" %ess %#-e%y to repeat the (ehav

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6EHAVIO?RIST PERSPECTIIN HEALTH AND SOCIAL

CAREThe (ehav#o$r#st perspet#ve #s very $se*$% #n e,p%a#n#ng %earn(ehav#o$rs' There "ay (e aspets o* every!ay %#*e that peop%that #t #s s#"p%y too har! to ope )#th' Th#s perspet#ve he%ps e,p%a#n every!ay %#*e that #s a%"ost #"poss#(%e to ope )#th+ e*ears+ pho(#as an! a(nor"a% (ehav#o$rs+ an! th#s perspet#veto hange theses (ehav#o$rs'

There are "any *or" o* therapy $se! #n or!er to hange (eha

Syste"at# Desens#t#sat#on

Avers#on Therapy

To-en Eono"#es

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SYSTEMATICDESENSITISATIONTh#s *or" o* therapy #s "ost%y $se! to hange pho(# (ehav#oThe a#" o* th#s therapy #s to get r#! o* an !es#ra(%e (ehav#o$r(y rep%a#ng #t )#th a "ore !es#ra(%e one 4re%a,at#on5'

In th#s therapy+ the person #s ta$ght to re%a,+ an! then they agra!$a%%y e,pose! to the#r *eare! o(7et+ event or at#v#ty thr

ser#es o* stages'

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HO0 DOES SYSTEMATICDESENSITISATION 0ORKB;' The %#ent #s g#ven tra#n#ng #n !eep "$s%e re%a,at#on tehn#.$es' Th#s "a

#n%$!e the" %#sten#ng to "$s# to he%p re%a, the"'

' The %#ent an! the therap#st reate a h#erarhy o* *ear+ )h#h has the "os*eare! s#t$at#on 4see#ng a artoon p#t$re o* a nee!%e5 or o(7et at one enthe %east *eare! s#t$at#on or o(7et 4(e#ng #n a hosp#ta% sett#ng )#th a !otho%!#ng a nee!%e5 at the other'

' The %#ent #s then re%a,e! an! ta-en thro$gh the#r h#erarhy o* *ear+ ($t t(e re%a,e! a*ter very stage (e*ore they an progress to the ne,t stage' Tstage #* *or the %#ent to (e o"p%ete%y re%a,e! at the 1"ost *r#ghten#ng evs#t$st#on2'

The reason *or the %#ents (e#ng ta$ght !eep re%a,at#on tehn#.$es #s (ea$stho$ght that an,#ety an! re%a,at#on are #no"pat#(%e' The a#" o* th#s #t to rethe person2s an,#ety )#th a state o* a%"ness an! re%a,at#on'

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APPLICATION O& THE 6EHAVIO?RISTPERSPECTIVE TO HEALTH AND SOCIALCARE PRACTICE : DEPRESSION

6ehav#o$r#sts (e%#eve that !epress#ng #s a$se! (y a %a- o*pos#t#ve re#n*ore"ent #n a person2s %#*e' They say that #s a pe#s not pra#se! *or the har! )or- that they !o+ then they )#%% no%onger ta-e p%eas$re #n %#*e an! they )#%% stop ta-#ng p%eas$re th#ngs that they en7oy !o#ng' Th#s )#%% there*ore %ea! to the pego#ng o$t an! en7oy#ng the"se%ves %ess an! they )#%% (e "ore

to stay #n (e! a%% !ay+ )h#h #s go#ng to "a-e the !epress#on )A (ehav#o$r#st )o$%! arg$e that the person s$/er#ng )#th!epress#on nee!s onstant pra#se *ro )hat they !o+ so that thse%*:estee" an (e re($#%t'

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AVERSION THERAPY

Avers#on therapy #s a tehn#.$e that has (een $se! to he%p "peop%e )ho s$/er *or" a!!#t#on %#-e !r$g an! a%oho% !epen!The a#" o* th#s therapy #s to get the pat#ent to !eve%op a verynegat#ve reat#on to the !r$g or a%oho% $s#ng the vo"#t#ng reth#s )ay they )#%% not )ant to ons$"e the !r$g or a%oho% !$the negat#ve reat#on the ha!'

Th#s therapy $ses the %ass#a% on!#t#on#ng *or"at'

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AVERSION THERAPY

The therapy on #ts o)n an (e very s$ess*$%+ ($t #t #s (e%#evthat #t )#%% (e "$h "ore e/et#ve )#th s$pport+ so (y he%p#ngperson stay )ay *ro" the s#t$at#on+ e'g' a (ar )here there #s aa%oho%'

A !#sa!vantage ho)ever o* th#s therapy #s that #t an (e very$np%easant *or the person an! there are "any eth#a% #ss$es'

A$t#st# h#%!ren so"et#"es pro!$e very !#st$r(#ng an! se%*:har"#ng (ehav#o$rs s$h as hea!:(ang#ng' Avers#on therapy (een $se! to try an! re!$e that -#n! o* (ehav#o$r' The h#%!hea! (ang#ng #s pa#re! )#th e%etr# sho-s' Every t#"e the h(angs the#r hea!+ they )#%% ree#ve a sho-+ an! the sho- a%opa#n*$% eno$gh to stop the h#%! *ro" (ang#ng the#r hea!'

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TOKEN ECONOMIES

To-en eono"y #s another )ay o* re!$#ng $n)ante! (ehav#othro$gh (ehav#o$ra% "o!#3at#on tehn#.$es' The to-en eonprogra""e #s $se! to !eve%op he%p*$% !es#ra(%e (ehav#o$rs' T*o%%o)s the (as#s o! operant on!#t#on#ng'

To-en eono"y #s o*ten $se! #n %ose! s#t$at#ons s$h as pr#s*or 7$ven#%es an! a!$%t o/en!er+ shoo% an! even #n ho"es'

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HO0 DOES TOKENECONOMY 0ORKBA to-en eono"y progra""e #nvo%ves a syste" o* re)ar!s (set $p *or !es#ra(%e (ehav#o$r+ so"et#"es )#th p$n#sh"ents !#so$rage the $n!es#ra(%e (ehav#o$r' Th#s #s app%#a(%e to th)#th anore,#a nervosa+ a$t#s" an! so#a% *ear' &or e,a"p%e+ thperson )#th a so#a% pho(#a )#%% (e re)ar!e! *or everyth#ng ththat #s seen as a )ay to he%p progress to the 1target (ehav#o$

even the s"a%%est s$h as eye:ontat )#th another person !o""$n#at#on'

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THE H?MANISTICPERSPECTIVEThe h$"an#st# perspet#ve "a#n%y *o$ses on the *at that phave ontro% over )hat the#r at#ons

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THE COGNITIVEPERSPECTIVE

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THE 6IOLOGICALPERSPECTIVE