Handy Physical Formulas Esrt2011

8/10/2019 Handy Physical Formulas Esrt2011

1/16

Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . 334 J/g

Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g

Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g

Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g

Density at 3.98C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL

New York State Fossil

2011 EDITIONThis edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in theclassroom beginning in the 201112 school year. The first examination forwhich these tables will be used is the January 2012 Regents Examination in

Physical Setting/Earth Science.

The Univers ity of the St ate o f New York T HE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Albany, New York 12234 www.nysed.gov

Reference Tables for

Physical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE

Eccentricity =distance between focilength of major axis

Gradient =change in field value

distance

Density =mass

volume

Rate of change =change in value

time

Equations

RADIOACTIVEISOTOPE

DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE(years)

Carbon-14

Potassium-40

Uranium-238

Rubidium-87

C14

K40

U238

Rb87

N14

Pb206

Sr87

5.7 103

1.3 109

4.5 109

4.9 1010

Ar40

Ca40

Specific Heats of Common MaterialsRadioactive Decay Data

Properties of Water

Average Chemical Compositionof Earths Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere

MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT(Joules/gram C)

Liquid water 4.18

Solid water (ice) 2.11

Water vapor 2.00

Dry air 1.01

Basalt 0.84

Granite 0.79

Iron 0.45

Copper 0.38

Lead 0.13

ELEMENT(symbol)

CRUST HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHERE

Percent by mass Percent by volume Percent by volume Percent by volume

Oxygen (O) 46.10 94.04 33.0 21.0

Silicon (Si) 28.20 0.88

Aluminum (Al) 8.23 0.48

Iron (Fe) 5.63 0.49

Calcium (Ca) 4.15 1.18

Sodium (Na) 2.36 1.11

Magnesium (Mg) 2.33 0.33

Potassium (K) 2.09 1.42

Nitrogen (N) 78.0

Hydrogen (H) 66.0

Other 0.91 0.07 1.0 1.0

Eurypterus remipes


2/16

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2011 Edition 2

Generalized

LandscapeRegionsofNewYorkState

Appal

achi

anPla

tea

u(U

pla

nds)

InteriorLowlands

GrenvilleP

rovince

(Highlands)

NewE

ngla

ndProv

ince

(Hig

hlan

ds)

At

lanticC

oastalPlain

Alle

ghenyPlateau

Erie-OntarioLowlands

(Plains)

TugHill

Plateau

Adirondack

Mountains

LakeErie

LakeOntario

Interior

Lowlands

St.

La

wren

ceLo

wlan

ds

ChamplainLowlands Huds

onHighlands

ManhattanProng

TheCatskills

TaconicM

ountains

Hudson-Moha

wkLowlands

Newa

rkLo

wlan

ds

M

ajorgeographicprovinceboundary

Landscaperegionboundary

S

tateboundary

In

ternationalboundary

Key

N S

W

E

0

20

40

0

20

40

60

80

K

ilometers

Miles

10

30

50


3/16

eleva

tion

175m

LAKE

43

79

78

77

44

76

45

75

74

73 45

44

43

42

73

724

1

734

030'

7330'

74

41

75

76

77

78

79

42

eleva

tion

75m

LAKEONTARIO

JAMESTOWN

BUFFALO

ELMIRA

ITHACA B

INGHAMTON

SLIDEMT

.

KINGSTON

NEW

YORK

CITY

NIAGARAFALLS

ROCHEST

ER

SYRACUSE

UTICA

OSWEGO

O

LDFORGE

VERMONT

PLATTSBURGH

MT

.MARCY

MASSENA

St.

La

wre

nceR

iver

Hudson

River

Moh

awk

Riv

er

Riv

er

Susquehanna

Delaw

areRiver

FI

NGER

LAKES

CONNECTICUT

NEW

JERSEY

P

E

N

N

S

Y

L

V

A

N

IA

LAKE

ATLANTICO

CEAN

Miles

Kilome

ters

Gene

see

Rive

r

LONGI

SLA

ND

RIVERHEAD

River

Hudson

WATERTOWN

0

50

40

30

20

10

0

80

60

40

20

MASSACHUSETTS

41

ALBANY

ER

IE

LO

NG

ISLAND

SOUND

CHAM

PLAIN


modifiedfrom

GEOLOGICALSURVEY

NEWY

ORKSTATEMUSEUM

1989

NiagaraRiver

GEOLOGIC

PERIODSANDERASINNEWY

OR

K

CRETACEOUSa

ndPLEISTOCENE(Epoch)weaklyconsolidatedtounconsolidatedgravels,sands,andclays

LATETRIASSIC

andEARLYJURASSIC

conglomerates,redsandstones,red

shales,basalt,anddiabase(Palisadessill)

PENNSYLVANIAN

andMISSISSIPPIAN

conglomerates,sandstones,andsh

ales

DEVONIAN

limestones,shales,sandstones,andconglomerates

SILURIAN

SILURIAN

alsocontainssalt,

gypsum,

andhematite.

ORDOVICIAN

limestones,shales,sandstones,anddolostones

CAMBRIAN

CAMBRIAN

and

EARLYORDOVICIAN

sandstonesanddolostones

moderatelytointenselymetamorphosedeastoftheHudsonRiver

CAMBRIAN

and

ORDOVICIAN

(undifferentiated)quartzites,dolostones,marbles,andschists

intenselymetamorphosed;includesportionsoftheTaco

nicSequenceandCortlandtComplex

TACONIC

SEQUENCEsandstones,shales,andslates

slightlytointenselymetamorphosedrocksofCAMBRIA

N

throughMIDDLEORDOVICIAN

ages

MIDDLEPROTEROZOIC

gneisses,quartzites,andmarbles

Linesaregeneralizedstructuretrends.

MIDDLEPROTEROZOIC

anorthositicrocks

}}

}

}

}

Dominantly

sedimenta

ry

origin

Dominantly

metamorp

hosed

rocks

Intenselymetamorphosedrocks

(regionalm

etamorphisma

bout1,000m.y.a.)

N S

W

E

0

20

40

0

20

40

60

80

Kilometers

Miles

10

30

50

GeneralizedBedrockGeologyof

NewYorkState


4/16


SurfaceOceanCurrents


5/16


Peru-ChileTrench

Hawaii

HotSpot

SanAndreas

Fault

Juande

FucaPlate

Philippine

Plate

Ale

utian

Trenc

h

Yellowstone

HotSpot

NorthAmerican

Plate

African

Plate

Cocos

Plate

Caribbean

Plate

Mid-

Atla

ntic

RidgeCanary

Islands

H

otSpot

South

American

Plate

Galapagos

HotSpot

Nazca

Plate

Antarctic

Plate

Indian-Australian

Plate

Pacific

Plate

FijiPlate

East

Pacif

icRidge

Antarctic

Plate

Arabian

Plate

E

urasian

Plate

Eurasian

Plate

Iceland

HotSpot

EastAfricanRift

Mid

-Indian R idge

South

eas

t

Indian

Rid

ge

Sou

thwes

tInd

ian

Ridge

Scotia

Plate

Sand

wich

Plate

Mid-AtlanticRidge

EasterIsland

HotSpot

St.Helena

HotSpot

Bouvet

HotSpot

Key

NOTE:Notallmantlehotspots

,plates,and

boundariesareshown

Complexoru

ncertain

plateboundary

Relativemotionat

plateboundary

Mantle

hotspot

Diverg

entplateboundary

(usually

brokenbytransform

faultsalo

ngmid-oceanridges)

Converge

ntplateboundary

(subd

uctionzone)

s

ubducting

plate

overriding

plate

Transformplateboundary

(transformfault)

TectonicPlates

Tasman

HotSpot

Mar

iana Trench

Tonga

Trench


6/16


Erosion

Wea

th

ering

&

Erosion

(U

plift)

Me

tamor

phism

MeltingSo

lidifi

catio

nMelti

ngWeath

ering&

Eros

ion

(Uplift)

Metamorphism

Weathering& Erosion

(Uplift)

Heat and/o

r Pressure

H

eat

and/

orPressure

Me

ltin

g

Cem

entatio

n andBurial

Com

paction

and/or

Deposition

IGNEOUSROCK

SEDIMENTS

MAGMA

METAMORPHICROCK

SEDIMENTARYROCK

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

PARTICLEDIAMETER(cm)

Boulders

Cobbles

Pebbles

Sand

Silt

Clay

1000

500

50

100

10

510.5

0.1

0.05

0.01

STREAM VELOCITY(cm/s)

This generalized graph shows the water velocityneeded to maintain, but not start, movement. Variationsoccur due to differences in particle density and shape.

25.6

6.4

0.2

0.006

0.0004

Rock Cycle in Earths Crust

Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification

Relationship of TransportedParticle Size to Water Velocity

Pyroxene(green)

Amphibole(black)

Biotite(black)

Potassiumfeldspar

(pink to white)

(relativebyvolume)

MINERALCOMPOSITION

Quartz(clear towhite)

CHARACTERISTICS

MAFIC(rich in Fe, Mg)

HIGHER

DARKER

FELSIC(rich in Si, Al)

LOWER

LIGHTER

CRYSTALSIZE

TEXTURE

Pumice

INTRUSIVE

(Plutonic)

EXTRUSIVE

(Volcanic)

ENVIRONME

NTOFFORMATION

Plagioclase feldspar(white to gray)

Olivine(green)

COMPOSITION

DENSITY

COLOR

100%

75%

50%

25%

0%

100%

75%

50%

25%

0%

IGNEOUSROCKS

non-

crystalline

GlassyBasaltic glassObsidian

(usually appears black)

lessthan

1mm Fine

BasaltAndesiteRhyolite

1mmto

10mm

CoarsePeri-dotiteGabbro

DioriteGranite

Pegmatite

10mmor

larger

Verycoarse

Scoria Vesicular(gas

pockets)

Dunite

Non-vesicular

Non-vesicular

Vesicular basaltVesicular rhyolite Vesicularandesite

Diabase


7/16


INORGANIC LAND-DERIVED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

COMPOSITIONTEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL

Rounded fragments

Angular fragmentsMostly

quartz,

feldspar, and

clay minerals;

may containfragments of

other rocks

and minerals

Pebbles, cobbles,and/or bouldersembedded in sand,silt, and/or clay

Clastic

(fragmental)

Very fine grain

Compact; may split

easily

Conglomerate

Breccia

CHEMICALLY AND/OR ORGANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Crystalline

Halite

Gypsum

Dolomite

Calcite

Carbon

Crystals from

chemical

precipitates

and evaporites

Rock salt

Rock gypsum

Dolostone

Limestone

Bituminous coal

. . . . .. . . .

Sand

(0.006 to 0.2 cm)

Silt(0.0004 to 0.006 cm)

Clay(less than 0.0004 cm)

Sandstone

Siltstone

Shale

Fine to coarse

COMPOSITIONTEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL

Fine

to

coarse

crystals

Microscopic tovery coarse

Precipitates of biologicorigin or cemented shellfragments

Compactedplant remains

. . . . .. . . .

Bioclastic

Crystalline or

bioclastic

FOLIATED

Fine

Fineto

medium

Mediumto

coarse

Regional

Low-grademetamorphism of shale

Platy mica crystals visiblefrom metamorphism of clayor feldspars

High-grade metamorphism;mineral types segregatedinto bands

Slate

Schist

Gneiss

COMPOSITIONTEXTUREGRAINSIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME

TYPE OFMETAMORPHISM

(Heat andpressureincreases)

MINERAL

ALIGNMENT

BAND-

ING

MAP SYMBOL

Foliation surfaces shinyfrom microscopic micacrystals

Phyllite

GARNET

PYROXENE

FELDSPAR

AMPHIBOLE

MICA

QUARTZ

Hornfels

NONFOLIATED

Metamorphism ofquartz sandstone

Metamorphism oflimestone or dolostone

Pebbles may be distortedor stretched

Metaconglomerate

Quartzite

Marble

Coarse

Fineto

coarse

Quartz

Calcite and/ordolomite

Variousminerals

Contact(heat)

Various rocks changed byheat from nearbymagma/lava

VariousmineralsFine

Anthracite coalRegionalMetamorphism ofbituminous coal

CarbonFine

Regional

or

contact

Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification

Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification


8/16


PLEISTOCENE

PLIOCENE

MIOCENE

OLIGOCENE

EOCENE

PALEOCENE

LATE

EARLY

LATE

MIDDLE

EARLY

LATE

MIDDLE

EARLY

LATE

MIDDLE

EARLY

LATE

MIDDLE

EARLY

LATE

MIDDLE

EARLY

LATE

EARLY

LATE

MIDDLE

EARLY

LATE

MIDDLE

EARLY

EARLY

LATE

GEOLOGIC HISTORY

Elliptocephala

Cryptolithus

Phacops Hexameroceras Manticoceras

Eucalyptocrinus

Ctenocrinus

Tetragraptus

Dicellograptus Eurypterus

Stylonuru

B LA EC D G HF I J NK M

CentrocerasValcouroceras Coelophysis

(Index fossils not drawn to scale)

EraEon

PHANERO-

ZOIC

P

R

E

C

A

M

B

RI

A

N

ARC

HEAN

PROTEROZOIC

LATE

LATE

MIDDLE

M

I

D

D

L

E

EA

RL

Y

E

A

R

L

Y

0

500

1000

2000

3000

4000

4600

Million years ago

CENOZOIC

MESOZOIC

PALEOZOIC

QUATERNARY

NEOGENE

PALEOGENE

CRETACEOUS

JURASSIC

TRIASSIC

PERMIAN

CARBONIF-

EROUS

DEVONIAN

Period Epoch Life on Earth

SILURIAN

ORDOVICIAN

CAMBRIAN

580

488

444

416

318

299

200

146

Million years ago

NY RockRecord

PENNSYLVANIAN

HOLOCENE

65.5

251

1.8

5.3

0.010

23.0

33.9

MISSISSIPPIAN

Humans, mastodonts, mammoths

55.8

Large carnivorous mammalsAbundant grazing mammals

Earliest grasses

Many modern groups of mammals

Mass extinction of dinosaurs, ammonoids, andmany land plants

Earliest flowering plantsDiverse bony fishes

Earliest birds

Earliest mammals

Mass extinction of many land and marineorganisms (including trilobites)

Mammal-like reptiles

Abundant reptiles

Extensive coal-forming forests

Abundant amphibians

Large and numerous scale trees and seed ferns(vascular plants); earliest reptiles

359Earliest amphibians and plant seedsExtinction of many marine organisms

Earths first forests

Earliest ammonoids and sharksAbundant fish

Earliest insectsEarliest land plants and animals

Abundant eurypterids

Invertebrates dominantEarths first coral reefs

Burgess shale fauna (diverse soft-bodied organisms)Earliest fishes

Earliest trilobites542

Abundant stromatolites

Ediacaran fauna (first multicellular, soft-bodied

marine organisms)

Extinction of many primitive marine organisms

Firstsexuallyreproducingorganisms

Oldest known rocks

Estimated time of originof Earth and solar system

Sediment

Bedrock

Abundant dinosaurs and ammonoids

Earliest dinosaurs

Great diversity of life-forms with shelly parts

1300

Evidence of biologicalcarbon

Earliest stromatolitesOldest microfossils

Oceanic oxygenproduced bycyanobacteriacombines withiron, formingiron oxide layerson ocean floor

Oceanic oxygenbegins to enterthe atmosphere


9/16


Grenville orogeny: metamorphism ofbedrock now exposed in the Adirondacksand Hudson Highlands

Advance and retreat of last continental ice

Sands and clays underlying Long Island andStaten Island deposited on margin of AtlanticOcean

Dome-like uplift of Adirondack region begins

Intrusion of Palisades sill

Initial opening of Atlantic OceanNorth America and Africa separate

Pangaea begins to break up

Catskill delta formsErosion of Acadian Mountains

Acadian orogeny caused by collision ofNorth America and Avalon and closingof remaining part of Iapetus Ocean

Salt and gypsum deposited in evaporite basins

Erosion of Taconic Mountains; Queenston deltaforms

Taconian orogeny caused by closingof western part of Iapetus Ocean andcollision between North America and

volcanic island arc

Widespread deposition over most of New Yorkalong edge of Iapetus Ocean

Rifting and initial opening of Iapetus Ocean

Erosion of Grenville Mountains

OF NEW YORK STATE

Mastodont

Beluga Whale

Cooksonia

Bothriolepis

Maclurites Eospirifer

MucrospiriferAneurophyton

CondorNaples Tree Cystiphyllum

Lichenaria Pleurodictyum

PO RQ S T U V W X Y Z

Platyceras

Time Distribution of Fossils(including important fossils of New York) Important Geologic

Events in New YorkInferred Positions ofEarths Landmasses

ADU (20

The center of each lettered circle indicates the approximate time ofexistence of a specific index fossil (e.g. Fossil lived at the endof the Early Cambrian).

PLACODERMF

ISH

A

Alleghenian orogeny caused bycollision of North America and

Africa along transform margin,forming Pangaea

119 million years ago





TRILOBITES

C

B

A

BIRDS

S

E

D

F

NAUTILOIDS

AMMONOIDS

G

CRINOIDS

H

I

J

K

GRAP

TOLITES

L

DINOSAURS

MAMMALS

O

N

EURYPTERIDS

M P

Q

VASCULA

RPLANTS

T

U

V

CO

RALS

R

BRACHIOPODS

GASTROPODS

W

X

Y

Z


10/16


Inferred Properties of Earths Interior


11/16

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

87

6

5

4

3

2

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

EPICENTER DISTANCE( 103km)

P

9 10

S

TRAVELTIME(

min)

00


Earthquake P-Wave and S-Wave Travel Time


12/16

1 33

28 24

2118

141210

7 5

3

11

46

8

1012

14

161921

23

2527

29

2

3628

221814

12 8

6

31

13

6

811

13

151719

21

2325

27

0 20

1816

1412

10 8 6

4 2

0

24

68

10

1214

16

182022

24

2628

30

2018

1614

12

10 8

6 4

20

2

46

810

12

1416

1820

22

2426

2830

3

2922

1713

9

64

11

4

69

11

131517

20

2224

26

4

29 20

15

117

42

1

46

9

111416

18

2022

24

5

24

1711

7 5

2

14

7

91214

16

1821

23

6

19

13 9

5

21

4

71012

14

1719

21

7

2114

9

5 2

1

4710

12

1517

19

8

14

9 5

1

248

10

1316

18

9

28

1610

6

225

8

1114

16

10

17

10

523

6

911

14

11

17

1051

2

69

12

12

1910 5

1

37

10

13

1910

5

04

8

14

19

10

41

5

15

18

9 3

1

12840

4855

6166

71

7377

7981

83

8586

8788

88

8990

9191

9292

92

9393

2

11

2333

41

4854

5863

67

7072

7476

78

7980

8182

8384

85

8686

0100100

100100

100100

100

100100

100100

100

100100

100100

100

100100

100100

100100

100

100100

20

1816

1412

10

86

42

02

4

68

1012

14

1618

2022

24

2628

30

3

13

2032

3745

51

5659

6265

67

6971

7274

7576

77

7879

4

11

2028

36

4246

5154

57

6062

6466

6869

70

7172

5

111

20

2735

3943

48

5054

5658

6062

64

6566

6

6

1422

2833

38

4145

4851

5355

57

5961

7

10

1724

28

3337

4044

4649

51

5355

8

613

19

2529

3336

4042

45

4749

9

4

10

1621

2630

3336

39

4244

10

2

814

1923

2730

34

3639

11

17

1217

2125

28

3134

12

1

611

1520

23

2629

13

5

1014

18

2125

14

49

13

1720

15

4

9

1216

Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C)

Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C)Dry-BulbTempera-ture (C)

Dry-BulbTempera-ture (C)

Dewpoint (C)

Relative Humidity (%)



13/16

Temperature

Freezingrain

Haze

Rain

FogSnow

Hail Rainshowers

Thunder-storms

Drizzle

Sleet

Smog

Snowshowers

Air Masses

cA

cP

cT

mT

mP

continental arctic

continental polar

continental tropical

maritime tropical

maritime polar

Cold

Warm

Stationary

Occluded

Present Weather Fronts Hurricane

Tornado

Pressure

196

+19/

.25

28

27

12

Station Model Station Model Explanation

Water boils220

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

Room temperature

Water freezes

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

10

20

30

40

50

380

370

360

350

340

330

320

310

300

290

280

270

260

250

240

230

220

One atmosphere

30.701040.0

1036.0

1032.0

1028.0

1024.0

1020.0

1016.0

1012.0

1008.0

1004.0

1000.0

996.0

992.0

988.0

984.0

980.0

976.0

972.0

968.0

30.60

30.50

30.40

30.30

30.20

30.10

30.00

29.90

29.80

29.70

29.60

29.50

29.40

29.30

29.20

29.10

29.00

28.90

28.80

28.70

28.60

28.50

Key to Weather Map Symbols



14/16


Gamma rays

X rays

Ultraviolet Infrared

Microwaves

Radio waves

Visible light

Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red

Decreasing wavelength Increasing wavelength

(Not drawn to scale)

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Planetary Wind and MoistureBelts in the Troposphere

The drawing on the right shows the

locations of the belts near the time of an

equinox. The locations shift somewhat

with the changing latitude of the Suns

vertical ray. In the Northern Hemisphere,

the belts shift northward in the summerand southward in the winter.

(Not drawn to scale)

SelectedProperties of

EarthsAtmosphere


15/16


Solar System Data

Celestial

Object

Mean Distance

from Sun

(million km)

Period of

Revolution

(d=days) (y=years)

Period of

Rotation at Equator

Eccentricity

of Orbit

Equatorial

Diameter

(km)

Mass

(Earth = 1)

Density

(g/cm3)

SUN 27 d 1,392,000 333,000.00 1.4

MERCURY 57.9 88 d 59 d 0.206 4,879 0.06 5.4

VENUS 108.2 224.7 d 243 d 0.007 12,104 0.82 5.2

EARTH 149.6 365.26 d 23 h 56 min 4 s 0.017 12,756 1.00 5.5

MARS 227.9 687 d 24 h 37 min 23 s 0.093 6,794 0.11 3.9

JUPITER 778.4 11.9 y 9 h 50 min 30 s 0.048 142,984 317.83 1.3

SATURN 1,426.7 29.5 y 10 h 14 min 0.054 120,536 95.16 0.7

URANUS 2,871.0 84.0 y 17 h 14 min 0.047 51,118 14.54 1.3

NEPTUNE 4,498.3 164.8 y 16 h 0.009 49,528 17.15 1.8

EARTHSMOON

149.6(0.386 from Earth)

27.3 d 27.3 d 0.055 3,476 0.01 3.3

Characteristics of Stars(Name in italics refers to star represented by a .)

(Stages indicate the general sequence of star development.)

Color

Surface Temperature(K)

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

Luminosity

(RateatwhichastaremitsenergyrelativetotheSun)

20,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 3,000

Blue Blue White White Yellow

2,000

RedOrange

Sirius

Spica

Polaris

Rigel

Deneb Betelgeuse

SUPERGIANTS(Intermediate stage)

(Intermediate stage)GIANTS

BarnardsStar

ProximaCentauri

Pollux

Alpha Centauri

Aldebaran

Sun

Procyon B SmallStars

MassiveStars

WHITE DWARFS(Late stage)

MAINSEQUENCE

(Earlystage)

40 Eridani B

30,000


16/16

12

silver togray

black streak,greasy feel

pencil lead,lubricants

C Graphite

2.5 metallicsilver

gray-black streak, cubic cleavage,density = 7.6 g/cm3

ore of lead,batteries

PbS Galena

5.56.5 black tosilver

black streak,magnetic

ore of iron,steel

Fe3O4 Magnetite

6.5 brassyyellow

green-black streak,(fools gold)

ore ofsulfur

FeS2 Pyrite

5.5 6.5or 1

metallic silver or

earthy redred-brown streak

ore of iron,jewelry

Fe2O3 Hematite

1 white togreen

greasy feelceramics,

paperMg3Si4O10(OH)2 Talc

2 yellow toamber

white-yellow streak sulfuric acid S Sulfur

2 white to

pink or gray

easily scratched

by fingernail

plaster of paris,

drywall

CaSO42H2O Selenite gypsum

22.5 colorless to

yellowflexible in

thin sheetspaint, roofing KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 Muscovite mica

2.5 colorless to

whitecubic cleavage,

salty tastefood additive,

melts iceNaCl Halite

2.53 black to

dark brownflexible in

thin sheetsconstruction

materialsK(Mg,Fe)3

AlSi3O10(OH)2Biotite mica

3 colorless

or variablebubbles with acid,

rhombohedral cleavagecement,

limeCaCO3 Calcite

3.5 colorless

or variablebubbles with acidwhen powdered

buildingstones

CaMg(CO3)2 Dolomite

4 colorless orvariable

cleaves in4 directions

hydrofluoricacid

CaF2 Fluorite

56 black to

dark greencleaves in

2 directions at 90mineral collections,

jewelry(Ca,Na) (Mg,Fe,Al)

(Si,Al)2O6

Pyroxene(commonly augite)

5.5 black to

dark greencleaves at

56 and 124mineral collections,

jewelryCaNa(Mg,Fe)4 (Al,Fe,Ti)3

Si6O22(O,OH)2

Amphibole(commonly hornblende

6 white to

pinkcleaves in

2 directions at 90ceramics,

glassKAlSi3O8

Potassium feldspar(commonly orthoclase)

6 white to

graycleaves in 2 directions,

striations visibleceramics,

glass(Na,Ca)AlSi3O8 Plagioclase feldspar

6.5 green to

gray or browncommonly light green

and granularfurnace bricks,

jewelry(Fe,Mg)2SiO4 Olivine

7 colorless or

variableglassy luster, may form

hexagonal crystalsglass, jewelry,

electronicsSiO2 Quartz

6.57.5 dark redto green

often seen as red glassy grainsin NYS metamorphic rocks

jewelry (NYS gem),abrasives

Fe3Al2Si3O12 Garnet

HARD- COMMON DISTINGUISHINGLUSTER NESS COLORS CHARACTERISTICS USE(S) COMPOSITION* MINERAL NAME

Nonmetallicluster

*Chemical symbols: Al = aluminum Cl = chlorine H = hydrogen Na = sodium S = sulfur

C = carbon F = fluorine K = potassium O = oxygen Si = silicon

Ca = calcium Fe = iron Mg = magnesium Pb = lead Ti = titanium

= dominant form of breakage

Metallicluster

Either

FRACTURE

CLEAVAGE

Properties of Common Minerals

Documents

Handy Physical Formulas Esrt2011