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7/25/2019 HB017(E) Pipe Friction
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291211
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
HB 017 PIPE FRICTION
Vertical pipe Horizontal pipe (optional)
(The equipment sent to a customer may have some differences from the above picture, mainly depending on options and
our continuing improvement of products.)
ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED
508 SOI 22/1 SOMDET PHRACHAO TAKSIN RD.BUKKALO THONBURI BANGKOK 10600, THAILAND
TEL. +66 (0) 24760034 FAX +66 (0) 24761500
E-mail: [email protected]
www.essom.com
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]7/25/2019 HB017(E) Pipe Friction
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2912111
CONTENTS
Page
Receipt of goods A
Safety Guidelines B-C
Installation instructions D
1. General description 1-12. Theory 2-1
3. Test procedures 3-1
4. Typical data 4-1
5. Sample calculations 5-1
Addendum
Addendum 1 Water manometer
Addendum 2 Mercury manometer
Addendum 3 Acrylic cylinder assembly instruction
Addendum 4 Properties table of water in SI unit
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying
or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this
publication) without the written permission from ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED.
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A 291211
RECEIPT OF GOODS
1. On Receipt of Goods
a) On receipt of the goods at the consignees premises, the shipment should be immediately inspected for any damages
or missing package. This should be checked against the packing list or shipping documents. Any damage should be
reported immediately to the insurance agent.
b) The package should then be open to check items or parts against the delivery list. Any damaged or missing items
should be immediately claimed to the insurance agent with copy to the supplier.c) If insurance has been arranged by the buyer then you must notify your insurer in writing of any damage or loss of
parts which was observed regarding this shipment within a specified period of time as stated in the Terms and
Conditions. This should include detailed photographs of the damaged equipment.
d) If insurance has been arranged by the seller you should notify the insurances representative along with any
correspondence including the insurance certificate supplied by the seller. These should include detailed photographs for
evaluation of damages or replacement parts pertaining to the shipment.
e) The supplier will only replace damaged items or missing on notification by the insurance company that the claim has
been accepted. The insurance company may refuse responsibility if parts are damaged or missing while under custodys
for a long time without prior claim. Immediate claim is therefore vital.
2. Manufacturers Liability
a) Before proceeding to install, commission, or operate the equipment listed in the instruction manual, we would like toalert the user to the health and safety aspects of people who will work on or operate our equipment with regard to the
liability of the manufacturers or suppliers.
b) Manufacturers or suppliers are absolved of any responsibilities with regard to misuse of their equipment causing
harm or financial charges being incurred against them from clients or third parties for consequences of failure or
damage of the equipment in any way if the equipment is not installed, maintained and operated as outlined in theinstruction manual published by the manufacturers or suppliers.
c) In order to safeguard the students and operators of the equipment it is vital that all safety aspects as outlined in the
instruction manual are observed.
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010811B
3. Safety Guidelines
3.1General Safety Concerns
Before proceeding to install, commission, or operate the equipment described in the instruction manual we would like to
alert you to the dangerous potential hazards that would be present if safety practices were not performed in accordance
with the local standards and governing bodiesregulations.
-Injury would occur to the operational staff of the equipment through misuse, electric shock, rotating equipment hazards
and lack of cleanliness.To be able to achieve the aim, of accidents can be avoided it must be ensured that the equipment is installed correctly,
regularly maintained and operators of the equipment are made aware of the potential hazards associated with the
particular equipment.
We would like to inform our valuable customers of the safety guide lines when using their equipment.
3.2 Awareness of Safety Hazards
(a) Before attempting to work on the equipment the personnel who are going to install, commission, or operate the
equipment must be qualified and fully aware of all the manufacturers and suppliers recommendations and instructions.
(b) Ensure that the all the recommendations specified in the instruction manuals are maintained as stated in the contents.
4. Electrical Safety
(a) Ensure that the person who works on the equipment is a qualified electrical engineer/technician who is competent in
the safety aspects and operational mode of the equipment.
(b) If the electrical supply to the equipment is supplied by means of a portable trailing cable, protective devices such asan Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) must be installed.
This protective device must have a very high sensitivity (20-30mA).This device is also referred to as a residual current
device(R C D) within the electrical supply circuitry for personnel protection.
(c) The supply cable must be sized accordingly for all fault and physical conditions pertaining to its use. The supply
network must also incorporate a protection device that will disconnect and isolate the supply voltage in the case of an
overload in a specified period of time without causing any damage to the equipment. (An overload relay)
5. Installation
(a) On receipt of the equipment extreme care should be used to avoid damage to the equipment on handling and
unpacking. If slings are used ensure they are held on a rigid part of the equipment, the structure. In the case of a
mechanical lift such as a fork lift ensure the lifting forks are beneath the structure framework so that no damage willoccur during the lifting operation.
(b) In some cases it is imperative that the equipment be installed on a level and solid foundation5.1 Electrical Supply Cables
(a) The normal color code of the power cables supplied on this equipment is as follows:
- Black----------------------------Line.
- Gray or white -----------------Neutral.
- Green-Yellow-----------------Ground.
(b)The three phase power cable has five wires.
- Red, blue and black ---------Line.
- Light gray or white ----------Neutral.
- Green-Yellow ----------------Ground.
5.2 General Precautions for Equipment with Water Including Evaporative Cooling Towers
(a) Any water contained in the system should be drained regularly. If it is left in the system for a long period of time
without circulation it will stagnate.
(b) The equipment should be flushed regularly with clean water.
(c) Impurities in the water will cause scale or algae and must be cleaned on a regular basis. An anti rust additive such as
used in the automobile industry is recommended to inhibit this process.(d) The water should be at temperature under 45 degrees C to maintain effectiveness.
(e) Many of the problems encountered with water contamination can be reduced and prevented by means of a water
treatment program being introduced using the expertise available locally or on site.
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291211C
5.3 Rotating Equipment
(a)If the equipment is supplied with any rotating parts such as a motor, generator, fan etc these items are provided with
a protection shield or a guard to protect the operator from any dangers which may occur when the rotating parts fail.
These guards must be in place whenever the rotating parts are in operation (rotating) and only removed for maintenance
periods.
After maintenance is carried out ensure that the machine guards are replaced back in service. Do not operate anyrotating parts unless machine guards are in place.
5.4 Steam Equipment
(a)When using steam equipment, there are a number of vital precautions which must be remembered by the operators
and maintenance crew and placed into operation when both operating and performing maintenance schedules. During
operation of this equipment the steam and water are at a high temperature and pressure which can have a very damaging
and hazardous effects on students if safety precautions are not observed.(b)Ensure that critical values of temperature and pressures listed in the instruction manual are maintained and not
exceeded on the equipment.
(c) Safety valves should be calibrated on a regular basis with mandatory service records maintained. This should also
include pressure reducing valves.
(d) Calibration of any instrumentation such as pressure gauges, thermometers and sensors should be checked regularly.
(e) Visual inspection of the equipment should be regularly observed for leaks of steam etc and any frameworks or jointsshould have the hardware checked for tightness.
(f) Always use protective clothes including gloves when carrying out maintenance on the equipment.
5.5 High Temperature Equipment
(a) When using high temperature equipment there are a number of vital precautions which must be remembered by the
operators and maintenance crew and observed when both operating and performing maintenance schedules. Duringoperation of this equipment the air, gas or water is at a high temperature and pressure which can have a very damaging
and hazardous effect on students if safety precautions are not observed.
(b) Ensure that critical values of temperature and pressures listed in the instruction manual are maintained and not
exceeded on the equipment.
(c) Calibration of any instrumentation such as, thermometers and sensors must be checked regularly for safe operation.
6. Maintenance Safety Practices
(a) Always isolate the equipment from the electrical supply when carrying out maintenance on the equipment
(b) Ensure that safety notices are placed on the equipment supply advising personnel that the equipment is being
worked on, inspected and should not be operated.(c) Check the operation of any protective devices, such as an ELCB so that it operates in accordance with its
specifications thus ensuring the safety of all operational personnel working on the equipment. Any malfunction of the
device must be corrected by a qualified electrician before returning the equipment back to a service condition.
(d) Ensure on completions of the work that the equipment is returned to its original state and that no covers, panels are
left open along with loose screw drivers, spanners are left in the equipment.
(e) If water is used with the equipment then there are certain preventative mandatory regulations that have to be taken to
prevent infection from harmful micro organisms.
7. General Safety Conditions when Operating or Maintaining the Equipment
(a) When operating or carrying out maintenance on the equipment the Health and Safety of the students can besafeguarded in many ways by wearing protective clothing.
(b) Loose fitting clothes should never be worn in a laboratory. These clothes can cause a serious accident if caught in
rotating equipment, i.e. tie etc.(c) Protective gloves must be used if handling toxic materials or where there is a high temperature present.
(d) Ear protectors should be worn when operating noisy equipment.(e) Eye protection should always be used when there is a risk to the eyes.
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160112D
INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS
HB 017 PIPE FRICTION
GENERAL INSTRUCTION
Equipment shipped overseas are usually partially assembled to reduce possibility of damages and
shipping volume for. For this equipment the clear acrylic tank may be removed (See addendum 3)Parts list or packing list is normally shipped with shipping documents. When the shipping boxes reach
the site. The box should be carefully opened, and the parts must be checked / examined for damage and
identified according to the parts list.
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1-1 170314
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
HB 017 PIPE FRICTION
Figure 1-1a Vertical pipe Figure 1-1b Horizontal pipe (optional)
1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
This equipment measures pressure drop when water flows through a vertical pipe at various flow rates bothlaminar and turbulent. It is to be used with HB100 Hydraulics Bench (separately supplied)
It consists of adjustable constant head water source of removable clear acrylic cylinder for laminar flow.
Turbulent flow may be achieved by directly connecting the pipe to the Hydraulics Bench water supply. Flow rate
can be controlled by a valve at outlet. A water manometer with a vent valve, a hand air pump and a mercury
manometer are provided for measurement of pressure drop. The apparatus has a hose with a male quick couplingconnection to the Hydraulics Bench.
1.1 Technical Data
1.1.1 Cylinder diameter : 150 mm
1.1.2 Adjustable constant head : 800-1000 mm
1.1.3 Water manometer : 450 mm x 1 mm graduation.
1.1.4 Mercury manometer : 450 mm x 1 mm graduation.
Notes : Due to transport laws, ESSOM cannot supply the mercury. Buyer must source it locally.Approximately 25 ml. or 350 g. is required. ESSOM will supply filling kit.
1.1.5 Test pipe : Stainless steel, 3 mm approx ID.
1.1.6 Test section length : 510 mm
1.1.7 Measuring cup : 1 l
1.2 Optional : Horizontal test pipe instead vertical.: HF 033A Differential pressure sensor and indicator, 0-500 cm. water instead of mercury manometer.
: HF 033B Differential pressure gauge, 60 kPa, 100 mm diameter, instead of mercury manometer.
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1-2 170314
Acrylic tank
Test pipe
Vent valves
Water manometer
Outlet pipe
Pressure measuring
point
Stilling material
Connection to hand
air pump
Mercury manometer
Pressure measuring
point
Pressure inlets for
mercury manometer
Pressure inlet for water
manometer
Hand air pump
Figure 1-2aFront view of vertical pipe Figure 1-2bRear view of vertical pipe
Stilling materials
Head tank
Over flow pipe
Mercury manometer (U- tube)
Graduated beaker
To water manometer
To mercury manometer (U-tube)
To water manometer
To mercury manometer (U-tube)
Test pipeInlet
V3V2V1
To test pipe
V5Water manometer valve
V6Water manometer valve
Front View Rear View
V4Flow control valve
Water manometer(Inverted U-tube)
Vent valves
Water
supplycontrolvalves
Pressure measuring
points
Outlet
Flexible hose to Hydraulics
Bench storage tank
Pressure inlets
(rear)
For hand air pump
Figure 1-3 Schematic diagramof HB017 vertical pipe
031011
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1-3 170314
Acrylic tank
Mercury manometer
Test pipe
V4Flow control valve
Outlet
Pressure measuring points
Scale
V6
V5
Stilling material
V1 V2 V3
Inlet
Water manometer
Water supply
control valves
Vent valves
Connection to
hand air pump
Figure 1-4Horizontal pipe
Inlet
Head tank
Stilling materials
Graduated beaker
Mercury manometer (U-tube)
Test pipe
V3V2V1
V4= Flow control valve
Over flow pipe
Water supply control valves
V5= Water manometer
valveV6= Water manometer valve
Water manometer
Inverted (U-tube)
Vent valves
Pressure measuring points
Flexible hose to Hydraulics
Bench storage tank
Outlet
Vent valves
For hand air pump
Figure 1-5Schematic diagram of horizontal pipe
Note:All pipes and hoses connection are already made by the manufacturer except inlet and outlet pipes, and
overflow pipe.
031011
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1803102-1
2. THEORY
When fluid flows in a pipe from one point to the next there is an energy loss due to the friction between the
pipe and the fluid and the interaction between particles of the fluid.
2.1 Type of Flow
There are two types of flow in pipe: laminar and turbulent flow. Laminar flow is one which fluid
particles move parallel to the pipe where particles at the center line of the pipe move faster than those near the
wall. Turbulent flow is one which fluid particles move at random in all direction but generally move forwardalong with the flow. Particles at the center line of the pipes and those near the wall move at nearly the same
velocity. Turbulent flow results in higher friction loss, s. Laminar and turbulent flows may be defined by
Reynolds Number (ReD)
VDReD
Where: D = Pipe inside diameter, m
V = Average velocity in pipe, m/s
= Density of the fluid, kg/m3
= Dynamic viscosity of the fluid, kg/m.s
The flow is laminar when 2,000ReD and is turbulent when ReD> 4,000. Flow which ReDis between
2,000 - 4,000 is considered as transitional flow.
2.2 Energy Loss in Pipe
Figure 2-1Flow in horizontal pipe with constant diameter
L2
222
1
211 h)Z
g2
Vp()Z
g2
Vp(
1p
g2
V21
2Z
g2
V22
1Z
Totalenergryline
Hydraulicgradeline
Datum line
(1) (2)
Lh
L
2p
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1803102-2
Energy loss due to the fluid flow in a pipe can be explained by an energy equation as follows:
The energy equation for the flow from point (1) to point (2) of the same stream is as follow.
L2
222
1
211 h)Z
2g
Vp()Z
2g
Vp(
(1)
Where: p = Static pressure, N/m2
= Specific weight of fluid, N/m3V = Average velocity of fluid in pipe, m/s
Z = Elevation of pipe, m
HL = Energy loss per unit weight of fluid , N/mN or m
g = Acceleration due to gravity, m/s2
Reference points (1) and (2) refer to point (1) and point (2) of the pipe respectively.
Since the pipe is horizontal and diameter is constant, then
Z1= Z2, and V1= V2
Therefore from equation (1) we get:
21L
pph (2)
If energy loss is expressed in term of head loss or Friction Head ( Lh )
2.3 Loss of Energy for Laminar Flow.
2.3.1 From Poiseuilles experiment, it is found that
2LDg
LV32h
(3)
Where: L Length of pipe, m From equation (2)
2
L
Dg
V32
L
h
... (4)
Since (32 / gD2) is constant, then
VL
hL (5)
Thus Poiseuilles experiment shows that energy loss in laminar flow is proportional to averagevelocity of the flow.
2.3.2 Darcy and Weisbach Experiments.
From experiments by Darcy and Weisbach, it is found that energy loss for both laminar and
turbulent flow may be expressed as:
2g
V
D
Lfh
2
L . (6)
Where: f = Friction factor, dimensionless
By rearranging equation (6)
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1803102-2
Larminar
hL
L
Transition
Zone
Turbulent
V
hL
LV
1.7 to 2.0
Log V
2g
V
D
1f
L
h
2L .. (7)
If we use the head loss in equation (3) as in equation (6), we get:
D
2
2
Re
64
VD
64f
Dg
LV32
2g
V
D
Lf
.. (8)
The equation may be expressed in logarithmic form as follows:
Log f = log 64log ReD .. (9)
2.4 Loss Of Energy For Turbulent Flow.
2.4.1 From Darcy & Weisbach experiment
(10)....VL
h
2g
V
L
1f
L
h
2L
2L
The above equation shows that energy loss per unit length of pipe is proportional to the square of
the average velocity.
Osborne Reynolds Experiments
From Reynolds experiments the energy loss per unit length for laminar flow and turbulent flow
may be expressed by a graph as shown per below.
Figure 2-2Relationship between (hL/L) and V
From the above details for laminar flow
VL
hL .... (11)
No clear conclusion could be made for transitional flow.
2-3
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1803102-2
For turbulent flow
1.7L VL
h (for smooth pipe) . (12)
2L VL
h (for roughened pipe) . (13)
Thus for turbulent flow the energy loss depends on average velocity or Reynolds Number and roughness
of the pipe wall
/D),F(Ref D
Where: F = Function
= Absolute roughness of pipe
2-4
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1803102-5
2.4.2 Moody experiment
Moodies studied Reynolds experiment and found the relationship between Reynolds number and
pipe roughness as /D),F(Ref D and can be expressed in a graph as per diagram below. This is
known as Moody Diagram which show the relationship of f, ReDand /D
Values ( DV ) for water at 20C (velocity in m/s diameter in cm)
Figure2-3
Moodydiagram
Frictionfactorsforanytyp
eandsizeofpipe.
(FromPipeFrictionManual,
3rded.,
HydraulicInstitute,
NewYork,
1961)
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1803102-6
Thus energy loss due to friction in pipe may be summarized as follows:
2g
V
D
Lfh
2
L
Where:
DRe
64f , for laminar flow
/D),F(Ref D , for turbulent flow
The relation of f, ReDand /D can be found in Moody diagram.
Figure 2-4Dynamic viscosity of water
,
10
3P
a.s
Temperature, C
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3-1 160112
3. TEST PROCEDURES
Acrylic tank
Test pipe
Vent valves
Water manometer
Outlet pipe
Pressure measuring
point
Stilling material
Connection to hand
air pump
Mercury manometer
Pressure measuring
point
Pressure inlets for
mercury manometer
Pressure inlet for water
manometer
Hand air pump
Figure 3-1Vertical pipe
Acrylic tank
Mercury manometer
Test pipe
V4Flow control valve
Outlet
Pressure measuring points
Scale
V6
V5
Stilling material
V1 V2 V3
Inlet
Water manometer
Water supply
control valves
Vent valves
Connection to
hand air pump
Figure 3-2 Horizontal pipe
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3.1 Equipment Operation and Set up
3.1.1 The clear acrylic tank may be removed for overseas shipment. In this case install the tank and glass balls
per addendum 3.
3.1.2 Study manometers operation per addendum 1 and 2 i.e. Water manometer is fitted with hand air pump
and air above mercury manometer is removed.
3.1.3 Connect the equipment inlet pipe to the Hydraulics Bench outlet (See manual for HB100 HydraulicsBench) with a connecting hose.
3.1.4 Connect the equipment outlet to a beaker with a flexible hose to measure flow volume. (a stop watch is
required to determine the flow rate)
3.1.5 Connect the over flow pipe to the Hydraulics Bench storage tank
3.1.6 The equipment is now ready for the test.
3.1.7 Please note that3.1.7.1 Mercury manometer is always available for reading when there is a flow in the test pipe.
3.1.7.2 Valves V5and V6are always closed (i.e. water manometer not in used) unless the differential
level in the mercury manometer is less than 30 mm. For better accuracy, the water manometer
is preferred.
3.2 Laminar Flow Test.
3.2.1 Open valve V1and close valve V2to direct water to the reservoir.3.2.2 Adjust the over flow pipe to the required water level in the reservoir.
3.2.3 Open valve V3to direct water from the reservoir to the test pipe.
3.2.4 Operate valve V4to control the flow rate.3.2.5 Record the manometer readings for pressure loss between the two test points. At the same time use the
provided beaker and a stop watch to record the flow rate.
3.2.6 Open valve V5and V6for water manometer reading the difference for mercury manometer reading is
less than 30 mm.
3.2.7 Repeat 2.2.4 and 2.2.5 for other flow rates.
3.3 Turbulent Flow Test.
3.3.1 Close valve V1 and V3 and open valve V2 so that water from the Hydraulics Bench flows directly
through the test pipe in order to obtain higher flow rate than 3.2 lpm3.3.2 Repeat 3.2.4 to 3.2.5 for different flow rates
Stilling materials
Head tank
Over flow pipe
Mercury manometer (U- tube)
Graduated beaker
To water manometer
To mercury manometer (U-tube)
To water manometer
To mercury manometer (U-tube)
Test pipeInlet
V3V2V1
To test pipe
V5Water manometer valve
V6Water manometer valve
Front View Rear View
V4Flow control valve
Water manometer(Inverted U-tube)
Vent valves
Watersupplycontrolvalves
Pressure measuring
points
Outlet
Flexible hose to Hydraulics
Bench storage tank
Pressure inlets
(rear)
For hand air pump
Figure 3-3 Schematic diagramof vertical pipe
Note: All pipe and hose connection made by the manufacturer expect inlet and outlet pipes, and overflow pipe.
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3-3 160112
Inlet
Head tank
Stilling materials
Graduated beaker
Mercury manometer (U-tube)
Test pipe
V3V2V1
V4= Flow control valve
Over flow pipe
Water supply control valves
V5= Water manometer
valveV6= Water manometer valve
Water manometer
Inverted (U-tube)
Vent valves
Pressure measuring points
Flexible hose to Hydraulics
Bench storage tank
Outlet
Vent valves
For hand air pump
Figure 3-4 Schematic diagram of horizontal pipe
Note: All pipes and hoses connection are already made by the manufacturer except inlet and outlet pipes, and
overflow pipe.
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DATA SHEET
HB 017 PIPE FRICTION
Tested by .Date
Please note: 1. This is the upstream test point.
2. This is the downstream test point.
Thus h1is lower than h2for mercury manometer
But h1is higher than h2for water manometer
Manometer Volume flow rateVelocity
m/secReD
2g
V
D
L 2
2g
V
D
L
hf
2
L
f from
Moody chart
(smooth pipe)
h1
mm Hg
h2
mm Hg
h2- h1
mm Hg
h1
mm H2O
h2
mm H2O
h1- h2
mm H2OVoluml
Timesec
Flow rate
10-3l/sec
3-4
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4. TYPICAL DATA
DATA SHEET
HB 017 PIPE FRICTION
Tested by..S.Srinilta.. Date.26/12/95
Please note: 1. This is the upstream test point.
2. This is the downstream test point.
Thus h1is lower than h2for mercury manometer.
But h1is higher than h2for water manometer.
Manometer Volume flow rateVelocity
m/secReD
2g
V
D
L 2
2g
V
D
L
hf
2
L f from
Moody chart
(smooth pipe)
h1
mm Hg
h2
mm Hg
h2- h1
mm Hg
h1
mm H2O
h2
mm H2O
h1- h2
mm H2O
Volume
l
Time
sec
Flow rate
10-3l/sec
215 232 - - - - 0.82 123.48 6.64 0.841 3808 5.69 0.041 0.042
213 232 - - - - 0.46 64.68 7.11 0.9 4075 6.51 0.0366 0.04
213 232 - - - - 0.455 60.24 7.55 0.956 4329 7.35 0.0342 0.039
212 234 - - - - 0.48 60.23 7.97 1.009 4569 8.19 0.0338 0.038
211 235 - - - - 0.50 60.29 8.29 1.05 4755 8.87 0.034 0.038
210 236 - - - - 0.50 60.31 8.29 1.05 4755 8.87 0.0368 0.038
206 239 - - - - 1.205 30.36 39.69 5.029 22775 203.52 0.002038 0.0245
201 243 - - - - 1.2 30.31 39.59 5.01 22688 202 0.00261 0.024
4-1
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5. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
5.1 Typical Test Data
Test runs were conducted by a team of engineers and technicians at ESSOM factory prior to shipment to
customer. Typical test data were shown below.
Pressure head at point (1) is 21.5 cm.Hg; at point (2) is 23.2cm.Hg
Measuring volume from measuring tank 0.82 liter,
measuring time 123.48 s
5.2 Sample CalculationsThen, head loss due to friction between point (1) and (2) is:
hL = 23.2 cm.Hg21.5 cm.Hg
= 1.7 cm.Hg
= OH.cm42.21Hg.cm
OH.cm6.12Hg.cm7.1 2
2
= 21.42 cm.H2O
= 0.2142 m. H2O
Flow rate in the pipe is:
s
m106.64
l10
m1
s
l0.00664
s
l00664.0
s123.48
l1.82
TimeMeasuring
volumeMeasuringQ
36
3
3
Dimensions of test pipe is 3.17 mm. in inside diameter and 500 mm. long, then velocity of water in the pipe is:
s
m0.841
4
m)10(3.17
/sm106.64
A
QV
23
36
From Equation (6),2g
V
D
Lfh
2
L
Substituting all variables in Equation (6) gives:
0.038f
m/s9.812
m/s0.841
m103.17
m10500fm0.2142
2
2
3
3
FromAddendum 4, properties of water at 30oC :
m.s
kg100.801
kg/m995.7
3
3
Reynolds number of water in pipe at water temperature 30o
C is:
99.313,3
m.s
kg100.801
m103.17s
m0.841
m
kg995.7
VDRe
3
3
3
D
For stainless steel tube (smooth pipe)
From the Moody chart, for smooth pipe at ReD= 3314 gives f 0.042.
220414
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ADDENDUM 1
WATER MANOMETER
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WATER MANOMETER (WMW)
Pressurized Manometer for Water
Description
This manometer employs clear acrylic tubes
with a top common chamber. This chamber has
an air relief valve and can be pressurized by a
hand air pump or may be reduced by opening avent valve. Pressure ports are at the bottom.
Range : 0-450, 0-950 mm or as required
Graduation : 1 mm
Application : Comparison of water pressures
This manometer uses 2 clear acrylic tubes.
For multiple reading, the number of tubes may
be 4, 6, 8, 10 or more available as an option.
Instruction for Use
1. Close the vent valve at the top chamber.2. Connect pressure lines from the pressure
source to the inlet pressure ports of the
manometer. Water levels will show on the
manometer scale.
3. If the levels are too low, release pressure fromthe top chamber by opening the vent valve or
increase static pressure of the system to be
measured by closing the system outlet valve. If
the levels are too high, open the outlet valve of
the system slightly more or increase the top
chamber pressure by hand air pump via airpressuring valve.
4. If differential pressure exceeds the watermanometer range. Close the water manometer
inlet valves and use the mercury manometer
only.
Notes :More than one pair of tubes may be used simultaneously if average pressure from one pair is not much different
from the other pairs. In this case, downstream average pressure is always lower than upstream average pressure. Thus, if
anyone pair of water levels are out of the manometer range, that pair cannot be used, simply close the inlet valves of
that pair or close the pressure tapping ports at the pressure source.
Multi-Tube ManometerTwo-Tube Manometer
Pressure inlet valve
Pressurizing valve for
hand air pump
Top chamber
Pressure line
Air bleeding valve
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ADDENDUM 2
MERCURY MANOMETER
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U-Tubes Mercury Manometer
Vent valve
Pressure inlet
valve (rear)
Pressure inlet
valve (rear)
MERCURY MANOMETER
1. Description:
This manometer employs clear acrylic tubes with top reservoirs for
mercury overspill and vent valves. Pressure ports are at the top.Range : 500 or 950 mm
Graduation : 1 mm
Application : High differential pressure of water or air
The manometer uses 2 clear acrylic tubes connected as a U-tube. The top
part of each tube has a chamber which acts as the mercury reservoir in case
of a pressure surge. Connected to the chamber is pressure inlet port with avalve and a vent valves. These valves are used to bleed out air in the system.
2. Instruction for Use:
2.1 Differential pressure for air
2.1.1 Make sure there is nothing but air above the mercury. If there is
any water in any tube, empty the manometer tubes and refill with
mercury about half full.
2.1.2 Close both vent valves.
2.1.3 Connect the pressures from the pressure sources to themanometer inlet valves using flexible hoses.
2.1.4 The differential pressure is the difference in height of the two
manometer columns. The equivalent height of water column forthe differential pressure is calculated as follows:
Equivalent water column height = 13.6 mercury column height difference.
2.2 Differential pressure of water
2.2.1 Connect the pressure inlet valves to the differential pressure
source to be measured.
2.2.2 Slightly open one of the valves at the pressure source and at the
mercury manometer. Water will flow into the connected tube of
the manometer and push the mercury to a higher level in the
other tube.
2.2.3 Slowly open the vent valve of the second tube to allow airbubbles in the system (if any) out. Continue 2.2.2 until all air
bubbles in this tube are removed, then close the vent valve.
2.2.4 Repeat 2.2.2 and 2.2.3 for the other tube of the manometer. Nowonly water remains on top of the mercury in the manometer. The
manometer is ready to record differential pressure. Equivalent
height of water column for the differential pressure is calculated
as follows:
Equivalent water column height = (13.6-1) mercury column height difference.
= 12.6 mercury column height difference.
3. Mercury Manometer Filling
Mercury is removed from the manometer during shipment. Filling of
the manometer with mercury is to be done at site as follows;
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MERCURY MANOMETER FILLING
3.1 Carefully remove the
outer cap and the inner
cap of the mercury bottle.
3.2 Close the bottle with the outer
cap (one with a short hose)
3.3 Remove left (or right) side vent tube from the
mercury mano vent valve by pushing and
holding red or blue plastic shoulder of quick
coupling and use the other hand pull the tube
out.
3.4 Connect the tube from the mercury containerto the mercury mano vent valve then open
the valve.
3.5 Slightly tilt the panel to inclined position and fill the
mercury only half of the manometer height. If the
test set is too heavy to be tilted, lightly knock the
manometer panel to make sure all mercury flows
down to the bottom.
3.6 Remove the tube of the mercury container from the
mercury mano vent valve the same method as 3.3.
3.7 Connect the left (or right) side vent tube back to
the mercury mano vent valve then close the valve.
Tube
Valve open
Mercury
container
Mercury level
Mercury mano right
side vent tube
Mercury
Manometer
Mercury mano left
side vent tube
For hand air pump
Water
Manometer
Mercury mano vent valves
Water mano vent valve
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ADDENDUM 3
ACRYLIC CYLINDER ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTION
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ACRYLIC TANK ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTION
1. Install compressive ring and O-ring on acrylic tank.
Acrylic tank
Compressive Ring
O-ring
2. Install the tank to the support and screw the compressive ring until it is hand tight.
3. Put the diffuser plate into the acrylic tank with caution and adjust the over flow tube until the height equal tothe top of diffuser plate.
Diffuser plate
4. Put the glass balls into the acrylic tank on the over flow pipe side
Diffuser plate
Glass ball
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ADDENDUM 4
PROPERTIES TABLE OF WATER IN SI UNITS
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE OF WATER IN SI UNITS
Temp, C
Specific
weight
,N/m3
Density
, kg/ m3
Viscosity
, kg/ms
10-3=
Kinematic
Viscosity
,m2
/s10
-6=
Surface
Tension
,N/m100=
Vapor
Pressurehead
/,m
Bulkmodulus
of elasticity
K, N.m2
10-2
K =
0
5
10
15
2025
30
35
40
45
5055
60
65
70
7580
85
90
95
100
9805
9806
9803
9798
97899779
9767
9752
9737
9720
96979679
9658
9635
9600
95899557
9529
9499
9469
9438
999.9
1000.0
999.7
999.1
998.2997.1
995.7
994.1
992.2
990.2
988.1985.7
983.2
980.6
977.8
974.9971.8
968.6
965.3
961.9
958.4
1.792
1.519
1.308
1.140
1.0050.894
0.801
0.723
0.656
0.599
0.5490.506
0.469
0.436
0.406
0.3800.357
0.336
0.317
0.299
0.284
1.792
1.519
1.308
1.141
1.0070.897
0.804
0.727
0.661
0.605
0.5560.513
0.477
0.444
0.415
0.3900.367
0.347
0.328
0.311
0.290
7.62
7.54
7.48
7.41
7.367.26
7.18
7.10
7.01
6.92
6.826.74
6.68
6.58
6.50
6.406.30
6.20
6.12
6.02
5.94
0.06
0.09
0.12
0.17
0.250.33
0.44
0.58
0.76
0.98
1.261.61
2.03
2.56
3.20
3.964.86
5.93
7.18
8.62
10.33
204
206
211
214
220222
223
224
227
229
230231
228
226
225
223221
217
216
211
207