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Exodus: The Hammurabi Codemore

 by Benjamin Jones

3,036

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BenjaminJonesBrown

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Sear ch Peopl e, Rese

8/13/2019 Hamurabi and Exodus 21

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)1Exodus: The

Hammurabi CodeThe 3ea.ionship

Be.ween 4osai5Law and .he

4esopo.amianLega Canon

In .he his.ory o#i.erary

5on-ersa.ion

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 be.ween .he annas

o#4esopo.amiani.era

.ure and .he HebrewBibe6 .he s.ories

re#eren5ed in .heBoo7 o# 8enesis

areprobaby .hemos. immedia.ey

re5ogni9abe"

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4esopo.amian

#ood egends6 i7e.he .aeo# .rahasis

and .he s.ory o# U.( ;apish.i #rom .he

8igamesh epi56 arereminis5en. o#

.he#amous Bibi5as.ory o# ;oah<s ar7"

Howe-er6 .he

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5on-ersa.ion

 be.ween .he Bibeand.he

4esopo.amian5anon rea5hes

 beyond my.hoogy=.he .wo sour5es

ha-eremar7abysimiar

approa5hes .o

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 jurispruden5e" The

Co-enan. Code6 .hese. o# aws gi-en

 by>ahweh .o4oses6 who

5on-eyed .hem .o.he Israei.es6 bears

a mar7ed simiari.y.o .heaw 5odes o#

4esopo.amia6

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8/13/2019 Hamurabi and Exodus 21

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.he .wo do5umen.s

 bear a s.rongresemban5e .o one

ano.her"Thissimiari.y begs

.he ?ues.ion: wha.was .he inspira.ion

#or .he Co-enan.Code@ Do

.hesimiari.ies

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 be.ween .he Law o#

Hammurabi and .heCo-enan. Code

re#e5.simiari.iesbe.ween

.he ega sys.ems o#Babyon and Judah6

wi.h .he .wosys.ems and

re5ordsde-eoping

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simu.aneousy@ Ar

was .he aw inExodus

appropria.eddire5.y #rom

.heaws o#Hammurabi6 as a

 phiosophi5a ors5hoary exer5ise@

Though i. is

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impossibe .o7now

wi.h any degree o#5er.ain.y6 bo.h

expana.ions may be par.y .rue" The

.wo se.s o#

2wri.ing woud

seem .o ha-e been

 based on a 5ode and

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 pra5.i5e o# aw

5ommon in.heregion6 ye. .he

simiari.ies be.ween.he Co-enan. Code

and .he Code o#Hammurabi

areenough .osugges. .ha. .he

au.hors o# Exodus

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were aware o#6 and

inspired by6.heBabyonian ega

do5umen."Howe-er6 .he .wo

do5umen.s aresu##i5ien.y

di##eren. .ha.i.seems more i7ey

.ha. .he rea.ionship

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.he Code o#

Hammurabi" The.wo .ex.s share

.heirbase #orma.: a bo57 o# 5asuis.i5

aw abu..ed onei.her side by

5hun7s o#apodi5.i5

aw!appearing in

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 bo.h .ex.s in .he

#orm o# empha.i5s.a.emen.s$" The

5en.ra bo57o# 5asuis.i5 aw in

.he Co-enan. Codeand .he a..er ha# o#

.he Code o#Hammurabi

 presen.simiar

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.hemes in a simiar

order")

Indeed6 as Da-idrigh. poin.s ou.:

;o o.her7nown5unei#orm

aw 5oe5.ion has

as many and

 per-asi-e

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simiari.ies wi.h

.he Co-enan.CodeFas does .he Code o#

HammuabiF" ndno o.her bibi5a

5oe5.ion has asmanysimiari.ies .o

.he Laws o#HammurabiF as

does .he Co-enan.

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CodeF"2

To wha. ex.en. and

in wha. way .heCo-enan. Code

 borrowed #rom .heLaws

o# Hammurabi is by

no means 5er.ain" I#

.he in.en. o# .he

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Co-enan. Code was

.o ay down.hees.abished and

a5.i-e aw o# .he.ime6 and i# .ha.

5en.ra body o# awwas hed in5ommon

wi.h 4esopo.amiaduring i.s Ad

Babyonian period6

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.hen bo.h 5odes

woudha-e beendrawing on .he

same exis.ing5orpus o# ega

.hough.6 expaining

.hesimiari.ies

 be.ween .he .wodo5umen.s"

Howe-er6 i# .he

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Code o#

Hammurabi was no.are#e5.ion o#

a5.i-ey pra5.i5edaw6 bu. ser-ed

some o.her purpose6.hen .he in5usion

o#)

Da-id G" righ.6 

In-en.ing 8od<s Law

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!;ew >or7: Ax#ord

Uni-ersi.y Gress6 211*$6%"2

righ.6 In-en.ing 8od<s Law

6 )/" 

so mu5h o# i.s

s.ru5.ure in .heCo-enan. Code

5as.s .ha. do5umen.

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own .ime6 and nex.

.o 5onsider.hera.ionae behind i.s

.ransmission

.hrough .he

ages"The Code o#Hammurabi does

no. s.and aone in.he annas o#

4esopo.amianega

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wri.ing" I. is

 pre5eded by .heaws o# Lipi.(Ish.ar6

Eshnunna6 and Ur(nammu6

and#oowed by .heneo(Babyonian

Laws6 ssyrianLaws6 and Hi..i.e

Laws" .hese

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aw5odes bear

s.yis.i5 simiari.ies.o one ano.her: .hey

are in arge par.5omprised

o# 5asuis.i5 i# .hen B< s.a.emen.s6

whi5h are groupedin.o .hemes6 e"g"6

aws

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5on5erningmurder6

sexua.ransgressions6 or

.he#." A#.en6 .wo

.ex.s wi share

remar7aby simiar6ore-en iden.i5a

anguage"

Con.ras. .his

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 passage #rom .he

Code o# Ur(namma:I# a manpresen.s

himse# as a wi.ness bu. re#uses .o .a7e

.he oa.h6 he shama7e 5ompensa.ion

o# wha.e-er was .heobje5. o# .he 5ase&

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6 wi.h .his one #rom

.he Code o#Hammurabi: I#

aman in a 5ase bear#ase wi.ness6 or do

no. es.abish .he.es.imony .ha. he

has gi-en6 i# .ha.5ase be a 5ase

in-o-ing i#e6 .ha.

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man sha be pu. .o

dea.h" I# a man bears wi.ness#or

grain or money6 hesha himse# bear

.he pena.y imposedin .ha. 5ase/

" Though

.hephrasing has

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de-eoped6 .he

#undamen.ameaning remains

.he same" In4esopo.amianaw6

a re#usa .o .a7e .heoa.h was 5onsidered

ei.her an admissiono# gui.6 or

are5ogni.ion o# .he

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7nowedge .ha. one

woud ha-e .o perjure onese#"

Bo.h aws propose.ha. a

wi.ness whosub-er.s .he ega

 pro5ess by re#using.o .es.i#y or

.es.i#ying #asey

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3aymond es.broo76Bibi5a and

Cunei#orm Law

Codes6 3e-ue Bibi?ue

*2 !)*%/$: 2&%"&

4ar.ha T" 3o.h6 Harry

" Ho##ner6 and Gio.r

4i5haows7i6 Law Coe5.ions #rom

4esopo.amia and

8/13/2019 Hamurabi and Exodus 21

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sia 4inor 

!.an.a: S5hoar<sGress6 )**+$6 21"/

3ober. " Harper6 ed"6The Code o#

Hammurabi ,ing o#

Babyon abou. 22/1B"C"

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