Headache

Dr Viviana Elliott

Consultant Physician

Acute Medicine

2015

Aims

• To provide a practical approach to the diagnosis and management of patients presenting with headache

Objectives

• To be able to understand the causes of headache

• To be able to classify headaches in clinical practice

• To be able to organise a management plan for patients presenting with headache

• To be able to identify headache that you can’t miss

Headache

• 2.5 % of new emergency attendance

• 15 % will have a serious cause

Which structures in the head ache?

Pain sensitive structures

• Dura

• Arteries

• Venous sinuses

• Para-nasal sinuses

• Eyes

• Tympanic membranes

• Cervical spine

Classification of headaches

• Primary headache

• Hemicrania continua

• Secondary headache

Primary headache

• Migraine

• Cluster headache

• Tension Headache

Secondary Headaches

• Head Trauma

• CNS infection

• Vascular disease

• Intracranial pressure disorders

• Other common causes of headache

Head trauma

• Subdural

• Extradural

CNS infection

• Meningoenchephalities

• Cerebral abscess

Vascular disease

• Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH)

• TIA/Stroke

• Subdural- extradural- intracerebral haemorrhage

• Arterial dissection

• Cerebral Venous sinus thrombosis (CVST)

• Giant cell arteritis (GCA) and vasculitis

Intracranial pressure disorders

• Tumours

• Idiopathic intracranial hypertension

• Intracranial hypotension

• Hydrocephalus

• Intermittent: eg Colloid cyst found just posterior to the foramen of Monro in the third ventricle, originating from the roof of the ventricle.

Other common headaches

• Sinusitis

• Glaucoma

• Hyponatraemia

• Toxins: alcohol excess and withdrawal

• Drugs: calcium channel blockers and nitrates

• Coital migraine/cephalgia

50% previous migraine

Exclude SAH

Propanolol 40 -80 mg or Indomethacin 25-100mg can be

taken 30-60 minutes prior to sexual activity

History• Onset• Frequency• Periodicity• Duration• Time to maximum intensity• Time of the day• Recurrence• One type or more than one headaches• Life style

Primary HeadachesFeatures Tension Migraine Cluster

Painlocation

Bilateral Unilateral orbilateral

Unilateral ( around eye , above eye along the side of the head/face

Pain quality Pressing/ tightening (non pulsating)

Pulsating (throbbing)

Variable ( sharp, burning, throbbing or tightening)

Pain intensity Mild or moderate Moderate to severe

Severe or very severe

Effect on activities Not aggravated by routine activities or daily living

Aggravated by, or causes avoidance of routine activities or daily living

Restlessness or agitation

Features Tension

Migraine Cluster

Other symptoms None Usual sensitivity to light and/or sound or nauseas and /or vomitingAuraSymptoms can occur with or without headache and: - are fully reversible - develop over at least 5‘-Lasts 5-60’Typical aura includes visual symptoms such as flickering lights, spots or lines and or partial loss of vision; sensory symptoms such as numbness and/ or pins and needles; and/ or speech disturbance

On the same side as the headache:-Red and or watery eye-Nasal congestion and/or runny nose-Swollen eyelid-Forehead and facial sweating-Constricted pupil and/or drooping eyelid

Features Tension Migraine Cluster

Duration 30’ to continuous 4-72 hours 15’ to 180 ‘

Frequency < 15 per month < 15 per month 1 every other day to 8 per day with remission > 1 month

Diagnosis “Episodic tension headache”

“Episodic migraine”( with or without aura)

“Episodic cluster headache”

Frequency 15 per month for more than 3 months

15 per month for more than 3 months

1 every other day with continuous remission < 1 month in a 12 month period

Diagnosis “ Chronic tension headache”

“Chronic migraine”( with or without aura)

“ Chronic cluster headache”

Features Tension Migraine ClusterAcute Treatment

AspirinNSAIDParacetamol

Oral triptan and NSAID or triptan and paracetamolMonotherapy : oral triptan , NSAID, aspirin (900 mg) or paracetamol.Add anti-emetic if nauseas or vomiting

Oxygen 100% at a 12 litres per minute with non rebreathing mask and a reservoir bag ( arrange home oxygen or ambulatory oxygen) or nasal triptan

Prophylaxis 10 sessions of acupuncture over 5-8 weeks ( chronic tension headache)

Topiramate (risk of malformation in pregnant woman) or propanolol . If unsuitable or ineffective 10 sessions of acupuncture over 5-8 weeks or Gabapentin 1200 mg/d

Verapamil with specialist advice and ECG monitoring.

Note on treatment of migraine• All treatments should take into account the person’s

preference, co morbidities, risk of adverse events and the impact of the headache on their quality of life.

• People who are on another form of prophylaxis eg amitriptyline and who’s migraine is well controlled should continue with the same treatment

• Continue prophylaxis for 6 months

• Riboflavin 400 mg once a day may reduce the frequency and intensity of the migraines for some people.

Atypical Aura in Migraine that needs imaging

• Motor weakness or

• Double vision or

• Visual symptoms affecting only one eye

• Poor balance

• Decrease level of consciousness

Menstrual related migraine

• Migraine that occurs 2 days before and 2 days after the start of menstruation in at least 2 out of 3 consecutive menstrual cycles

• Diagnose menstrual related migraine using a headache diary for at least 2 menstrual cylces

• Treatment if no response with standard acute treatment consider frovatriptan (2.5 mg bd) or zolmitriptan (2.5 mg bd or tds) on the days that the migraine is expected.

Medication overuse headache

Headache developed or worsened while taking the

following drugs for 3 months or more:

• triptans, opioids, ergots or combination analgesic medication on 10 days per month or more.

• Paracetamol, aspirin or an NSAID either alone or in combination, on 15 days per month or more

Treatment• Advice to stop ( abruptly) overused medication for a

month.

• Advice that headache will be worse before it improves ( withdrawal ). Close follow up and support.

• Consider prophylaxis for primary headache

• No need for admission

• Referral to specialist only if use of strong opioids , relevant co-morbidities or unsuccessful attempts

Hemicrania continua

• Unilateral headache for > 3 months

Frontal temporal region periorbitally

Few bilateral cases

• Daily and continuous pain

• Severity is moderate

74% fluctuating in severity

40% disabling exacerbation

Exacerbations result in sever pain lasting 30’ to 10 hs

(2-5 days)

During exacerbation is indistinguishable from migraine

Hemicrania continua

• Pain is sharp like “jab and jolts”

18% ocular sensation (like sand in the eye)

accompany or precede the headache

• Pain is throbbing (one third of cases); may appear as pain intensity increases

• During exacerbation accompanied by at least one of this autonomic phenomena/signs:

Conjunctival injection/lacrimation

Nasal congestion/ rhinorrhoea

Miosis and ptosis

Hemicrania continua

Complete response to indomethacin

25 mg tds after 3 days increase to 50 mg tds may require up to 150 mg. If gastric intolerance Topiramate

Important headaches that you can’t miss (Secondary headache)

• GlioMe

Acute SAH

Cerebral Venous thrombosis

Glioma

Temporal arteritis

Meningitis

“SNOOP – T” Red flags for secondary headaches• Systemic symptoms ( fever weight loss) or Secondary risk factors: systemic disease, cancer or HIV

• Neurological symptoms +/- abnormal signs ( confusion impair alertness or consciousness and focal sign)• Onset: sudden, abrupt or split of a second or worsening and progressive

• Older new onset and progressive headache specially in middle age, > 50 years ( giant cell

arthritis)

• Previous headache history first headache or different ( significant change in attack frequency, severity or

clinical features

• Triggered Headache by Valsalva, exertion or sexual intercourse

Bacterial Meningitis

• High level of suspicious if fever and altered consciousness!!!

• Acute bacterial meningitis is an important fatal medical emergency- early recognition saves lives!!

• Prompt initiation of antibiotics

• Confirm diagnosis & pathogen with CSF analysis via lumbar puncture

• Still obtain CSF even if antibiotics commenced eg Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for bacteria DNA

Subarachnoid haemorrhage• Commonest potentially life threatening acute severe headache

1-3% headaches presenting to A&E

• 1/3 present with acute onset of severe headache as only symptom!

• Headache characteristics - Acute or Abrupt Thunderclap”

Instantaneous 50%

Seconds< minute 25%

1-5 minutes 20%

Over 5 minutes zero

• “Worse ever” : more likelihood

• Transient lost of consciousness or epileptic seizure

CT Brain ASAP !( sensitivity decreases with time)

• First 12 hs 96 – 100%

• Within 24 hs 92 – 95 %

• Within 48 hs 86 %

• At 5 days 58 %

• At 7 days 50 %

• After 2 weeks 30 %

• After 3 weeks almost nil

Chronology of CSF abnormality in CSF

• 12 hs should elapse before CSF analysis for xanthochromia –immmediate centrifugation

– Red cell lysis in the CSF to billirubin and oxyhaemoglobin

• Xanthochromia reliably present >12 hs and up to 2 weeks of SAH

Management of SAH• Call a friend : Neurosurgery

• Analgesia & anti-emetics

• Reduce secondary ischemia

Nimodipine 60 g 4 hrly

• Supportive care to reduce brain insult

Adequate hydration > 3 lts of saline daily

Avoid hypotension

Avoid hypoxia

• Early Neurovascular MDT

• Complications: Hydrochephalus

Giant Cell arteritis

• Affects large/medium size arteries

• Microscopically infiltration of lymphocytes, macrophages, histiocytes and multinucleates giant cells

• Vessel are tender, red, firm and pulsless with scalp sensitivity

• Risk of blindness if not treated

Presentation• Rare before 50

• Female > male

• Insidious onset

• Often associated with jaw claudication on chewing

• Headache localised to the superficial occipital or temporal arteries, throbbing and worse at night

• 75% raised CRP and ESR

• Diagnostic biopsy with in 2 weeks

• Prednisolone 60 mg

Cerebral Venous Sinus ThrombosisHeadache presentation

• Acute/ subacute progressive “headache plus” syndrome

Papilloedema “ idiopathic intracranial hypertension” mimic

Symptoms of raised ICP

VI nerve palsy

Focal signs

Seizures

Enchephalopathy

• Acute Thunderclap – SAH like presentationCT –ve, CSF negative -Consider specially if raised CSF OP

• New daily persistent headache

• Isolated headache !!!

CVST: appropriate investigations

• D-Dimer level?

Abnormal in 96% with enchephalopathy

Normal in ¼ with isolated headache

• Brain MRI/MRV (T2)

Sinus occlusion

Venous haemorrhage

Venous infarction

• CT venogram

CVST: management- anticoagulation

• Low molecular weight heparin or IV Heparin

• 3-6 months Warfarin

• Thrombolisis?

• Treatment of comorbidities, seizures and increased ICP

Consider Anticardiolipin antibody syndrome,

Thrombotic & Homocystein screen

Cancer CNS and ENT infection

Systemic inflammatory disease/Behcets

Carotid dissection

A hemorrhage into the wall of the carotid artery,

separating the intima from the media and leading to

aneurysm formation.

Suspect in

• Blunt trauma? Post RTA

• Rotational forces? Manipulation

• Spontaneous

Acute Cervical arterial dissection

Internal carotid artery dissection (ICAD)

• Unilateral headache/face pain + neck

+/- Contra lateral stroke or TIA

Vertebral artery dissection (VAD)

• Occipital-nuchal headache

+/- posterior circulation TIAs

CAD Investigations

• MRI Brain and neck & MRA

(Carotid & vertebral)

Crescent shaped intramural haematoma & vessel occlusion

Identifies ischemic brain tissue > clearly

• CT brain & CTA of cervical vessels

Tapering lumen, vessel occlusion

• Rarely Catheter angiogram

Intimal flap +/- double lumen path gnomonic

seen in <10 %

Management of carotid artery dissection

• “Ring a friend” neurology

• Aspirin vs anticoagulation

3-6 month therapy

Conclusions• Remember that history is the most important clue

• Describe a classification useful in clinical practice

Primary headache (migraine – cluster - tension)

Head Trauma

CNS infection

Vascular disease

Intracranial pressure disorders

• Remember “SNOOP – T”

• Don’t miss: Brain tumours, Giant arteritis, carotid dissection, meningitis and SAH !

Snoop-T

Questions?