Harriet Tubman

&

The Underground Railroad Daniel Finerty

Junior Division

Research Paper

2316 Words

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Every great dream begins with a dreamer. Always remember, you have within you the strength, the patience, and the passion to reach for the stars to change the world. 1

-Harriet Tubman 2

Looking back in history, there were many influential people who had big dreams and

who changed the world. Harriet Tubman was one of them. Harriet Tubman took a stand against

slavery and by fighting for what she believed in, and made her mark in history. Harriet Tubman

was an abolitionist and former slave who created the Underground Railroad to help African 3

American people escape slavery in the South. Overcoming several hardships as well as

narcolepsy, she became known as the “conductor” of the Underground Railroad in her effort to

help slaves escape to freedom during the night.

Overview

While she was born as slave in Dorchester County, Maryland in 1820, Tubman escaped

from slavery to become a leading abolitionist before the Civil War. Tubman escaped from 4

slavery in 1849, yet she continually risked her life and freedom by returning 19 times to the

South helping hundreds slaves to freedom. Tubman was known as the “conductor” of the 5

Underground Railroad. It is said that Tubman never lost a single passenger. Tubman also fought

against slavery by helping the Union Army during the Civil War, working as a nurse , a cook 6 7

1 Brainy Quote. “Harriet Tubman Quotes.” Brainy Quotes , 2001, www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/h/harriet_tubman.html. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017. 2 See appendix B 3 Underground Railroad- A secret network of tunnels (map) and safe houses used by slaves to get to the North. See Appendix D. 4 Abolitionist- A person who favors the abolition of a practice or institution, especially capital punishment. 5 Conductor- Leader or someone who is in charge of something. 6 Nurse- Care for the injured and diseased. 7 Cook- A person who prepares and cooks food.

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and as a spy . After the Civil War ended, Tubman dedicated her life to helping former slaves 8 9

and the elderly by creating the Harriet Tubman Home for the Aged before she died in 1913. 10

Childhood and Hardship

Harriet Tubman was the fifth of nine children born to enslaved parents, Harriet “Rit”

Green and Ben Ross. Tubman was originally named Araminta “Minty” Harriet Ross. Her mother

was owned by Mary Pattison Brodess. Harriet’s father was owned by Anthony Thompson.

Brodess and Thompson eventually married and, as a result, “Rit” and Ben subsequently married

as well. 11

While the exact year of Tubman’s birth is under debate, it is estimated to have taken

place between 1820 and 1825, most likely in 1825. 12

Tubman’s family suffered a loss when Mary Brodess’ son, Edward, sold three of her

sisters to owners of distant plantations, fracturing the family. However, when a slave trader from

Georgia asked Brodess to buy Tubman’s youngest brother, Moses, Rit refused. Her mother’s

refusal to further divide her family set a powerful example for Tubman. This example may 13

have influenced Tubman’s desire to help others escape from slavery.

Violence and Punishment

8 Spy- a person who secretly collects and reports information on the activities, movements, and plans of an enemy or competitor. 9 Public Broadcasting Service. “Harriet Tubman.” Harriet Tubman , 1995, www.pbs.org/black-culture/explore/harriet-tubman/#.WC0 qd UrInA. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017. 10 Biography.com Editors. “Harriet Tubman.” Biography.com , A&E Television Networks, www.biography.com/people/harriet-tubman-9511430. Accessed 4 Feb. 2017. 11 Biography.com Editors. “Harriet Tubman.” Biography.com , A&E Television Networks, www.biography.com/people/harriet-tubman-9511430. Accessed 4 Feb. 2017. 12 Historical Society. “Harriet Tubman.” Historical Society , WordPress, 2017, www.harriet-tubman.org/tag/head-injury/. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017. 13 Biography.com Editors. “Harriet Tubman.” Biography.com , A&E Television Networks, www.biography.com/people/harriet-tubman-9511430. Accessed 4 Feb. 2017.

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Tubman and her family endured violence and punishment on a daily basis. The violence

Tubman suffered early in her life caused permanent and long-lasting physical injuries. She

carried these scars for the rest of her life. The worst injury occurred when Tubman was a

teenager. While at a store, Tubman refused to help a slave owner restrain a runaway slave. As a

result of her refusal to help, the slave owner threw a two-pound weight which struck Tubman in

the head. This injury caused Tubman to suffer from seizures, severe headaches and narcoleptic 14

episodes for the rest of her life. She also experienced intense dreams, which she called “religious

experiences” . 15 16

Slavery, Marriage & Freedom

The path to freedom was not easy for Tubman and her family. Her father, Ben, was freed

from slavery at the age of 45, a requirement that had been included in the will of his previous

slave owner. Though he was free, Ben continued working for his previous owner as a timber

estimator and a foreman because he needed money and had very few options to earn money. 17 18

Although Rit and her children had also fulfilled their required time as slaves, according to the

stipulations of their previous owner, Brodess refused to free them. However, during this time, 19

Tubman was able to stay close to her father through her work on the docks, and in a timber gang.

Through her work on the docks, Tubman was immersed in a male-dominated world and became

familiar with the language and communication of mariners, particularly black mariners. Her

14 Narcolepsy- a condition characterized by an extreme tendency to fall asleep whenever in relaxing surroundings. 15 Religious Experiences- Powerful visions that she ascribed to God which helped guide her on her trips to the North while leading others to freedom. 16 Biography.com Editors. “Harriet Tubman.” Biography.com , A&E Television Networks, www.biography.com/people/harriet-tubman-9511430. Accessed 4 Feb. 2017. 17 Timber Estimator- estimates the length of trees. 18 Foreman- a worker, especially a man, who supervises and directs other workers. 19 Biography.com Editors. “Harriet Tubman.” Biography.com , A&E Television Networks, www.biography.com/people/harriet-tubman-9511430. Accessed 4 Feb. 2017.

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father was able to pass on a map of communication networks used by black mariners to help

navigate safe and dangerous areas up and down the Chesapeake Bay. This experience and the 20

information she gained through it would later become a useful tool in her fight for freedom.

Tubman grew into adulthood as a slave. In 1844, Tubman married a free black man

named John Tubman. She changed her name from Araminta to Harriet when she got married in

honor her mother. Tubman and John lived together until 1849 when, through fear of being sold 21

and further dividing her family after Brodess died, Tubman resolved to run away. John did not 22

have the same resolve nor did he want to put himself at risk when he was already free. When

Tubman returned to the South, she found that John had remarried a free woman named Caroline

with whom he eventually had 4 children. 23

Tubman escaped from slavery in 1849 to go to Philadelphia. She left Maryland with her

two brothers, Ben and Henry, on September 17, 1849. A $300 reward was offered for the return

of the three escaped slaves. Tubman’s brothers quickly had a change of heart and did not want 24

to get in trouble for running away. Tubman escorted them back to the Brodess plantation before

she set out for Pennsylvania, once again, on her own. She traveled nearly 90 miles through use of

the Underground Railroad. Tubman said this of her first experience of freedom: 25

20 Larson, Kate Clifford. “Bound for the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman, Portrait of an American Hero.” Harriettubmanbiography.com , Kate Clifford Larson, www.harriettubmanbiography.com/. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017. 21 Biography.com Editors. “Harriet Tubman.” Biography.com , A&E Television Networks, www.biography.com/people/harriet-tubman-9511430. Accessed 4 Feb. 2017. 22 Public Broadcasting Service. “Harriet Tubman.” Africans in America , 1999, www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1535.html. Accessed 4 Feb. 2017. 23 Larson, Kate Clifford. “Bound for the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman, Portrait of an American Hero.” Harriettubmanbiography.com , Kate Clifford Larson, www.harriettubmanbiography.com/. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017. 24 See Appendix E. Tubman is listed on the newspaper article offering a reward for her return as “Minty,” which may signal that she may not have shared the fact that she changed her name to Harriet when she married with her owners. 25 Biography.com Editors. “Harriet Tubman.” Biography.com , A&E Television Networks, www.biography.com/people/harriet-tubman-9511430. Accessed 4 Feb. 2017.

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When I found that I had crossed that line, I looked at my hands to see if I was the same person.There was such a glory over everything; The sun came like gold through the trees, and over the fields, and I felt like was in Heaven. 26

Just as Tubman and her husband were divided by slavery so too was the country.

Uncompromising differences had developed between the free and slave states over the power of

the government to prohibit slavery in the territories that has not yet become states. This division

would eventually result in the upcoming Civil War. 27

Underground Railroad & Barriers

The Underground Railroad was a loosely-organized, secret network of passageways

through which let many slaves to freedom. The railroad was neither underground nor an actual

railroad. The word underground was used symbolically to indicate secret and/or illegal activities

which had to remain “underground” to protect those who were using it. At the time, in the

1800’s, the railroad was emerging as a popular, efficient method of transportation and 28

supporters of the Underground Railroad often used railroad code to communicate a secret 29

language, as railroad code was not yet widely known. Because singing and songs were used in

everyday life for African slaves, railroad code was often used in songs as a tool to communicate.

These songs or “codes” were used to give directions on how to escape or where to meet.

Tubman, herself, frequently used songs as a communication tool along the Railroad.

To protect its secrecy and those who were users and supporters of the Underground

Railroad, it is believed that no one person knew an entire route from start to finish. In fact, there

26 Biography.com Editors. “Harriet Tubman.” Biography.com , A&E Television Networks, www.biography.com/people/harriet-tubman-9511430. Accessed 4 Feb. 2017. 27 James McPherson, Dr. “A Brief Overview of the American Civil War.” Civil War Trust , Blackaud’, 2014, www.civilwar.org/education/history/civil-war-overview/overview.html. Accessed 15 Feb. 2017. 28 Emerging- Becoming more popular. 29 See Appendix A.

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was usually no one set route. Instead, there were many different routes which used hundreds of

houses across the North and South that were used as “stations”. 30

Traveling the Underground Railroad was not an easy task. Often, travelers were forced to

cross from station to station through rivers, swamps, and over mountains in the dead of night.

Most escaped slaves often traveled on foot, hiding out in barns, basements and cupboards to stay

hidden. Supporters in large cities like Boston, New York and Philadelphia formed committees to

help fugitive slaves settle by temporarily setting up shelter and offering job recommendations. 31 32

Tubman would come to use, help develop and travel the Underground Railroad so often

and so successfully that she was called its “conductor”. She also was given the nickname

“Moses” due to her bravery and leadership. As a result of this nickname, the slaves traveling the

Railroad to freedom were called “Israelites”. 33

While there was a growing opposition to slavery in larger cities, the passage of the

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 represented a step backwards. The Act required that captured free

and former slaves in the North be returned to their owners in the South. This created an obstacle

for the existing Underground Railroad routes as it was no longer safe for slaves to escape to the

North. As a result, Tubman successfully re-routed the Underground Railroad to Canada, and

extended and continued the route to freedom.

Bravery, Leadership & Contributions

30 “Harriet Tubman.” Harriet-Tubman.org , WordPress, www.harriet-tubman.org/underground-railroad/. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017. 31 Fugitive- a person who has escaped from a place or is in hiding, especially to avoid arrest or persecution. 32 “Harriet Tubman.” Harriet-Tubman.org , WordPress, www.harriet-tubman.org/underground-railroad/. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017. 33 Public Broadcasting Service. “Harriet Tubman.” Africans in America , 1999, www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1535.html. Accessed 4 Feb. 2017.

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By 1860, Tubman had made the trip into slave country 19 times, including an incredibly 34

challenging trip in which she rescued her 70-year-old parents. Fellow abolitionist, John Brown,

said Tubman was ”one of the bravest persons on this continent.” The trip to rescue her elderly 35

parents showed the extent of her bravery.

In addition to all of her contributions to the Underground Railroad and the fight against

slavery, Tubman also helped fight against the institutions that supported slavery during the Civil

War. She worked for the Union Army as a cook and nurse and later became a scout and spy for

the Union. She

was the first woman to lead an armed ambush in the Civil War. She led the Combahee River 36

Raid, which freed over 700 slaves from their captivity in South Carolina. 37

During 1859, abolitionist Senator William H. Seward sold Tubman a piece of land in

Auburn, New York, a town that was deep in the anti-slavery movement. That land in Auburn

became a home for Tubman’s family and other friends. Tubman spent many years after the war

on this land, helping and caring for her family and others who had moved there. She regularly 38

offered it as a haven to many former slaves who sought a better life in the North.

In 1869, she married Nelson Davis, who was a Civil War veteran. Soon after that, in

1874, Tubman and Nelson adopted a baby girl named Gertie. 39

34 Slave Country- the south where slavery was common. 35 Public Broadcasting Service. “Harriet Tubman.” Africans in America , 1999, www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1535.html. Accessed 4 Feb. 2017. 36 Ambush- a surprise attack by people lying in wait in a concealed position. 37 Biography.com Editors. “Harriet Tubman.” Biography.com , A&E Television Networks, www.biography.com/people/harriet-tubman-9511430. Accessed 4 Feb. 2017. 38 “Harriet Tubman.” World History Project , 2017, worldhistoryproject.org/topics/harriet-tubman. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017. 39 “Harriet Tubman.” Harriet-Tubman.org , WordPress, www.harriet-tubman.org/underground-railroad/. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017.

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Unfortunately, fame and reputation were not enough to create financial security. Friends

and supporters raised funds to help support Tubman. One particular supporter, Sarah Bradford,

wrote a biography called Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman and donated the proceeds from 40

its sale to provide support for Tubman and her family. Despite financial hardships, Tubman

continued to help and contribute to former slaves where she could. In 1903, she donated a piece

of her land to the African Methodist Episcopal Church in Auburn, New York. A few years later,

in 1908, she opened The Harriet Tubman Home for the Aged. 41

Unfortunately, as Tubman herself aged, the impact of the injuries she suffered early in

life became more prominent and painful. Even after having undergone brain surgery in the 42

1890s in order to reduce the pain and “buzzing” she experienced from the blow to her head when

she was young, Tubman’s health continued to decline. She was eventually admitted into the 43

Home for the Aged that bore her name as one of its resident. Surrounded by friends and family

members, Harriet Tubman died of pneumonia on March 10, 1913 at the age of 93. 44 45

Legacy

When she died, Tubman was buried with military honors at Fort Hill Cemetery in

Auburn. The city commemorated her life by placing a plaque in her memory on the wall of the

40 Proceeds- money obtained from an event or activity. 41 “Harriet Tubman.” Harriet-Tubman.org , WordPress, www.harriet-tubman.org/underground-railroad/. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017. 42 Prominent- Important, or becoming important. 43 “Harriet Tubman.” Harriet-Tubman.org , WordPress, www.harriet-tubman.org/underground-railroad/. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017. 44 Pneumonia- lung inflammation caused by bacterial or viral infection, in which the air sacs fill with pus and may become solid. 45 “Harriet Tubman.” Harriet-Tubman.org , WordPress, www.harriet-tubman.org/underground-railroad/. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017.

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Cayuga County Courthouse in Auburn in 1914. The plaque still appears at the courthouse today 46

as a tribute to her perseverance.

Tubman was celebrated in many other ways throughout the United States since her death.

Many public schools were named in her honor, and both the Harriet Tubman Home for the Aged

in Auburn, New York, which received national historical landmark status in 1974, and the

Harriet Tubman Museum in Cambridge, Massachusetts, serve as tributes to her inspiring life

story. 47

While Harriet Tubman was widely known and well respected while she was alive, she

became an American icon in the years after she died. A survey at the end of the 1900s showed

she was one of the most famous civilians in American history before the Civil War, along with

other notable American icons Betsy Ross and Paul Revere. Frederick Douglass once said, 48

“Excepting John Brown - of sacred memory - I know of no one who has willingly encountered

more perils and hardships to serve our enslaved people than [Harriet Tubman].” To honor all 49

that Harriet Tubman stood for, in 2016, the U.S. Treasury Department announced that Harriet

Tubman will appear on the new $20 bill. 50

Historical Impact

Harriet Tubman changed the world. She made her mark in history by taking a stand

against slavery. She was a widely known abolitionist who believed in the freedom of all people.

46 See Appendix C. “Harriet Tubman.” Harriet-Tubman.org , WordPress, www.harriet-tubman.org/underground-railroad/. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017. 47Larson, Kate Clifford. “Bound for the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman, Portrait of an American Hero.” Harriettubmanbiography.com , Kate Clifford Larson, www.harriettubmanbiography.com/. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017. 48 Biography.com Editors. “Harriet Tubman.” Biography.com , A&E Television Networks, www.biography.com/people/harriet-tubman-9511430. Accessed 4 Feb. 2017. 49 Public Broadcasting Service. “Harriet Tubman.” Africans in America , 1999, www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1535.html. Accessed 4 Feb. 2017. 50 Public Broadcasting Service. “Harriet Tubman.” Harriet Tubman , 1995, www.pbs.org/black-culture/explore/harriet-tubman/#.WC0GqdUrLnA. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017.

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She took action on her beliefs by fighting for her own freedom and the freedom of others by

helping to create and further develop the Underground Railroad. During her life, she helped

hundreds of slaves escape to freedom, risking her life multiple times in an effort to continue the

fight. Her kind heart and helping spirit continued during the Civil War during which she worked

as a nurse, cook and spy for the Union Army. Her bravery and leadership as the “conductor” of

the Underground Railroad and during her service to the Union in the Civil War have been

commemorated in museums and on U.S. historical stamps. Additionally, many schools have 51

been named in her honor. Her ability to help others continued late in her life as she donated land

to help freed slaves and developed The Harriet Tubman Home for the Aged, where she

eventually died. Tubman’s bravery, strength and courageous fight for freedom stands as a pillar

of inspiration for all Americans, particularly those fighting for civil rights. Thanks to Harriet

Tubman’s dream of freedom, the world has been changed forever.

51 Commemorated- recall and show respect for.

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Appendix A

Underground Railroad Secret Codes

Agent Coordinator, who plotted courses of escape and made contacts.

Baggage Fugitive slaves carried by Underground Railroad workers.

Bundles of wood Fugitives that were expected.

Canaan Canada

Conductor Person who directly transported slaves

Drinking Gourd Big Dipper and the North Star

Flying bondsmen The number of escaping slaves

Forwarding Taking slaves from station to station

Freedom train The Underground Railroad

French leave Sudden departure

Gospel train The Underground Railroad

Heaven Canada, freedom

Stockholder Those who donated money, food, clothing.

Load of potatoes Escaping slaves hidden under farm produce in a wagon

Moses Harriet Tubman

Operator Person who helped freedom seekers as a conductor or agent

Parcel Fugitives that were expected

Patter roller Bounty hunter hired to capture slaves

Preachers Leaders of and spokespersons for the Underground Railroad

Promised Land Canada

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River Jordan Ohio River

Shepherds People who encouraged slaves to escape and escorted them

Station Place of safety and temporary refuge, a safe house

Station master Keeper or owner of a safe house

“Harriet Tubman.” Harriet-Tubman.org , WordPress,

www.harriet-tubman.org/underground-railroad/. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017.

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Appendix B

National Geographic staff. “Harriet Tubman.” National Geographic Kids , National Geographic

Partners, 2016,

kids.nationalgeographic.com/explore/history/harriet-tubman/#harriet_lg.jpg. Accessed 5

Feb. 2017.

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Appendix C

Wikis for Teachers. “Harriet Tubman.” Wikis for Teachers , Tangient, 2017,

tuckahoe.wikispaces.com/Harriet+Tubman. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017.

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Appendix D

Makaly Trotter. “The Underground Railroad.” National Geographic Society , National

Geographic, 16 Nov. 2011, www.nationalgeographic.org/maps/undergroundrailroad/.

Accessed 5 Feb. 2017.

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Appendix E

Larson, Kate Clifford. “Bound for the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman, Portrait of an American

Hero.” Harriettubmanbiography.com , Kate Clifford Larson, www.harriettubmanbiography.com/.

Accessed 5 Feb. 2017.

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Bibliography

Biography.com Editors. “Harriet Tubman.” Biography.com , A&E Television Networks,

www.biography.com/people/harriet-tubman-9511430. Accessed 12 Feb. 2017. Lots of

info and very long. Dates and detailed sections. This helped my with the information

about her experience with her dad and her childhood.

Brainy Quote. “Harriet Tubman Quotes.” Brainy Quotes , 2001,

www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/h/harriet_tubman.html. Accessed 12 Feb. 2017.

About 25 quotes. Will be helpful for paper. I used 2 of these in my paper.

Digital Public Library of America. “An Excerpt from Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman by

Sarah H. Bradford, 1869.” Digital Public Library of America ,

dp.la/primary-source-sets/sources/1043/. Accessed 12 Feb. 2017. 6 page google doc.

Helpful for her life story. This was a very valuable primary source.

“Harriet Tubman.” PBS.org , www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1535.html. Accessed 12 Feb. 2017.

Small article on Harriet Tubman’s life. There are dates and exact information on this

page also. This was useful for the later life when she was the conductor of the

Underground Railroad

“Harriet Tubman.” World History Project , 2017, worldhistoryproject.org/topics/harriet-tubman.

Accessed 12 Feb. 2017. Long time line. Gave information about the land that William H.

Seward sold to Tubman.

Historical Society. “Harriet Tubman.” Historical Society , WordPress, 2017,

www.harriet-tubman.org/tag/head-injury/. Accessed 12 Feb. 2017. Information about her

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early life. Also the estimated date of birth. This was a helpful resource for her head

injury.

---. “Harriet Tubman.” Harriet-Tubman.org , WordPress,

www.harriet-tubman.org/underground-railroad/. Accessed 12 Feb. 2017. Information on

the underground railroad. Also a detailed map of the trail. The map was a useful

appendix. There was a lot of information about the Underground Railroad.

History.com Staff. “Harriet Tubman.” HISTORY.com , A&E Television Networks, 2009,

www.history.com/topics/black-history/harriet-tubman. Accessed 12 Feb. 2017. Great info

as well as fun facts. This was helpful for the information about her work in the civil war.

History Net Staff. “Underground Railroad.” HistoryNet.com , World History Group, 2016,

www.historynet.com/underground-railroad. Accessed 12 Feb. 2017. Long article

including main events. This was helpful because, included facts about when it was

established and how many slaves were processed.

James McPherson, Dr. “A Brief Overview of the American Civil War.” Civil War Trust ,

Blackaud’, 2014, www.civilwar.org/education/history/civil-war-overview/overview.html.

Accessed 15 Feb. 2017. This helped me with civil war information and historical context.

Larson, Kate Clifford. “Bound for the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman, Portrait of an American

Hero.” Harriettubmanbiography.com , Kate Clifford Larson,

www.harriettubmanbiography.com/. Accessed 12 Feb. 2017. Long biography. Includes

key events in her life. This was useful, because information about her later life and the

book written about her.

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Library of Congress. “Harriet Tubman.” America’s Library , U.S. Copyright office, 10 Feb. 2012,

www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/tubman/aa_tubman_subj.html. Accessed 12 Feb. 2017.

Contains a timeline and small article. This told me about her birth and death.

Makaly Trotter. “The Underground Railroad.” National Geographic Society , National

Geographic, 16 Nov. 2011, www.nationalgeographic.org/maps/undergroundrailroad/.

Accessed 12 Feb. 2017. Great map for the appendix. Good information also. The map

was used for the appendix.

Maryland Public Television. “Maryland and the Underground Railroad.” Pathways to Freedom ,

Maryland Public Television, 2016, pathways.thinkport.org/about/about1.cfm. Accessed

12 Feb. 2017. Information on the path to Maryland. Also information about where and

when the tunnel was. This was useful for the Underground Railroad section.

National Geographic staff. “Harriet Tubman.” National Geographic Kids , National Geographic

Partners, 2016,

kids.nationalgeographic.com/explore/history/harriet-tubman/#harriet_lg.jpg. Accessed 12

Feb. 2017. Small summary with basic information. The picture was used for the

appendix.

Public Broadcasting Service. “Harriet Tubman.” Africans in America , 1999,

www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1535.html. Accessed 12 Feb. 2017. Includes lots of

information. A very good summary of her life. I used this for her contribution with the

Underground Railroad.

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Public Broadcasting Service. “Harriet Tubman.” Harriet Tubman , 1995,

www.pbs.org/black-culture/explore/harriet-tubman/#.WC0GqdUrLnA. Accessed 12 Feb.

2017. 10 good facts. This was also used for getting information about her head injury.

PWTS MultiMedia. “Harret Tubman Proclamtion.” HarrietTubman.com , 25 Mar. 2013,

www.harriettubman.com/. Accessed 12 Feb. 2017. This page is very long and has a lot

information on Harriet Tubman. This was used for her later life.

StoryofWhere. “Teaching with Primary Sources, Harriet Tubman and the Underground

Railroad.” Story of Where , XYScripts.com, 11 Mar. 2015,

storyofwhere.com/tps-harriet-tubman-underground-railroad/. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017. Has

maps and pictures. The map shows the journey from slavery also. This was also a

valuable primary source.

“Underground Railroad.” History.com , A&E Television Networks, 2009,

www.history.com/topics/black-history/underground-railroad. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017.

Explains about the underground railroad. Also facts about abolitionists who used the

underground railroad to help slaves escape. This was the most helpful Underground

Railroad source.

Wikis for Teachers. “Harriet Tubman.” Wikis for Teachers , Tangient, 2017,

tuckahoe.wikispaces.com/Harriet+Tubman. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017. Picture of Plaque, and

a Map. The plaque picture was used as an appendix.

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