Henry VI (1422-61, 1470-71)

• He was mentally ill• He founded Eton College and King’s

College in Cambridge

Wars of the Roses (1455-85)

• Walter Scott named these wars• House of York’s symbol: white rose• House of Lancaster’s symbol: red rose

Wars of the Roses

• 1461 – Edward, the Duke of York won the throne. He became Edward IV and put Henry into the Tower of London

• 1470 – Henry is king again• 1471 – Edward returned, Henry in the

Tower again where he died• 1483 – Edward IV died• 1483 - Richard III became king

Wars of the Roses

• Henry Tudor (House of Lancaster) defeated Richard III (House of York and became king

• Henry VII married Elizabeth of York. This marriage united the two families and ended the fighting.

Tudor rule (1485-1603)

• Henry VII Henry VIII Elizabeth I

Henry VII (reigned 1485-1509)

• First Tudor king• He wanted peace and prosperity• He built ships• He avoided quarrels with France and

Scotland

Henry VIII (1509-47)• He was quite unlike his father• 1510 – he married Catherine of Aragon• By 1526 – no son, so he wanted to divorce her• 1531 – Act of Supremacy• 2nd wife: Anne Boleyn

Henry VIII

• His break with Rome• Defender of the Faith • Made a careful survey of Church property• 1536-1539 – dissolution of monasteries• Remained loyal to Catholic teaching• Died in 1547 – 6 wives, 3 children

Henry VIII

• Mary – daughter of Catherine of Aragon

• Elizabeth – daughter of Anne Boleyn

• Edward – son of Jane Seymour

Edward VI (1547-1553)

• He died at the age of 16

Mary I (1553-1558)

• Catholic• Married King Philip of Spain• She burnt 300 Protestants• ‘Bloody Mary’• 1558 – died without an heir

Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

• A Protestant• 1587 – She had Mary beheaded

• Mary, Queen of Scots – Elizabeth’s cousin

Elizabeth I

• 1588 – defeated the Spanish Armada

Elizabeth I

• Chartered companies1588 – Africa Company1600 – East India Company

She died at the age of 70 in 1603Had no children

The Stuarts (1603-1714)• The first one: James I• The last one: Queen Anne

The Union of the Crowns• The Union of the Crowns of England and

Scotland• by Peter Paul Rubens• Date painted: c.1632–1634

In this painting the child represents young Prince Charles, the embodiment of the union of England and Scotland. Three women crown him: the woman in red personifies England; the woman in yellow represents Scotland; and the third is Minerva, goddess of wisdom and war. Above them two cherubs hold the coat-of-arms of the United Kingdom.

http://www.artsconnected.org/resource/1903/the-union-of-england-and-scotland-charles-i-as-the-prince-of-wales

James I (1603-25)

• He was Mary’s son• James VI of Scotland

• James I of Scotland and England• James ruled without Parliament 1611-21

Charles I (1625-1649)

Petition of Right, 1628

• Quarrels with Parliament• The king agreed that Parliament controlled

the national budget and the law• Puritans• 1638 – the Scots rebelled• 1641 – troubles in Ireland

The English Civil War (1642-51)

• The Royalists – the Cavaliers• The Roundheads• 1645 – NASEBY

• Oliver Cromwell- a new model army

The British Republic (1649-60)

• Charles I was executed on 31 January 1649

• King Charles II of Scotland – was defeated and escaped to France

• In Ireland – 6000 people were killed in revenge

• The army ruled• 1653 – dissolution of Parliament

Cromwell

• 1653 – Lord Protector• New system = Protectorate• He governed the country through the army

• 1658 – Cromwell died• His heir was his son• Army commanders invited Charles II to return to

his kingdom• 1660 – the Restoration

Charles II (1660-1685)

• Believed in the divine right of kings• Avoided conflict with Parliament• 1673 – the Test Act prevented any

Catholics from holding public office• Two political parties were born:

The Whigs and the Tories

1685 – Charles died without an heir

James II (1685-88)

• Charles’s brother• A Catholic• James’s daughter, Mary got married to the

Protestant ruler of Holland, William of Orange

• 1688 – James’s son was born• The Tories, the Whigs and the Anglicans

invited William to invade Britain

The Glorious Revolution - 1688

• Parliament made William king

• 1689 – the Bill of Rights• 1690 – the Battle of the Boyne (in Ireland)• 1701 – the Act of Settlement• 1707 – union of Scotland and EnglandNew country: Great Britain

The last Stuart: Queen Anne(1702-1714)

• Daughter of King James II

• Had 18 children but none of them lived beyond the age of 11

• When she died her cousin George from Hanover became King George I