Upload
endry-abidin
View
216
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/28/2019 Harvard System
1/30
Information Resources
Harvard systemIn-text references, reference
lists and bibliographies
Revised edition based on the Australian Government style guide:
Style manual for authors, editors and printers2002, 6th edn,
rev. Snooks and Co, John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld.
7/28/2019 Harvard System
2/30
1
Harvard System
Contents
Definitions 4
Annotated bibliography 4
Bibliography 4
Citation 4
Endnote 4
Footnote 4
In-text reference 4
Periodicals 5
Reference list 5
Introduction 5
Steps to referencing 6
Organising a bibliography or reference list 7
Writing a bibliography or reference list 7
Collecting references 7
In-text references 8
Using volume and page numbers 8
Dates 8
One author or one organisation as author 8
More than one work 9
More than three authors 9Parts of a work written by someone other than the author 9
More than one work by the same author 9
No author or authoring bodyneither a person nor an organisation 10
One author citing another author 10
Encyclopedias and dictionaries 10
Audiovisual material (films, videos, television and radio programs) and CD-ROMs 10
Web pages 10
Unpublished works 11Personal communications, including email 11
7/28/2019 Harvard System
3/30
2
Reference lists and bibliographies 11
Books 11
1. Book with one author 12
2. Book with two or three authors 123. Book with organisation as author 12
4. Book with government department as author 12
5. Book with more than three authors 12
6. Book with no author 12
7. Book with an editor 13
8. Book in a series 13
9. Book known by a short title e.g. The Henderson report 13
10. More than one place of publication 1311. Chapter or article from a book 13
12. Entries in an encyclopedia 13
Periodicals 14
1. Articles with an author 14
2. Articles with no author 14
3. Individual volumes/ issues 14
4. Complete run of a periodical 15
5. Newspaper articles 156. Reviews of books, films, television, performances etc. 15
7. Annual reports 16
Conference paperspublished proceedings 16
Australian Bureau of Statistics documents 16
Acts of Parliament 16
Standards 17
Audiovisual material 17
1. Videorecording e.g. videotapes 17
2. Sound recording e.g. discs, tapes, reels, cassettes 17
3. Slides 17
4. Kit i.e. combinations of media such as audiocassette plus printed material 18
5. Radio and television broadcasts 18
Pamphlets, leaflets etc. 18
Unpublished sources of information 19
1. Unpublished documents: diaries, personal papers, reports etc. 19
2. Personal letters, interviews, conversations 19
7/28/2019 Harvard System
4/30
3
Electronic resources 20
Page numbers on the web 20
Dates 20
Articles in online databases 20
1. Article with an author 21
2. Article without an author 21
3. Conference paper 21
Articles from online journals 21
Reports from online databases 22
Articles from online encyclopedias 22
Extract from an online book 22
Table from an online book 22
Web pages 22
1. Web document with an author 23
2. Web page without an author 23
3. Web page of a company or organisation 23
4. Australian standards online 23
5. Australian Bureau of Statistics documents online 23
Email 241. Email with permission to cite the email address 24
2. Email without permission to cite the email address 24
Other electronic resources 24
Personal bibliographic software 25
Cite while you write 25
Webpages 25
Management of qualitative data and electronic text 25
Nvivo home page 25
Further reading 26
Standard abbreviations used in referencing 27
7/28/2019 Harvard System
5/30
4
Definitions
Annotated bibliography
a bibliography in which each citation is accompanied by a note that describes, explains or
evaluates the publication referred to. Annotations may cover such characteristics as scope,
level, bias, style, relevance and credibility.
Bibliography
a list of books, articles and other sources of information having some relationship to each
otherusually those which you have consulted and found useful in your research. It may
include items which you have not referred to directly in the text of your essay or report.
Citationformal description of a book, article or other information source containing all details essential
for correct identification of the item. Sometimes called a reference by the Harvard system.
Abbreviated citations are used for in-text references.
Endnote
like a footnote, but placed at the end of the essay, report or chapter.
Footnote
a note placed at the bottom of a page on which a reference or citation occurs in the text.
A number is placed in the text to indicate the cited work and again at the bottom of the same
page in front of the footnote.
In the Harvard system footnotes may be used for explanatory additions to the main text but
are not used to give bibliographic information.
In the Footnote/endnote system, footnotes are used to acknowledge the sources of specific
pieces of information, both direct quotations from the source or statements in your own words
that paraphrase the authors ideas.
In-text reference
used in the Harvard system to give a brief acknowledgment of the source of a specific piece
of information within the main text of an essay or report. It may be placed in brackets
immediately following the relevant passage, or fully integrated into the text. In-text references
must be accompanied by a reference list giving complete details of the works cited.
7/28/2019 Harvard System
6/30
5
Periodicals
publications that are produced at regular intervals, such as magazines, journals and newspapers.
Reference list
a list of books, articles and other information sources that you have referred to directly (cited)
in the text of your essay or report. This is used with the Harvard system. No additional items
are included in a reference list, even those you found broadly relevant to your research.
Note: Sometimes you may provide both a reference list and a bibliography (or annotated
bibliography) with your essay or report.
IntroductionThis guide is designed to help you document the sources of information you use for your
assignments. The style used in this guide is the Harvard system, which is also sometimes
called the author-date system or the name-year system. It is based on the Australian
Government style guide, Style manual for authors, editors and printers2002, revised by
Snooks and Co, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld which can give you further
information and more examples. There are many different citation styles. You can view
a guide to some online resources on the Librarys infogate Styles for reference lists and
bibliographies at: www.swinburne.edu.au/lib/infogate/citing.htm
Your department may give you instructions about how to cite resources, but if not, you can
follow the guidelines given here.
There are several important reasons for citing sources of information you have used:
1. You must acknowledge any ideas or information you have obtained from other writers.
If you do not let your reader know that ideas or information presented in your work
are actually the work of other people, this is plagiarism for which you can be
penalised.
2. Ideas and information that originally appeared in other works will help you to
substantiate the statements you make in your assignment.
3. Your readers may wish to find out more about the subject of your work by reading
some of the books, articles and other information sources you have used.
7/28/2019 Harvard System
7/30
6
Steps to referencing
Step 1:
When you are collecting information, you should record all bibliographic details.
In the case of a book, bibliographic details refer to information like author or editor, date
of publication, title, edition (if not the first), volume number (if from a multi-volume work),
publisher and place of publication. In the case of a journal article, it refers to author of the
article, year of publication, title of the article, journal title, volume number, issue number
and page number on which the article appears.
Step 2:
Cite the reference at the appropriate place within the text of the assignment.
Step 3:
Provide either a bibliography or a reference list at the end of the assignment.
Steps 2 and 3 involve listing citations using an accepted format. This guide tells you which
information you need to include in citations (references) for most sources of information
(books, articles, audiovisual material, web pages etc.) and how to set out that information
by following the examples given. One widely used format, the Harvard system, is described
in this guide. Ask your instructor if your school or department prefers this system.
Remember, if you are having any problems with writing reference, ask for help from:
I the librarian at the Consultation Desk
I your teacher or supervisor in the relevant subjects
I language support teachers at the Access Department.
7/28/2019 Harvard System
8/30
7
Organising a bibliography or reference list
Writing a bibliography or reference list
Always be consistent. The following points may seem pedantic details but they can be
important in interpreting a reference.
a) Always assemble the information (e.g. author, title, publisher etc.) in the same order.
b) Be consistent in your use of punctuation.
c) Be consistent in your use of capital letters.
d) Observe the conventions on italics, underlining etc. which help to distinguish books
from articles:
I italics for the title of a book (or videotape, periodical or recording)
I enclose the title of an article in single quotation marks
Note: Underlining may be used instead of italics, however, using italics is now usually
preferred because of the predominance of wordprocessors and personal computers
which produce clear unambiguous italics. Underlined references can be confused with
hypertext links on the Internet. Underlining is mostly used with handwritten or
typewritten material.
e) Arrange your list of references in a clearly distinguishable order. A single sequence
arranged alphabetically by the first letter of each item (authors name or title) is the
most common. Alternatives include:
I alphabetical within groups according to subject (e.g. a bibliography on mass media
divided into general, television and radio)
I alphabetical within groups according to form (e.g. books, periodicals, audiovisual)
Collecting references
As you find your information sources it is a good idea to record the references in full. It takesless time to write out the reference in full the first time, even if you decide not to use it, than
to find the necessary information at the last minute when your assignment is due.
If you have used several libraries it is a good idea to note where you found your source, as
well as its call number in that library. This information is not included in the bibliography or
reference list with your assignment, but will help you to find the material again if necessary.
Staff and post-graduate students should read about Personal bibliographic software on
p. 25, and Management of qualitative data and electronic text on p. 25.
7/28/2019 Harvard System
9/30
8
In-text references
In the Harvard system, you place brief references in the text of your essay or report to
acknowledge the source of the information you have quoted or discussed. These brief
references are called in-text references, or sometimes they are called in-text citations,textual references or textual citations. In-text references must be accompanied by a
reference list that gives full details of the works cited. The reference list comes at the end
of your essay or report and is headed References.
Generally, an in-text reference comprises the authors surname and the year of publication.
Additional details such as page numbers, volume numbers and authors initials should be used
when necessary to avoid confusion. Direct quotations should always be acknowledged with a
page number.
e.g. David Miller asks, what does each of us, individually, owe to other human beings,regardless of their cultural make-up, or their citizenship, or their place of residence?
(Miller 2000, p.174)
Using volume and page numbers
If it is necessary to specify a volume or page in an in-text referencefor example if the work
is very long, these may be useful for a readeradd these details after the publication year:
(Barr 1977, p. 77)
Barr (1995, p. 29) described(Russell 1969, vol. 3, p. 138)
See note on Page numbers on the web on p. 20.
Dates
Sometimes a publication year cannot be found. As the Harvard system is based on the
combination of author and date, one of the following substitutes should be used:
n.d. = no known date
c. 1995 = circa 1995 (i.e. an approximate date)? 1995 = a dubious date
forthcoming = a work to be published shortly
One author or one organisation as author
The name and year may be placed in brackets at the end of the relevant clause or sentence.
e.g. These changes were noticed more than a decade ago (Barr 1995).
Alternatively, the authors surname may be integrated into the text, followed immediately by
the year, in brackets.e.g. Barr (1995) was one of the first to draw attention to these changes.
7/28/2019 Harvard System
10/30
9
If the author is an organisation, use the name of the organisation.
e.g. The management of medications for the elderly in aged care facilities received
greater attention in 2000 (Australian Pharmaceutical Advisory Council 2000).
More than one work
More than one work may be cited in a single reference:
(Parsaye & Chignell 1988; Simons 1985)
Note the authors are presented in alphabetical orderP before S.
or Parsaye and Chignell (1988), and Simons (1985) describe how
Note that when two authors of a work are incorporated in the text the word and is used
rather than an ampersand (&).
More than three authors
When a work has more than three authors, the in-text reference shows the name of the first
listed author and then the abbreviation et al., which means and others:
(Gajski et al. 1993)
However, the names of all the authors should be given in the reference list.
Parts of a work written by someone other than the author
When someone other than the author writes part of a work, such as a preface or introduction,
give both names.
Block (in Gallway 2000) claimed
(Block, in Gallway 2000)
In the reference list show details of the work in which the contribution, or part of the work,
appeared. In this case it would be:
Gallway, WT 2000, The inner game of work, Random House, New York.
More than one work by the same author
When you refer to more than one work by the same author, list the publication years in
chronological order. Use lower-case letters to distinguish between works published in the
same year (also include these in the list of references).
e.g. (Barr 1977, 1995)
(Robertson 1988a, 1988b)
Robertson (1984, 1988b) showed that
7/28/2019 Harvard System
11/30
10
No author or authoring bodyneither a person nor an organisation
Sometimes a work has no identifiable author. In this case, substitute the title of the book,
article or web page for the authors namedont use Anonymous or Anon.
e.g. in seventeenth century England (On travelling to London1683)(Age11 Oct. 1989, p. 10)
Reform to drug laws was discussed but rejected by the Harm Minimisation Committee
(Drugs and the law, 2002)
In Drugs and the law(2002) it was claimed that reform to drug laws
One author citing another author
When one author cites another authors work, use all the authors names.
e.g. Chambliss and Ryther (cited in Liazos 1985) reported
(Chambliss & Ryther, cited in Liazos 1985)
English as Charlton Laird has noted, is the only language that has, or needs, books of
synonyms like Rogets Thesaurus. Most speakers of other languages are not aware
that such books exist. (Laird cited in Bryson 1990)
In the reference list give details of the citing author:
Liazos A 1985 Sociology: a liberating perspective, Allyn and Bacon, London.
Encyclopedias and dictionaries
If there is an author for an article from an encyclopedia, use the author-date method already
described. For a dictionary entry or an encyclopedia article with no author, provide in-text
information like this:
The Macquarie dictionary(2001) defines it as
(The Australian Oxford English dictionary1999)
Audiovisual material (films, videos, television and radio programs) and CD-ROMs
Provide the title of the item in italics and the date
e.g. (Japanese language and people1991)
In the film Charlotte Grey(2002) the French Resistance fighters were portrayed
Web pages
If there is an author for a web page, use the author-date method already described.
e.g. (Done 2002)
If there is no author, use the title of the web page.
e.g. (The senior dogs project2002)
7/28/2019 Harvard System
12/30
11
Unpublished works
If there is an author for an unpublished work, use the author-date method already described.
e.g. (Florey 1925)
If there is no author, use the title of the unpublished work.
e.g. (Using online databases 2002)
Personal communications, including email
Personal communications include conversations, interviews, telephone calls, emails and
letters. As personal communications may not appear in a reference list unless your essay or
report is based mainly on personal communications, your in-text reference should make it
clear what kind of communication you have used
e.g. In a letter dated 29 May 1986, AD Francis, wroteThe bus came to rest at the bottom of the hill on top of Mr HG Birtles (AD Francis
1986, pers comm., 29 May).
In an email dated 15 January 2003, Annette Steere wrote
The pie eating competition was a great success (A Steere 2003, email, 15 January)
Reference lists and bibliographies
In the Harvard system the author and the publication year form the link between in-text
references and the reference list. In the list of references the same citation details as in a
bibliography are included. The citation details are arranged to clarify the link with in-text
references.
Books
For books, the following information is given, in this order:
a) Author(s)either a person or an institutionor editor(s)
b) Year of publication
See note on Dates on p. 8
c) Titleplus the subtitle if there is one
d) Title of series and volume numberif applicable
e) Editionif it is not the first
f) Publisher
g) Place of publicationcity
You can find this information on the imprint page of the book itself (i.e. the page immediately
following the title page) or from the entry in the library catalogue. The following examplesillustrate how to set out references for a variety of books in a reference list or bibliography.
7/28/2019 Harvard System
13/30
12
Usually the authors name comes first. Put the family name (surname) first, then initials of the
given or personal names. No full stops and no spaces are used with peoples initials.
Book titles are italicised. Use minimal capitalisation for book titles.
You should use only the authors initials in your reference list, regardless of how his or her
name is presented in the book. Sometimes you can use an authors full name if it will help
your readers to recognise the author e.g. Phillip Adams could appear in a reference list as
Adams, Phillip.
Use an ampersand (&) between two authors names rather than the word and.
If you know some information for a reference, but it is not on the item itself, you can include it
in a square bracket e.g. [Sydney]. You may find this sort of information in a library catalogue.
1. Book with one author
e.g. Miller, D 2000, Citizenship and national identity, Polity, Cambridge.
2. Book with two or three authors
e.g. Brown, PH & Broeske, PH 1996, Howard Hughes: the untold story, Dutton, New York.
3. Book with organisation as author
e.g. Australian Society of CPAs 1993,Accounting software in Australia 1993: the CPAs
guide to accounting software, Prentice Hall of Australia, Sydney.
4. Book with government department as author
e.g. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2002,Australia-China: a photographic record:
to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations
between Australia and the Peoples Republic of China: 19722002, Department of
Foreign Affairs and Trade, Canberra.
5. Book with more than three authors
Names should be cited in the order they appear on the title page.
Gajski, DD, Vahid, F, Narayan, S & Gong, J 1994, Specification and design of
embedded systems, PTR Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
6. Book with no author
Use the title of the work.
Training Australians: a better way of working: 27 case studies from leading Australian
organisations of their best training strategies1990, Business Council of Australia,
Melbourne.
7/28/2019 Harvard System
14/30
13
7. Book with an editor
e.g. Brown, C (ed.) 1996, Indonesia: dealing with a neighbour, Allen & Unwin in association
with Australian Institute of International Affairs, St Leonards, NSW.
8. Book in a seriesList the name of the series after the title of the work.
Stoddard, KM 1983, Saints and shrews: women and aging in American popular film,
Contributions in womens studies, no. 39, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut.
9. Book known by a short title e.g. The Henderson report
The reference list must contain a cross-reference to the formal author of the work, and the
full document information must be given under the formal entry.
e.g. Henderson reportseeCommission of Inquiry into Poverty 1975Commission of Inquiry into Poverty 1975, Poverty in Australia, first main report,
(Prof. RF Henderson, chairman), Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
10. More than one place of publication
If more than one place of publication is listed, use only the first-listed place.
11. Chapter or article from a book
Give the details of the chapter or article first, then the details of the publication in which it
appeared. Enclose the title of the chapter or article in single quotation marks.e.g. Hesketh, B & Rounds, J 1995, International cross-cultural approaches to career
development, in WB Walsh & SH Osipow (eds), Handbook of vocational psychology:
theory, research, and practice, 2nd edn, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., Mahwah,
New Jersey.
12. Entries in an encyclopedia
e.g. Tran, M 2001, Swedish massage, The Gale encyclopedia of alternative medicine,
vol. 4, Gale Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan, pp. 16681670.
Puma 1998, The new encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edn, vol. 9, Encyclopaedia
Britannica, Chicago, p. 796.
For an example of an article in an online encyclopedia see p. 22.
7/28/2019 Harvard System
15/30
14
Periodicals
Maximal capitalisation is used for the titles of periodicals. For all other titles, capitalisation
is minimal.
Periodical titles are italicised.
In general you will find that all the issues of a magazine or journal published in one year are
collectively called a volume and may be given a volume number. An issue number or the name
of a month or season may identify each issue within that volume. Inspect the periodical
carefully as it may have an entirely individual numbering system.
1. Articles with an author
For articles in journals and magazines, include the following information:
a) Author(s)if given
b) Year of publication
c) Title of articleenclose title in single quotation marks
d) Title of periodical
e) Place of publication (city)only if there are 2 or more periodicals with the same title
f) Volume and/ or issue number
g) Day, month and seasonif applicable
h) Page number(s)
e.g. Salusinszky, I 1995, Thomas Keneally: my part in his downfall, Quadrant, vol. 39,
no. 10, October, pp. 2326.
2. Articles with no author
Calcium levels control human vision 1988, New Scientist, no. 1636, 29 October, p. 34.
3. Individual volumes/ issues
For a single issue or a limited run, the following details are sufficient:
a) Titleplus subtitle if there is one
b) Year of publication
c) Volume and/ or issue number(s)
d) Month and day of month or seasonif applicable
e.g. Overland, 1983, no. 93, December.
Futures: the Journal of Forecasting and Planning, 19861989, vols. 1821.
7/28/2019 Harvard System
16/30
15
4. Complete run of a periodical
If you need to write a reference for a complete run of a currently published periodical,
include the following information:
a) Titleplus subtitle if there is one
b) Date(s) of publication
c) Name of publisher
d) Place of publication (city, state)
e) Volume and/or issue number(s)
f) Frequency of publication
e.g. The Australian Accountant, 1936, Australian Society of Certified Practicing
Accountants, Melbourne, vol. 1, Monthly.
1936 and vol. 1 means that the first issue appeared in 1936 and the periodical is still
being published.
5. Newspaper articles
Replace the volume/issue number by the day and month:
e.g. Hogan, R 1996, Investors weigh implications for $A,Australian Financial Review,
1 August, p. 6.
A welcome lowering of rates 1996, The Australian, 1 August, p. 10.
6. Reviews of books, films, television, performances etc.
Include:
a) Name of reviewer
b) Year
c) Title of the review
d) Description of what is being reviewed and its author
e) Periodical in which the review appeared
f) Day and monthif applicable
g) Page numbers
e.g. Carroll, S 2002, The stuff of theatre, review of Double act: a life of Tom Stoppard
by Ira Nadel, The Age, 28 September, Saturday Extra, p. 8.
Saturday Extra before the page number indicates a special independently numbered
section of the newspaper.
7/28/2019 Harvard System
17/30
7/28/2019 Harvard System
18/30
17
Standards
Standards Australia defines a standard as a published document which sets out technical
specifications or other criteria necessary to ensure that a material or method will consistently
do the job it is intended to do.
For standards, the following information is given, in this order:
a) Author(s)
b) Year of publication
c) Title
d) Standard Number
e) Publisher
f) Place of publication
e.g. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1987, IEEE standard for software userdocumentation, (ANSI/IEEE 10631987), IEEE, New York.
Standards Association of Australia 1992, Marking of overhead cables for low-level
flying, (AS 3891.21992), Standards Australia, Homebush, NSW.
For an example of an online Australian standard see p. 23.
Audiovisual material
You may need to write a reference for a videotape, DVD, TV program etc. It is similar to a book
reference. Use the label on the item or the library catalogue to find the information you need.
Include the following details:
a) Author (if there is one)
b) Year of production
c) Title
d) Format (use a general term such as sound recording)
e) Name of producer/director
f) Place of production
1. Videorecording e.g. videotapes
e.g. Murnau, FW 1984, Nosferatu the Vampire (Dracula)[videorecording], Video Yesteryear,
Sandy Hook, Conn.
2. Sound recording e.g. discs, tapes, reels, cassettes
e.g. Jane Knowles1996 [sound recording], ABC Radio Tapes, Sydney.
3. Slides
e.g. Birnstihl, H 1980, Emotions[slide], Northside Productions, North Melbourne.
7/28/2019 Harvard System
19/30
18
4. Kit i.e. combinations of media such as audiocassette plus printed material
e.g. Japanese language and people1991 [kit], BBC-TV in association with Intervoice
Incorporated, London.
5. Radio and television broadcastsInclude:
a) Title. If no title is given in the program, you should supply your own short descriptive
title, enclosed in square brackets.
b) Year of broadcast
c) Format
d) Series title
e) Broadcasting station
g) Day/ month of broadcast
e.g. Muddy waters1995 [television program], Sixty Minutes, GTV9, 22 October.
[Bankers to greed] 1992 [television program], Four Corners, ABC Television.
Making waves1995 [television program], SBS Television, 9 March.
Making an issue out of violence1991 [radio program], Women on the line, 3CR,
10 August.
Pamphlets, leaflets etc.
Organisations rather than individuals generally produce these kinds of small publication.
They often contain useful information but are difficult to cite because few have adequate
identification details printed on them. Try to give enough relevant information to enable the
reader to identify the item if required. Include as many of the following details as possible.
a) Author
b) Date of publication (estimate this if not given)
c) Title (or your own short descriptive title)
d) Publishere) Place of publication
f) Brief description, including format and content
g) Location (if held in permanent library collection) or current supplier /distributor.
e.g. Emy, HV 1993, From the free market to the social market: a new agenda for the ALP?,
Australian Fabian Society Pamphlet, no. 53, Pluto Press in association with the
Australian Fabian Society, Leichhardt, NSW.
Alpine sell-out?1992, Native Forests Action Council, North Melbourne, Leaflet
supporting Alpine National Park proposal. Held in Conservation Issues file of theBlack Stump Public Library, NSW.
7/28/2019 Harvard System
20/30
19
Unpublished sources of information
Information obtained directly from people and organisations, by letter or interview, or from
unpublished material such as theses, diaries or other personal or business records should be
acknowledged. Sometimes an in-text reference is sufficient; sometimes a reference shouldalso be included in the reference list. Generally, you should include a reference in your
bibliography or reference list only if the source of information is a document or other record
which is available for other people to consult.
When citing unpublished materials, set out as for articles but do not include quotation marks
for the title.
1. Unpublished documents: diaries, personal papers, reports etc.
e.g. Florey, HW 1925, Letter to his mother, 6 April, Florey papers in the possession ofDr Joan Gardner, Melbourne.
Sobieralski, C 1995, Development of a dangerous goods compliance model for the
photographic manufacturing industry, MEng thesis, Swinburne University of
Technology, Melbourne.
Syme Family 18541947, Personal and business papers, LaTrobe Collection,
State Library of Victoria.
2. Personal letters, interviews, conversations
If you have obtained information directly from a person or organisation through a personal
letter, formal interview or informal conversation, this should be acknowledged in an in-text
reference. This type of source is usually not referred to again in a reference list, except
when the essay or report is based mainly on such sources, in which case it is appropriate
to list them.
Note that the format is given before the name of the person (or organisation) for these
references. It is useful to include some information indicating the significance of the person
to the subject of your work in the reference.
Interview with F Walsh, Member of Swinburne Council, 29 June 1989.
Lecture on electronic funds transfer systems, by John Smith, School of Business,
Swinburne University of Technology, 8 April, 1998.
Personal letter from AD Francis, retired bus driver, 29 May 1986.
7/28/2019 Harvard System
21/30
20
Electronic resources
When citing electronic resources only use information which appears on the page you are
citing. For example, when you are citing an article from an electronic journal you can only use
the information which appears on that page. You cannot use information which may appear onthe journals home page, even though that may give more information.
There is one occasion when you may need to use information which is not on the page. You
will need to do this if there is no title of the document within the document. Then you can use
the title in the title bar. If there is no title in the document and no title in the title bar, you must
use the URL as the title of the document.
Some databases, especially online reference works like encyclopedias, show you how to cite
the reference at the end of the entry. You may wish to use these online suggestions to help youwrite your citation but remember that your reference list should maintain a consistent style.
Page numbers on the web
You can use a page number for a scanned document on the web (a PDF file), but you should not
use page numbers for citations or in-text references for ordinary web pages. Although you may
print out several pages for a web document, strictly speaking the document is only one page.
Dates
If there is a publication date which is clear, use that date, for example, the date of an issue
of a periodical.
If there isnt a clear publication date, but you can see when the page was last updated, for
example, Last updated use this date.
If there isnt a clear publication date, but you can see a copyright date, for example,
use this date.
Articles in online databasesIf you use an article from an online database you must state clearly which database it came
from. You have used a version of the article that the publisher has supplied to the database.
There may be variations between versions of the same article, for example, articles in different
editions of the same newspaper may have different text or even different titles, therefore you
must always give full details of the version of the article you have used.
Sometimes it is hard to work out what the name of a database is. You can confuse the name of
the database with the name of the online service provider, or the name of the software it uses.
If you need help please contact the Library.
7/28/2019 Harvard System
22/30
7/28/2019 Harvard System
23/30
22
Reports from online databases
Include this information, if applicable:
a) Author(s), Editor(s) or Compiler(s) or organisation responsible for the report
b) Date the report was createdc) Title of the report
d) Name of the database
e) Identifying number
f) Date accessed
e.g. IBISWorld Australia 2004, Taxi and other road passenger transport in Australia (I6123),
7 September, IBISWorld, viewed 4 January 2005.
Articles from online encyclopedias
e.g. Puma 2003, Encyclopdia Britannica Online, viewed 14 January 2003.
Extract from an online book
e.g. Coult, DJ 1993, Optical thin film design in Wachtman, JB & RA Haver (eds),
Ceramic films and coatings, William Andrew Publishing/ Noyes, Knovel, viewed
5 January 2005.
Table from an online book
e.g. Thermochemical properties of inorganic chemicals [interactive table] in Patnaik, P2003, Handbook of inorganic chemicals, McGraw Hill, Knovel, viewed 10 January 2005.
Web pages
Include this information, if applicable:
a) Author(s), Editor(s) or Compiler(s) or organisation responsible for the site
b) Year the document was created or the date of the most recent revision, modification
or update. You may use the copyright date of a web page. If the copyright date is a
range of dates e.g. 19961998, you should use the latest date.
e.g. Basic CGOS style, modified 20 March 2000, viewed 24 April 2002,
http://www.columbia.edu/ca/cup/cgos/idx_basic.htm.
c) Title of document. The page title may be clearly shown at the top of the page. If it is
not, a title may be shown in the title bar at the very top of the screen. If the title
shown in the title bar is abbreviated, or not available, use the URL.
d) Description of document if needed for clarification e.g. media release
e) Name of the sponsor of the web page
f) Date accessed
g) URL
7/28/2019 Harvard System
24/30
23
1. Web document with an author
e.g. Done, T 2002, Science for management of the Great Barrier Reef, Australian Institute
of Marine Science, viewed 15 April 2002,
http://www.aims.gov.au/pages/research/smgbr/smgbr01.html.
2. Web page without an author
e.g. White pages online2002, Telstra Corporation Limited, viewed 15 April 2002,
http://www.whitepages.com.au/wp.
3. Web page of a company or organisation
e.g. Carnarvon Petroleum NL2002, Carnarvon Petroleum NL, viewed 28 May 2002,
http://www.carnarvon.com.au/.
When there is no author, but an organisation is the copyright owner, you cannot assumethat the organisation is also the author. In some cases, like company web pages or
company reports, the company will own the copyright and be the author, although usually
the title of the web page is all that is given and the authorship is assumed rather than
written in the citation.
e.g. Annual report 2004, Coles Myer Ltd, viewed 5 January 2005,
http://corporate.colesmyer.com.au/shared/20041020__Concise_Report.pdf.
4. Australian standards online
e.g. Standards Australia 1992,Air navigation: cables and their supporting structures:
mapping and marking: Part 2 Marking of overhead cables for low-level flying,
AS3891.21992, Standards On-Line Premium, viewed 13 January 2005.
5. Australian Bureau of Statistics documents online
e.g. Kennedy, A & Robertson, E 2003, 2001 Census: housing, Census Paper no 03/02,
Australian Bureau of Statistics, viewed 1 December 2004,
http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/D3110122.NSF/0/64166a9922e5831cca256d4d
008279ca/$FILE/2001%20Census%20Housing_rev_final.pdf.
Inner city development 2002, Building Approvals, Australia, December, Australian
Bureau of Statistics, viewed 23 November 2004, http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/
[email protected]/0/460A9505966480C2CA256CC1008131FE?Open.
7/28/2019 Harvard System
25/30
24
You should never cite an email address without the permission of the owner of the address.
1. Email with permission to cite the email address
e.g. Wallis, R 2002, email, 24 April, [email protected]
2. Email without permission to cite the email address:
e.g. Wallis, R 2002, personal email, 24 April.
Other electronic resources
Need more help on how to cite an electronic resource? If you are unsure about which
details to include in a citation for an electronic resource, there are checklists for many more
examples in Walker, JR & Taylor, T 1998, The Columbia guide to online style, Columbia
University Press, New York.
A collection of resources on how to cite references is available online at:
www.swinburne.edu.au/lib/infogate/citing.htm
The librarians at our campus libraries will also be pleased to help you with examples not
covered here. If you arent able to visit the Library you can email your question to our online
information service, Ask us! www.swinburne.edu.au/lib/inquiry/welcome.htm
7/28/2019 Harvard System
26/30
25
Personal bibliographic software
Personal Bibliographic Software is a blend of database and word processing programs with
special features for managing bibliographic data. There are many programs of this type
available. Swinburne has a site licence for ProCite and EndNote both of which are availablefree of charge to staff and post-graduate students through Information Technology Services
www.its.swinburne.edu.au
EndNote and ProCite can be used to format a bibliography, keep track of notes about a
particular reference, retrieve references according to sophisticated search strategies, and
manage large databases containing references to many different types of material. References
can be typed in or in some cases can be downloaded from bibliographic databases and library
catalogues.
Cite while you write
EndNote and ProCite are designed to work in conjunction with a word processor. In-text
references in papers or theses can be created from records from EndNote and ProCite, and a
bibliography or reference list can then be generated based on the cited records.
Webpages
Swinburne Library maintains a portal site for information about bibliographic software.
It includes training session schedules and manuals, downloadable files for searchingSwinburne databases and examples of citation styles, links to discussion lists, and to sites
for downloading trial versions of the software.
www.swinburne.edu.au/lib/bibsoft/welcome.htm
Management of qualitative data and electronic text
If you have large amounts of text stored in electronic form, which you wish to analyse or
search through, a full-text software program such as Nvivo may be appropriate.
Nvivo home page
http://www.qsr.com.au/productoverview/product_overview.htm
Although Swinburne does not have a site licence for Nvivo, it can be obtained through
Swinburne ITS Procurement.
www.its.swinburne.edu.au/services/procedures.htm
7/28/2019 Harvard System
27/30
26
Further reading
There are many style manuals and guides to writing papers and reports of various kinds which
include guidelines for correctly acknowledging your information sources. A few of the most
useful ones are listed below; others may be found at Swinburne Library on the shelves aroundthe Dewey classification numbers 808 (writing style and technique), and 371.302 (study guides).
Algozzine, B & Spooner, F 2002, How to prepare a research article in APA style, Council for
Exceptional Children, Arlington, Virginia.
Clanchy, J & Ballard, B 1997, Essay writing for students: a practical guide, 3rd edn, Addison
Wesley Longman, Melbourne.
Coyle, W & Law, J c. 2005, Research papers, 13th edn, Longman, New York.
Day, R 1998, How to write and publish a scientific paper, 5th edn, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
Holtom, D & Fisher, E 1999, Enjoy writing your science thesis or dissertation: a step by step
guide to planning and writing dissertations and theses for undergraduate and graduate science
students, Imperial College Press, River Edge, New Jersey.
Li, X & Crane, NB 1996, Electronic style: a handbook for citing electronic information, 2nd edn,
Information Today, Medford, New Jersey.
Lovell, DW & Moore, RD 1993, Essay writing and style guide for politics and the social sciences,
Rev. edn, Australasian Political Studies Association, [Canberra].
Peters, P 2003, The Australian English style guide, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne.
Ritter, RM (ed.) 2002, The Oxford guide to style, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Style manual for authors, editors and printers2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld.
Summers, J & Smith, B (eds.) 2004, Communication skills handbook: how to succeed in written
and oral communication, Rev. and updated edn, John Wiley & Sons Australia, Milton, Qld.Thomas, R 2003, Referencing: a guide (including electronic sources), La Trobe University,
Faculty of Law and Management, Language and Academic Skills Unit, Bundoora, Vic.
Walker, JR & Taylor, T 1998, The Columbia guide to online style, Columbia University Press,
New York.
Yang, J T 1995,An outline of scientific writing for researchers with English as a foreign
language, World Scientific, Singapore.
A collection of resources on how to cite references is available online at:www.swinburne.edu.au/lib/infogate/citing.htm
7/28/2019 Harvard System
28/30
27
Standard abbreviations used in referencing
List of abbreviations commonly used in references and bibliographies:
& = ampersand, which means and
app. = appendix
c.(before a date) = about, if date is not given, e.g. c.1950
ch. = chapter
col., cols = column, columns
dir. = director, directed by
ed., eds = editor, editors
edn = edition (note: some systems use ed. for edition)
et al. = and others
NB = take careful note
n.d. = no date
no., nos = number, numbers
n.p. = no place, or no publisher, or no page
p., pp. = page, pages
pers. comm. = personal communication
prod. = produced by, producer
rev. = revised
rpt. = reprint, reprinted by
trans. = translated, translator(s)
vol., vols = volume, volumes
writ. = written
7/28/2019 Harvard System
29/30
28
7/28/2019 Harvard System
30/30
Need help?
Askin person at the Service Desk
at any campus library for help.
Swinburne University of Technology
Campus Libraries
Croydon
1250 Norton Road Croydon 3136
Hawthorn
John Street Hawthorn 3122
Healesville
237 Maroondah Hwy Healesville 3777
LilydaleMelba Avenue Lilydale 3140
Prahran
4648 John Street Prahran 3181
Wantirna
369 Stud Road Wantirna 3152
From outside the library you can ask for help:
By phone on 03 9214 8330
O A k ! O li