Handbook of Biocide and Preservative Use

Handbook of Biocide and Preservative Use

Edited by

H.W. Rossmoore Professor of Biological Sciences

Wayne State University Michigan

m SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

First edition 1995

© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Origioally published by Chapman & Hali in 1995 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 1995

Typeset in 10/12 pt Times by EXPO Holdings, Malaysia

ISBN 978-94-010-4591-9 ISBN 978-94-011-1354-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-1354-0

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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 94-78792

8 Printed on acid-free text paper, manufactured in accordance with ANSIINISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper)

Preface

My professional interest in antimicrobial agents and contamination control goes back 50 years to my tour as a microbiologist in a field hospital in Europe during World War II. With no experience and relying solely on a military handbook, I prepared thermometer trays with jars of blue bichloride of mercury and pink isopropyl alcohol. A preliminary typhoid diagnosis of one of our cooks resulted in the need for lab testing. His stool specimen and its subsequent disposal was my problem. My handbook said bum it. So burn it T did, in a five-gallon can with gasoline. Flames shot up almost six feet, and my next mistake was to extinguish them with carbon tetrachloride. This resulted in the production of lethal phosgene gas. The hospital had a near disaster. I could say that at that moment I vowed to write a how-to book so that such stupidities could be avoided. Nevertheless, when I was offered the opportunity to edit this book I thought back on the need for a real, practical treatment of my subject.

This book, then, is a practical handbook for technical service personnel and scientists who are not necessarily specialists in microbiology. It provides information on suitable antimicrobial agents appropriate to their particular problem-solving needs and information on the microbial groups contributing to the specific problem, their ecologies, and strategies for controlling their access to the area or material of interest.

Included in the treatment of the antimicrobial agents is advice on pertinent test methods as well as a critical evaluation of those methods.

References are also made to regulatory and environmental aspects of using these antimicrobial agents where appropriate, in addition to the specific chapter on this subject. The strategies available for safe and economic use of these agents are described together with simple test procedures for quality assurance of preservative use or successful biocide application.

In some chapters, past literature has been reviewed with special attention being paid to landmark advances. Predictable future changes in spoilage patterns or health hazards arc mentioned in those chapters where appropriate, as well as developments which could extend, modify or restrict the use of antimicrobial agents. Compounds not approved for the marketplace (regulatory approval) for the most part have not been discussed.

In the rhetoric of journalism we deal with the what, when, where, who, and how of biocide use. The book is neither encyclopedic in its treatment of the subject (e.g. Block book) nor does it deal with modes of action or mechanisms of resistance (e.g. Russell book). The areas treated in the book deal with non­health related biocide use, with the possible exception of chapters II, 12, and 13 where in addition to spoilage prevention or contamination control there is an

vi PREFACE

overriding interest in prevention of communicable disease; to this extent, products in this category, at least in the USA, require approval of the Food and Drug Administration as well as the Environmental Protection Agency.

I have to thank a series of editors who put up with delays in completion both at Elsevier Applied Science and later at Blackie Academic & Professional.

I would also especially like to thank all the contributing authors, those that met the early deadlines and those that withstood my badgering and finally came through with their chapters.

Last, I would like to dedicate the book to two people: to the memory of Dr. Carl Lawrence, my teacher at the University of Michigan who first introduced me to the study of antimicrobial agents; and to my wife, Dr. Katalin Rossmoore, who above all encouraged me to see the book to completion.

H.W.R.

Contributors

M.J. Banner IBL Diversey Wyandotte Corporation, 1532 Biddle Avenue, Wyandotte, MI 48192, USA

A. Downey Rohm & Haas Co, 727 Norriston Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA

R.G. Eagon Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA

B.N. Herbert Shell Research Ltd., Sittingbourne Research Centre, Sittingbourne, Kent ME9 8AG, UK

E.C. Hill ECHA Microbiology Ltd, Unit M 24, Cardiff Workshops, Lewis, East Moors, CardiffCF 5EJ, UK

G. Hill ECHA Microbiology Ltd, Unit M 24, Cardiff Workshops, Lewis, East Moors, CardiffCF 5EJ, UK

J.M. Jay Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA

L.Leightley Rohm & Haas Co, 727 Norriston Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA

R.W. Lutey Buckman Laboratories Inc, 12184 McLean Boulevard, Memphis, TN 38108, USA

B.J. McCarthy British Textile Technology Group, Shirley Towers, Didsbury, Manchester M20 8RX, UK

H.W. Rossmoore Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA

C. Yeager Reg. Consultant Inc, 12184 Woodland Court, Auburn, CA 95603, USA

Contents

1

2

3

Introduction to biocide use

H. W. ROSSMOORE

l.l What are biocides? 1.2 Control of biocide use 1.3 Testing of biocides References Appendices

Legislative aspects C.C. YEAGER

2.1 North America 2.1.1 United States Environmental Protection Agency 2.1.2 Canadian registration with Agriculture Canada 2.1.3 Mexk:o and other Central American countries

2.2 Outside North America 2.2.1 Great Britain 2.2.2 Ireland 2.2.3 Denmark 2.2.4 Norway 2.2.5 Finland 2.2.6 Switzerland 2.2.7 France 2.2.8 Portugal 2.2.9 Austria 2.2.10 Sweden 2.2.11 Other European countries 2.2.12 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) 2.2.13 Australia 2.2.14 New Zealand

Bibliography

Process cooling water R.W. LUTEY

3.1 Overview 3.2 Problems caused by microorganisms

3.2.1 Biological slime 3.2.2 Plugging and fouling 3.2.3 Deterioration of wood 3.2.4 Microbiologically inAuenced corrosion (MIC)

3.3 Control of problems caused by microorganisms 3.3.1 Fundamental concepts of microbiological control 3.3.2 Population dynamics 3.3.3 The use of a biocide and biostat 3.3.4 Cleaning a fouled (dlrty) system

1

I 2 6

17 17

19

19 19 30 34 34 35 39 41 41 42 42 43 43 43 43 44 45 45 46 49

50

50 50 51 51 51 52 55 55 56 57 58

x

4

5

6

CONTENTS

3.3.5 Mechanism of microbicidal action 3.3.6 Factors determining the choice of microbicides 3.3.7 Methods of application of microbicides

3.4 Types of microbic ides 3.4.1 Oxidizing microbicides 3.4.2 Other non-chlorine oxidizing microbicides 3.4.3 Non-oxidizing microbiocides

3.5 State-of-the-art technology Bibliography Appendix

Paper, pulp and food grade paper

R.G. EAGON

4.1 Introduction 4.2 Types of microorganisms encountered 4.3 Control of microorganisms 4.4 Microbiological examination of pulp, paper and paperboard 4.5 Efficacy testing of antimicrobial agents

References Appendix

Biocides for metalworking lubricants hydraulic fluids

H, W. ROSSMOORE

5.1 Nature of metalworking fluids 5.1.1 The microbial populations causing deterioration 5.1.2 When should biocides be used'> 5.1.3 Selection of biocides 5.1.4 Biocide interactions with functional formulation components 5.1.5 Differential compatibilities 5.1.6 Monitoring for biocide demand 5.1.7 Which biocides'? 5.l.8 Non-biocidal control measures

5.2 Hydraulic fluids (HF) 5.2.1 Invert hydraulic emulsions 5.2.2 High water containing fluid (HWCF) 5.2.3 Straight-oil hydraulic fluids 5.2.4 Occupational health and safety

References Appendix

Biocides in oilfield operations

B.N. HERBERT

6.1 Introduction 6.2 Oilfield operations

6.2.1 General 6.2.2 Drilling 6.2.3 Completion/workover 6.2.4 Fracturing 6.2.5 Packer fluids 6.2.6 Construction of field fa<.:ilities 6.2.7 Hydraulic lines 6.2.8 Production

58 59 62 64 67 69 70 75 76 77

83

83 84 8S 94 94 94 96

133

133 134 134 137 137 140 141 143 lSI 152 152 154 154 ISS 156 157

185

185 186 186 187 189 190 191 191 192 192

7

8

CONTENTS

6.3 Microbes found in oilfield facilities 6.3.1 Diversity of SRB 6.3.2 Biofilms 6.3.3 Theromophilic SRB 6.3.4 Ultramicrobacteria

6.4 Biocides 6.4. I General considerations 6.4.2 Biocide ingredients

6.5 Monitoring bacteria in oiltlelds 0.6 Biocide testing 6.7 Environmental issues References

Fuels biocides

E.C. HILL

7.1 Introduction 7.2 Ecology

7.2.1 Use and storage 7.3 The microbial problem 7.4 Antimicrobial strategies

7.4.1 Good housekeeping 7.4.2 Reformulation 7.4.3 Physical methods 7.4.4 Antimicrobial chemicals

7.5 Preservation 7.5.1 Water phase preservatives 7.5.2 Fuel phase preservatives

7.6 fuel system decontamination 7.6.1 Chemical decontamination of lightly fouled fuel systems 7.6.2 Chemical decontamination of heavily fouled fuel systems 7.0.3 Physical decontamination

7.7 Test methods for biocide efficacy 7.7.1 Tests for fuel preservation 7.7.2 Tests for fuel disinfection

7.8 Monitoring 7.8.1 Biocide monitoring--<:hemical 7.8.2 Biocide monitoring-biological 7.8.3 Microbiological monitoring 7.8.4 Interpretation of on-site tests

7.9 Commercial anti-microbial agents 7.9.1 Early anti-microbial agents 7.9.2 Commercial fuel biocides

7. \0 Biocides-present and future 7.11 Summary of strategies References Appendix

Biocides for use in the textile industry

B.J. McCARTHY

8.1 Introduction 8.2 Testing of textile materials for resistance to microbial attack

8.2.1 Pure-culture techniques 8.2.2 Mixed culture 8.2.3 Perfusion

Xl

197 197 197 198 198 198 198 199 201 202 203 206

207

207 207 208 208 209 209 209 209 209 211 211 212 215 215 215 217 217 217 219 220 220 220 221 223 224 224 225 229 230 231 233

238

238 242 243 243 243

Xll CONTENTS

9

10

8.2.4 Soil-burial methods 244 8.2.5 Soil-infection method 244

8.3 Microbial activity on textile materials-methods of assessment 8.4 Biocide testing in laboratory conditions

g.4.1 Sample preparation and biocide application 8.5 Standard test methods

8.5.1 Soil hurial 8.5.2 Mixed-inoculum agar plate test 8.5.3 Saturated atmosphere test

8.6 Recent developments in biocide testing techniques 8.7 Conclusions

The use of biocides in paint preservation

A. DOWNEY

9.1 Introduction 9.2 Why use a film biocide in print? 9.3 Historic developments of paint biocides 9.4 What constitutes a good paint film biocide 9.5 Adding the biocide to paint 9.6 Biocide efficacy

9.6.1 Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 9.6.2 Accelerated laboratory tests 9.6.3 Field trails

9.7 What types of product are on the market? 9.8 How paint film preservatives fail 9.9 Future trends in paint film biocides 9.10 Wet-state paint preservation

9.10.1 What are the consequences of microbial spoilage? 9.10.2 What to look for in an in-can preservative 9.10.3 Preservative efficacy

9.11 Future trends in paint preservatives References Appendix

Biocides used in wood preservation L. LEIGHTLEY

10.1 Introduction 10.2 The chemical composition of wood 10.3 Agents of timher degrade

10.3.1 Fungi 10.3.2 Brown rot 10.3.3 White rot 10.3.4 Soft rot 10.3.5 Bacteria 10.3.6 Insects 10.3.7 Borers

10.4 Marine animals 10.4.1 Types of manne borers

10.5 Timber preservatives 10.5.1 Types of timber preservatives 10.5.2 Tar oil preservatives 10.5.3 Light organic solvent preservatives 10.5.4 Waterborne preservatives 10.5.5 Timber preservation processes

10.6 Test methods for evaluating the performance of wood preservatives

244 245 246 247 247 248 249 252 253

254

254 254 255 256 256 257 257 258 258 259 259 259 260 260 260 261 262 266 267

283

283 284 284 285 286 286 287 287 287 288 289 289 290 291 291 292 294 295 298

CONTENTS xiii

Bibliography 301 Appendix 302

11 The selection of disinfectants for use in food hygiene 315 M.J. BANNER

11.1 Introduction 315 11.2 Chlorine 316 11.3 Iodine 317 11.4 Acid anionic sanitizers 319 11.5 Peracetic acid 320 11.6 Quaternary ammonium compounds 321 11.7 Amphoterics 323 11.8 Polymeric Biguanides 324 11.9 Other biocidal agents 325 II.lO Chlorine dioxide 325 Il.lI Glutaraldehyde/formaldehyde 327 11.12 Isothiazolinones 327 II.l3 Phenols 327 1l.l4 Hydrogen peroxide 328 1l.l5 Legal/regulatory considerations 328 11.16 Summary 329 References 329

12 Antimicrobial food preservatives 334 LM. JAY

12.1 Introduction 334 12.2 Direct antimicrobial preservatives 334

12.2.1 Propionic acid/propionates 334 12.2.2 Sorbic acid/sorbates 336 12.2.3 Benzoic acidlbenzoates 336 12.2.4 Esters of p-hydroxybenmate (parabens) 337 12.2.5 Sulphur dioxide/sulphites 338 12.2.6 Nitrites/nitrates 340 12.2.7 Sodium diacetate 341 12.2.8 Dehydroacetic acid 341 12.2.9 Caprylic acid 341 12.2.10 Diethylpyrocarbonate (pyrocarbonic acid dicthyl ester) 341 12.2.11 Nisin 342 12.2.12 Natamycin (pimaricin, teoneectio, myprozine) 343 12.2.13 Ethyl formate 343 12.2.14 Ethylene and propylene oxides 343 12.2.15 Hydrogen peroxide 344 12.2.16 Acetic and lactic acids 344 12.2.17 Chlorine dioxide 344 12.2.18 Methyl bromide 345

12.3 Indirect antimicrobial preservatives 345 12.4 Directions for test solutions n.S.) referred to in text 347 References 348

13 Preservation of cosmetics and toiletries 349 G. HILL

13.1 Historical background to thc modern concept of preservation 349

XIV CONTENTS

13.1.1 Factor necessitating a new approach 13.2 Practical application of the concept

13.2.1 Microbiological limit criteria 13.2.2 Factors determining the need for preservation 13.2.3 Selecting the preservatives 13.2.4 Preservative efficacy testing

13.3 Alternatives to chemical preservatives References Appendices - Cosmetic preservations allowed in the EU

Appendix A Profiles of allowed preservatives Appendix B Profiles of preservatives provisionally allowed

Index Lists of Standards reproduced

349 352 354 364 368 375 376 379 381 410

417 425