Chaptes 4 Health and Illness

8/2/2019 Chaptes 4 Health and Illness

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Chapter 4Health and Illness


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Definitions of Health States

Health: a state of complete physical, mental, and socialwell being, not merely the absence of disease

Illness: the unique response of a person to a disease

Wellness: an active state, oriented toward maximizingthe potential of the individual


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Human Dimensions of Health

Physical

Intellectual

Emotional

Sociocultural

Spiritual

Environmental aspects


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Acute Illness

Generally has a rapid onset of symptoms and lasts only arelatively short time

Examples: appendicitis, pneumonia, diarrhea, commoncold


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Chronic Illness

A broad term that encompasses many different physicaland mental alterations

Examples: diabetes mellitus, lung disease, arthritis, lupus


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Characteristics of a Chronic Illness

It is a permanent change.

It causes, or is caused by, irreversible alterations innormal anatomy and physiology.

It requires special patient education for rehabilitation.

It requires a long period of care or support.


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Stages of Illness Behavior

Experiencing symptoms

Assuming the sick role

Assuming a dependent role

Achieving recovery and rehabilitation


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Models of Health and Illness

The agent-host-environment model

The health-illness continuum

The high-level wellness model

The health belief model

The health promotion model


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Agent-Host-Environment Model (Leavelland Clark)

This model is useful for examining the causes of diseasein an individual.

The agent, host, and environment interact in ways thatcreate risk factors.

Understanding the risk factors is important for thepromotion and maintenance of health.

The host reaction is influenced by family history, age,

and health habits. The environment includes physical, social, biologic, and

cultural factors.

Each of the agent-host-environment factors affects and isaffected by the others.


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The Health-Illness Continuum

Measures a persons level of health

Views health as a constantly changing state with high-level wellness and death on opposite sides of acontinuum

Illustrates the dynamic (ever-changing) state of health


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The Health Belief Model (Rosenstock)

Concerned with what people perceive to be true aboutthemselves in relation to their health

Modifying factors for health include demographicvariables, sociopsychological variables and structuralvariable

Based on three components of individual perceptions of

threat of a disease Perceived susceptibility to a disease

Perceived seriousness of a disease

Perceived benefits of action


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The Health Promotion Model (Pender)

Illustrates the multidimensional nature of personsinteracting with their environment as they pursue health

Incorporates individual characteristics and experiencesand behavior-specific knowledge and beliefs, to motivatehealth-promoting behavior

Personal, biologic, psychological, and sociocultural

factors are predicative of a certain health related habit. Health related behavior is the outcome of the model and

is directed toward attaining positive health outcomes andexperiences throughout the lifespan.


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Factors Affecting Health Status, Beliefs,and Practices

Risk factors for illness

Factors in the human dimensions that influence health-illness status

Beliefs and practice

Basic human needs

Self-concept


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The Human Dimensions

Physical dimension genetic inheritance, age,developmental level, race, and gender

Emotional dimension how the mind affects bodyfunction and responds to body conditions

Intellectual dimension cognitive abilities, educationalbackground, and past experiences

Environmental dimension housing, sanitation, climate,pollution of air, food, and water

Sociocultural dimension economic level, lifestyle,family, and culture

Spiritual dimension spiritual beliefs and values


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Basic Human Needs

Physiological needs

Safety and security needs

Love and belonging needs

Self-esteem needs

Self-actualization needs


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Factors That Influence aPersons Self Concept

Past experiences

Interpersonal interactions

Physical and cultural influences

Education


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Levels of Preventive Care

Primary prevention e.g., diet, exercise, immunizations

Secondary prevention e.g., screenings, mammograms,family counseling

Tertiary prevention e.g., medications, surgicaltreatment, rehabilitation

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Chaptes 4 Health and Illness