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By:Carlo Hidalgo
What is health?
Disease free state
According to the World Health Organization
It is a state of complete physical, mental, and
social well – being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Soundness or wholeness of the body
What is illness?
A sickness or deviation from a healthy state
It’s considered as a broader concept than disease
According to Imogene KingIllness is an interference in the life
cycle
Disease
Alteration in body functions; resulting in a reduction of capacities or shortening of the normal life span
Etiology
Causation of the disease Identification of all the causal factors that act together to bring about a particular disease
Risk Factors
any situation, habit, social or environmental condition, physiological or psychological condition that increases the vulnerability of an individual or group to an illness or accident
Risk Factors of a disease:
GeneticAgeEnvironmentLifestyle
What is Wellness?
Choice to move towards optimal health; integration of body, mind & spirit; loving acceptance of self;
a way of life
Dimensions of Wellness
1. Physical – carry out daily tasks; to practice positive lifestyle
2. Social – successful interaction with people; develop & maintain intimacy with significant others; to develop respect & tolerance for those with different opinions
Dimensions of Wellness
3. Emotional – ability to manage stress; express emotions appropriately; to accept one’s limitations
4. Intellectual – ability to learn & use information effectively for personal, career & family development
Dimensions of Wellness
5. Spiritual – belief in some force that gives meaning & purpose to life
Concepts on Health & Illness According to Claude BernardHealth is the ability to maintain the
internal milieu. Illness is the result of failure to maintain the internal environment
According to Walter CannonHealth is the ability to maintain
homeostasis or dynamic equilibrium. Homeostasis is regulated by the negative feedback mechanism
Concepts on Health & Illness
- According to Walter CanonAbility to maintain
homeostasis - According to Martha RogersSymbolizes wellness; defined
by the culture or individual
Health Belief Model- describes the relationship between person’s belief & behavior
- individual perceptions & modifying factors may influence health beliefs
Concepts on Health & Illness
Agent –Host-Environment Model
Ecologic model – 3 interactive factors that affect health & illness. Agent, host & environment
Health Promotion Model
Multi-dimensional nature of persons as they interact within the environment to attain good health.
Smith’s Models of Health:
1. Clinical Model – Health is identified by the absence of signs & symptoms of disease or injury. “not being sick”
2. Role Performance Model – Defines health how an individual performs societal roles, performs work; people who can fulfill their roles are said to be healthy even if they appear clinically ill.
3. Adaptive model – Health is a creative process, disease is the result of failure to adapt; focus is adaptation & interaction to the environment to achieve maximum potential
4. Eudaemonistic model – Most comprehensive view
of health; health is seen as a condition of actualization or realization of a person’s potential; fulfillment & complete development
Factors affecting health Genetics
Cognitive abilities
Demographic factors
Geographic Locale
Culture
Lifestyle and environment
Previous health experiences
Spirituality
Support systems
Health beliefs and practices
Factors affecting health
Disease Stages
Exposure or injury
Latency or incubation period
Prodromal period
Acute phase
Remission
Convalescence
Recovery
Disease Stages
Types of Illness
Acute
Chronic
Effects of Illness
Changes in body appearance or function
Sensory changes Unusual body emissions Uncomfortable physical
manifestations Changes in emotional status Changes in relationships
Stages of Illness:
1.Symptom Experience – Person believes that something is wrong
2. Assumption of Sick Role
– Acceptance of the illness; seeks advice, support decisions to give up some activities
3. Medical Care Contact – Seeks advice of health professionals to validate the illness, explanation of symptoms & to predict outcomes of the illness
4. Dependent Patient Role – Dependent on health professional for help; may accept or reject doctor’s suggestions, passive & accepting
5. Recovery/rehabilitation – Returns to former roles & functions
Levels of Prevention:
1.Primary Prevention – Increase person’s resistance to illness; prevents the disease from happening ex. Eat a well balanced diet
2. Secondary Prevention – Health maintenance; identify illness or conditions at an early stage with intervention to prevent exacerbation.
Ex. Regular Pap’s smear for women
3. Tertiary Prevention
– Recovery process after a disease or injury has occurred; aim is to slow down the disease process & assists the patient in achieving an optimal health status
ex. rehabilitation after a stroke
Reaction to Illness:
FrustrationAnxietyAngerUncertainty
DenialShame Grief
Reaction to Illness:
Emotional reactions to illness:
1.) Anxiety – normal reaction to stress, threat or harm
2.) Fear – reaction to specific threat
Anxiety
Anxiety - Vague feeling of dread or apprehension; response to internal or external stimuli
considered normal when appropriate to the situation
Levels of Anxiety:
1.Mild anxiety – Motivates people to make changes or engage in role directed activities- Sensory stimulation increases & helps the person to focus
2. Moderate anxiety – Disturbing feeling that something is wrong; agitated or nervous- Difficulty concentrating but can be redirected to the topic- Decreased awareness of environmental details
3. Severe anxiety – disturbance in thought pattern & reasoning- muscles tighten, VS increase, person paces, restless, irritable, angry- perceptual field greatly decreased
4. Panic – cognitive process focuses on the person’s defense; distorted perceptions of the environment; inability to understand situations “don’t know what to do, don’t know what to say”
Panic
Health Promotion
Any activity undertaken for the purpose of achieving a higher level of health & well being
Nurses Role in Health Promotion:
1.Model healthy lifestyle behaviors & attitude
2. Teach client self care strategies to enhance fitness
3. Improve nutrition, manage stress & enhance relationships
4. Assists individual families & communities to increase their levels of health