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The Holland Society of New York 122 EAST 58th STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y. 10022

President:

Julian K. Roosevelt

Advisory Council of Past Presidents:

Bruce S. Cornell lohn de C. Van Etten Wal ter E. Hopper Wal ter H. V a n H o e s e n Earle H. Hough ta l ing , Jr. Dr. Harold O. Voorhis Thomas M. Van der Veer Reynier J. Wor t endyke , Jr.

Vice-Presidents:

New York County Harry A. Van Dyke Long Island John H. V a n d e r v e e r Dutchess County Robert S. A c k e r m a n Ulster County Kenne th E. H a s b r o u c k Old Bergen County, N. J J ames E. Q u a c k e n b u s h Essex County, N.J Rev. Dr. H o w a r d G. H a g e m a n Union County, N.J Frank A. Van Winkle , Jr. New England John O. O u t w a t e r Mid West Lee D. van An twerp , M.D. Potomac W y n a n t D. Vanderpoo l , Jr. Pacific Coast G e o r g e E. Roosevelt , Jr. Monmouth-Middlesex-Somerset-Hunterdon Counties, N. J H. Ray Vliet Niagara Frontier App le ton Fryer United States Army Gen . Cor t landt V. R. Schuyler , USA (Ret.) United States Navy C a p t a i n R o d m a n de Kay, USNR (Ret.) United States Marine Corps Col. Arthur J. Poillon, USMC

Treasurer: Domine:

John A. Pruyn Rev. Dr. Howard G. H a g e m a n

Domine Emeritus: Rev. Dr. Ernest R. Pa len

Secretary: Gerrit W. Van Schaick

Richard H. A m e r m a n (1974) James H. Blauvelt (1974) Frederick W. Bogert (1976) Hendrik Booraem, Jr. (1976) Ralph L. DeGroff (1973) Robert G. Goelet (1974) Kenneth E. Hasbrouck (1975) Anthony D. H o a g l a n d (1974) David T. Hopper (1975) Hubert C. Mandevi l le (1973)

Trustees:

J. Cornell Schenck (1976) Gen . C.V. R. Schuyler , USA, Ret. (1976) Sedgwick S n e d e k e r (1976) G e o r g e S. Spr ings teen , Jr. (1973) Richard Stillwell (1973) James G. Van Derpool (1975) John H. V a n d e r Veer (1975) William F. Van Devente r (1973) Kendrick Van Pelt, Jr. (1975) L. G e o r g e Van Syckle (1974)

Wilfred B. Ta lman , Trustee Emeritus

Editor:

Richard H. A m e r m a n

Frederick W. Bogert Hendrik Booraem, Jr. Voorhis D. Demares t Rev. Dr. H. G. H a g e m a n Clayton H o a g l a n d Kenneth E. Hasb rouck Lewis B. Sebr ing , Jr. Wilfred B. Ta lman

Editorial Committee:

John H. V a n d e r Veer Wal te r H. Van H o e s e n Cha r l e s A. Van Pa t t en Adr ian Van S inderen , Jr. Dr. Harold O. Voorhis Elmer B. Vliet G e o r g e O. Zabr iskie

Burgher Guard Captain:

John H. V a n d e r Veer

Executive Secretary:

Mrs. Jean A. S w e n s o n

Organized in 1885 to collect and preserve information respecting the settle­ment and early history of the City and State of New York; to perpetuate the memory, foster and piomote the principles and virtues of the Dutch ancestors of its members; to maintain a library relating to the Dutch in America; and to prepare papers, essays, hooks, etc., in regard to the history and genealogy of the Dutch in America.

The Society is principally comprised of descendants in the direct male line of residents of the Dutch Colonies in America prior to or during the year 1675. Inquiries respecting the several criteria for membership are invited.

De Halve Maen, published quarterly by the Society in April, July, October and January, is entered at the post office at New York, N. Y. Comunications to the editor should be directed to the Society's address, 122 East 58th Street, New York, N. Y. 10022, telephone (212) PLaza 8-1675.

Copyright © The Holland Society of New York 1972

Editor's Corner W e welcome Avery Brundage as a Med­

alist of the Society. His life-long commit­ment to the Olympic ideal of amateur sport in an increasingly materialistic world com­mands respect and admiration. And when che X X t h modern Olympiad takes place at Munich next month none should forget that the Games of antiquity lasted centuries but ended when no longer animated by that ideal.

Valuable information about historic sites associated with the Du tch colonial period has been issued recently by the State Historic Trust . Besides word about its Fort Orange "d ig" (noted in de Halve Maen for January and April 1971) , another archeological in­vestigation, at the Schuyler Flatts site at Colonie, was subject of a 15-page prelim­inary report last October. Among its official publications within the past year that men­tion many of the early colonists are three well documented studies. These works, issued in letterhead size and offset printed with photos, maps and drawings in addition to the extensive narrative material, concern the Senate House in Kingston, the State Mar­itime Museum Block in this city, and Wash­ington's Headquarters in Newburgh. Copies of these and other published reports are ob­tainable free of charge from the New York State Historic Trust , Mr. C. Mark Lawton, Director, State Campus, Albany, 12226.

T h e affinity of the Irish for the Du tch in the writing of history has often been re­marked. Consider, for example, such able 19th century historians of New Netherland as Henry Cruse Murphy, Edmund B. O'Cal-laghan, Charles P. Daly. Readers will be pleased to know that the next issue is to contain an excellent study of H . C. Murphy (1810-1882) , a Brooklynite who served as U.S. Minister to The Hague and made lasting contributions to our knowledge of the early Dutch in America. The author, Nicholas J. DiMichael of Washington, D.C., Marquette '69, received his M.A. degree last year at Queens College, where he studied under the distinguished historian, Dr. Kenneth Scott.

Back issues of de Halve Maen accumu­lated since the '5 0s are soon to be disposed of in order to alleviate a storage space prob­lem at headquarters. Members wishing to ob­tain copies are invited to write in before October 1. Price 50^ each, including postage.

Society Chris tmas Card! The Society is offering a beautiful, specially designed Chris-mas card which uses a 16th century picture of St. Nicholas that appeared in our January '72 issue. The cards are $20 for a box of 100 imprinted with your name; postage extra. A very distinctive, different card. Orders must be in by November 1.

With deep regret we report the death of J. Ar thur Bogardus, Howard A. DeWit t , John G. Merselis, M.D., Royal C. Van Et ten, Jr., Kingsland Van Winkle, and Rulof O. Voorhees, late members of the Society. Their obituaries will appear in the next issue.

JHLAJLV xL MAEN V O L . X L V I I • N o . 2 JULY, 1972 • N E W Y O R K C I T Y

SOCIETY TO HONOR AVERYBRUNDAGE AT 88th BANQUET Avery Brundage of Chicago, 111.,

and Santa Barbara, Calif., staunch advocate of amateurism in athletics and President of the International Olympic Committee since 1952, is to receive the Gold Medal for Distin­guished Achievement at the Plaza Hotel, Tuesday evening, November 14. Society President Julian K. Roosevelt will preside and confer the award.

Traditional pageantry will mark the Banquet proceedings as in prior years. Wi th members, their ladies and guests present, the audience is also to include diplomatic representatives of the Netherlands and Olympic Games figures, as well as those deputed from New York's leading historical and patriotic societies.

Born in 18 87 at Detroit, Mich., Mr. Brundage was graduated in 1909 with honors in civil engineering from the University of Illinois, where he was intercollegiate discus champion. Without neglecting his sports career,

International Olympic ident, to receive Gold

he entered business and in 1915 found­ed the Avery Brundage Company, which built many important buildings in the Chicago area. He competed in the Stockholm Olympics in 1912, and later was thrice all-around national champion in track and field.

Afterwards he headed the Amateur Athletic Union from 1928-3 5, the U.S. Olympic Committee from 1929-5 3, and other groups. Since 193 6 a member of the IOC, which makes the broad rules under the which the Games are conducted, he was elected Pres­ident in 19 5 2. He is to retire this Fall.

In his world-wide travels for the Olympics, Mr. Brundage grew inter­ested in Asian art and assembled a superb collection, which he gave to

the city of San Francisco in 19 59. Recipient of many awards and decorations, he has written and spoken widely on amateur sport and the Olympic Movement. His wife, the former Elizabeth Dunlap, died last year.

Committee Pres-Medal, Nov. 14.

Seminar II Set for Oct. 20-22 Board,VPs Discuss Holland Trip Members and friends of the Society are invited to

attend the second Seminar on "The Colonial Dutch Era in the New World" at the Insti tute on Man and Science, Rensselaerville, N . Y., October 20-22. The Netherlands Ambassador, His Excellency Baron van Lynden, is to be present and Trustee C. V. R. Schuyler will preside. The Dutch scholarly community is represented on the faculty of well qualified lecturers.

Now virtually complete, the program, which provides amply for round-table discussion, will be fully described in a communication to each member this month. Reser­vations should be made early, since accommodations at the Institute's residential facilities are limited.

Developed largely through the good offices of the Royal Netherlands Embassy in Washington and the New York Office of State History, the Seminar is co-sponsored by the Society and Institute, the St. Nicholas Society of the City of New York, Netherlands Society of Philadelphia, Society of Holland Dames, Dutch Settlers Society of Albany, and the Dutch Colonial Society of Delaware.

Detailed reports on plans for the "Meeting in Hol­land," Annual Banquet and Seminar II were presented at a lively and well attended conjoint meeting of the trustees and vice-presidents held with Society President Roosevelt presiding at the Union Club, June 8. In ad­dition the board appreciatively acknowledged a $3 000 gift by Trustee Goelet, dealt with reports on ad­ministration, membership, meetings, publications and Branches, and elected 13 new members.

With cordial support from Dutch officials already manifest and arrangements being made for overseas transportation, hotel reservations and a week of tours and special events in the Netherlands, a Society-spon­sored "Meeting in Holland" next Spring offers members an opportunity to visit that country under exceptionally favorable auspices, Chairman Charles A. Van Patten of the Travel committee reported. Patterned after the highly successful venture in 1963, a three-week trip is planned for about April 29-May 20.

Transatlantic flights would be by chartered KLM jet, (Continued on Page 2)

[ 1 1

Hold 32d Annual Church Service Held for the first time in the church of Rev. Dr.

Howard G. Hageman, newly elected Domine of the Society, the Annual Memorial Service took place with many members and their families in attendance at the Nor th Reformed Church, Newark, N . J., Sunday morn­ing, April 16. Domine Hageman, pastor of the church since 1945, officiated.

The commemorative rites, with the Society's flags unfurled and emplaced before the congregeation, hon­ored in remembrance the 24 members deceased during the past year whose names were read by Secretary Gerrit W. Van Schaick during the service. Mr. Van Schaick also read the First Lesson.

Dr. Hageman's sermon was based upon the Epistle of James, 1:18, "Of his own will begat he us with the word of t ruth , that we should be a kind of first fruits of his creatures." While the signs of Spring are man­ifest, the season bears a less joyous aspect. "April is the cruellest month," the poet T. S. Eliot said. Wi th Easter we celebrate a season of victory over death. But now it is two weeks later, and time to think of how to make that victory a continuing triumphant reality.

The evidence around us is not good: strife in Viet­nam, Ulster, Bangladesh, and in our own land crime, drugs, racial discord. Harsh facts belie the promise of Easter, or seem to. But we as Christian people, like our forefathers who also lived in times of violence, are meant to be the first fruits, the "first signs of Spring."

In this day of the "now generation" the short view is prevalent, with its accent on temporary and material things. But the long view, which leaves the world's lunacy and opts for God's sanity, is the one that matters. Religion brings serenity and fulfillment when we not only believe but act out our faith, in love and service. These commitments, and we need them desperately, said Dr. Hageman, are the signs of Spring in a wintry world.

After the service an informal reception providing a pleasant hour of fellowship and refreshment, as well as an opportunity for those of the Society to meet the clergy and church members, was held in the Lecture Room.

Instituted in 1940 by the Rev. Dr. Ernest R. Palen, Domine of the Society for 34 years until his retirement last April, the Memorial Church Service previously was held for 31 consecutive years at the Middle Collegiate Church of New York, of which Dr. Palen was pastor from 1932-72.

The Nor th Church, established in 18 56 and dedicated in 18 59, serves a Reformed Dutch congregation drawn from 26 communities in four counties in northern New Jersey, and is actively identified with the downtown community. Among its founders were Frederick T. Frelinghuysen (1817-85) , U.S. Senator, and Secretary of State during the Arthur administration, and Joseph P. Bradley (1813-92) , who became an Associate Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court.

A C K E R M A N R E U N I O N T O BE O N O C T . 21 The Dutch Ackerman (originally Akkerman) family

association, "David Ackerman Descendants — 1662," whose more than 600 members derive from the Berlicum schoolmaster who came to New Netherland that year, will conduct their 10th Annual Reunion at the Old Paramus Church, Ridgewood, N . J., Saturday, October 21.

T R U S T E E S ' M E E T I N G (Continued from Page 1)

he said, at an estimated round-tr ip cost of under $200 each. Members (including those elected in Oc tobe r ) , wives and dependent children are eligible to take part . A communication, with de Halve Maen's account of the '63 pilgrimage, is being mailed to every member. The letter outlines the proposal in detail and asks for an expression of interest by return postcard enclosed, so that the committee can proceed.

Discussed with equally warm enthusiasm were reports by Banquet Chairman Har ry A. Van Dyke and by Trustee DeGroff, Coordinating committee chairman for History Seminar II. Wi th the acceptance by IOC President Avery Brundage of the invitation to be Med­alist at the Banquet next Fall, efforts will be concerted to assure success of the formal dinner in honor of the famed proponent of amateur sport, Mr. Van Dyke said. The substance of Mr. DeGroff's report appears on Page 1.

As to administration Secretary Van Schaick said an updated Membership Directory, containing the new Constitution and By Laws will be mailed this summer. Copies of the Society's book on Chancery Court Rec­ords are to be sold through a Baltimore house. A fund is being set up to maintain office and library equipment in good condition. The headquarters building will close in August, but arrangements have been made to ensure prompt handling of Society mail.

Upon Mr. Roosevelt's suggestion that the Executive Committee be completed by adding the Branches chair­man and Burgher Guard Captain, the board elected Trustees Van Pelt and Vander Veer to office. The board also confirmed the election of Domine Hageman as Essex County Branch president and appointed Wynan t D. Vanderpool, Jr., to head the Potomac Branch.

In his report on Branch conditions Mr. Van Pelt sug­gested a program in aid of distant groups. This matter the board debated but did not immediately decide. The trustees gave close attention to the report by Robert R. Van Gulick on efforts to form a Philadelphia area Branch, and to reports by Appleton Fryer of the Niagara Frontier Branch and other group representatives.

Besides warmly approving Membership Chairman Livingston Fryer's proposed communications to the membership and to Branch vice-presidents, and the pro­posal to tender a luncheon in honor of Domine Emeritus Palen June 21 , the board approved Trustee Booraem's plan to issue a Society Christmas card. The trustees also decided to pro-rate among themselves the cost of board dinners and to charge for drinks at Annual Meetings.

At dinner afterward the assemblage discussed the '73 "Meeting in Holland" further, and heard with pleasure an address by Dr. G. J. Swart, pastor of the Andrew Murray Congregation of the Dutch Reformed Church of Johannesburg, South Africa.

New members elected included the following: Capt. ARTHUR WEIMAN ACKERMAN, Jr.,

USA, Ft. Bragg, N. C. HENRY DENNISON BAKER, Brooklyn, N. Y. JAMES BARNES BAKER, New York, N. Y. Rev. JOSEPH RONALD BOGART, Savoy, 111. CHARLES EUGENE deGROFF, Washington, Me. HARROLD WALLACE deGROFF, Farmington, Conn EDWARD RICHTER POLHEMUS, San Francisco, Calif. CLAUDE URBAN RINGO, Bloomington, 111. TWEED ROOSEVELT, Brooklyn, N. Y. P02 THOMAS ALAN VAN VRANKEN, USN, Burke, Va. Rev. JAN WALTER VAN ARSDALE, Newark, N. T. EDWIN HENRY VEDDER, Amherst, N. Y DAVID OGDEN WOOLSEY, Oyster Bay Cove, L. I.

Branch Meetings: C O M I N G E V E N T S . — O l d Bergen Branch meeting,

Dey Mansion, Wayne, N . J., September 23. Essex County Branch tour of colonial homes; dinner

at Montclair, N . J., Country Club, September 30. Dutchess County Branch reception, Glebe House,

Poughkeepsie, N . Y., Tuesday, October 3.

ESSEX ELECTS H A G E M A N . — R e v . Dr. Howard G. Hageman, Domine of the Society, and Robert W. Zabriskie of Upper Montclair, N . J., were respectively named Branch president and secretary-treasurer at an informal gathering of members after the Annual Church Service in Newark, April 16.

In the discussion about developing a program of ac­tivity, the consensus favored a Branch meeting in the Fall. Date, place and other details concerning this event are to be announced.

O L D B E R G E N H E A R S D E M A R E S T . — The "Baylor Massacre" in Bergen County during the Rev­olution was subject of an address by Thomas Demarest, research historian, of Old Tappan, N . J., before a dinner meeting held with 29 members and male guests present at Cervino's Brick House Inn, Wyckoff, N . J., Wednes­day, April 26. Branch President James E. Quacken-bush presided.

Dur ing the dinner proceedings which followed a social hour, Mr. Quackenbush introduced the guests in at­tendance and two members from outside the Branch area, Frederick N . Zabriskie of Scarsdale, N . Y., and Burgher Guard Captain John H . Vander Veer of Sy-osset, L. I. In a short business session, the members re-elected Mr. Quackenbush president; Samuel H . Ackerman, secretary; Ralph D. Terhune, treasurer, and in addition a 19-man executive board.

Illustrating his talk with color slides, Mr. Demarest told of the bayonet at tack which decimated Lt. Col. George Baylor's 3rd Continental Dragoons while asleep in three barns near Old Tappan on the night of Sep­tember 2 7 / 2 8 , 1778. Furnished by local Tories with accurate information the enemy raiding force com­manded by Maj. Gen. Charles ( "No Fl int") Grey, and accompanied by Maj. John Andre, silently disposed of an outpost guard and destroyed Baylor's command. Only 43 men escaped; 36 were bayoneted and 40 captured.

Those slain were buried at an abandoned tannery near­by and memories of the action faded as the years passed. A millstone recovered from the vat in 1908 stood at the roadside for over 50 years until re-set with a marker at River Vale School. Later researches and excavations by Mr. Demarest and others at the tannery site, over­grown with trees and shrubbery, led in 1967 to dis­covery and re-interment of the remains. The location is to become a county park, dedicated to the memory of those soldiers of the Revolution.

Present at the dinner besides those mentioned were, Trustee R. H . Amerman, Roger Y. Amerman, Robert W. Blauvelt, Chester H . Bogert, Trustee F. W. Bogert, Eugene E. Demarest, Voorhis D. Demarest, W. L. H u d ­son, Leigh K. Lydecker, Jr., Leigh K. Lydecker, III, Rev. William J. F. Lydecker, Peter D. Talman, Trustee Emeritus W. B. Talman, Dr. Paul B. Van Dyke, Jansen H . Van Et ten, Trustee Kendrick Van Pelt, Jr., Adrian B. Van Riper, John C. Van Riper, former Treasurer William F. Van Tassel, Howard E. Wikoff, Harold B. Zabriskie, Stewart A. Zabriskie.

M I D - W E S T L U N C H E O N . — This annual Spring event was held at the Chicago Club, Chicago, 111., May 5, with Branch President Lee D. van Antwerp, M.D., presiding. The Branch was honored by the presence of the Netherlands Consul General to Chicago, Jan W. M. van der Vossen, and of his deputy, Leo H . van Gijn.

All present were very pleased to welcome Henry N . Staats III who was elected to membership in the Society last December and the Rev. J. Ronald Bogart of Savoy, 111., who recently filed his application for membership. Plans for the summer outing and the annual Fall dinner of the Branch were discussed but not finalized; an an­nouncement is to issue in due course.

Former Branch President W. Scott Van Alstyne of Madison, Wis., who has been an active Branch member ever since it was founded in 19 54, announced his plans for this Fall, when he is to become visiting professor at the law school of the University of Florida.

John W. Van Et ten of Battleground, Ind., was present as were also Wesley Hardenbergh, Ar thur J. Heyer, Francis R. Schanck and Elmer B. Vliet from the Chicago area.

DISCUSS BRANCH AFFAIRS AT CLUB To consider ways by which the New York Society

and the Branches can help one another, Branch repre­sentatives met with Society President Roosevelt and his fellow officers; Chairman Van Pelt of the Branches committee, dc Halve Maen Editor Amerman, and Guard Captain Vander Veer at a dinner meeting held in the New York Yacht Club, May 24. Mr. Roosevelt presided.

In the discussion that ensued Mr. Roosevelt said that besides maintaining strong interest in the Society, two of the most important Branch functions are to increase the number of members and to make sure that none become delinquent. The Society's experience, historical resources and communications are freely available. Branch officers should use them to develop attractive programs. Activity of this kind generates enthusiasm and publicity, which in turn helps to bring in new members and minimizes delinquency.

All present agreed on the underlying interest in the Dutch heritage on the part of members everywhere. The problem is how to ignite and sustain this in terms of active support for Branch programs. As a practical step Mr. Quackenbush suggested that the Society be­come a source where members might buy, perhaps at a discount, Dutch era-related books which the magazine could list and briefly describe. This he said will appeal to members and heighten interest.

Consensus was reached on several points: Maintain cordial relations with members. Solicit ideas and identify speakers for meetings; keep some records. Develop Branch esprit de corps. Look for and foster leadership. Elect full slates of officers. Encourage rotation in office, and in general restrict presidents' tenure to two years. Utilize headquarters facilities fully. Give advance notice of plans to members, office and Guard. Seek out new members and make them feel at home; check up on any delinquents.

Those present as spokesmen for their respective Branches were, Rev. Dr. Howard G. Hageman (Essex C o u n t y ) , J. H . Vander Veer (Long Island), H . Ray Vliet (Monmouth, Middlesex, Somerset and Hunterdon Counties) , Har ry A. Van Dyke (New York C o u n t y ) , James E. Quackenbush (Old Bergen C o u n t y ) , and Wynant D. Vanderpool, Jr. (Potomac) .

]

HERE AND THERE Derick D . Schermerhorn and Joan Schermerhorn

on April 7 welcomed into their Riverside, Conn., home their second adoptive son, born March 8, and have named the youngster John Joseph Schermerhorn.

Robert L. Smock has been bereaved by the death of his wife, the former Martha Alice Charpie, and mother of their two daughters; at Middlebush, N . J., May 11, after a long illness.

L. George Van Syckle in May was elected to the Board of Stewards, class of 7 5 , of the St. Nicholas Society of the City of New York.

Paul B. Van Dyke, M.D., who was recently elected a Diplomate of the American Board of Medical H y p ­nosis, is chairman of the Scientific program for the 15th annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis to be held at San Diego, Calif., November 1-5.

Albert O. Bogert, widely known Ridgewood, N . J., realtor and appraiser, and formerly a trustee of the Society, was married to Mrs. Louise Van Olinda Maher at a private ceremony in the chapel of the West Side Presbyterian Church, Ridgewood, April 19, with the Rev. Dr. M. R. Campbell officiating.

Former Trustee William P. Van Nostrand and Norman W. Van Nostrand, Jr., were saddened by the death in this city on April 15, of their mother, Mrs. Lillian M. Van Nostrand, widow of" Norman W. Van Nostrand, a trustee of the Society from 1946-51.

George O. Zabriskie of Honolulu, Vice President for the Western District, Sons of the American Revolution, last month spoke before chapter meetings held in Pas­adena and Los Angeles, Calif.

D. Merrill Van Cott and Mrs. Van Cott while staying at Rehoboth Beach, Del., in April enjoyed a visit to Zwaanendael Museum, at Lewes, a replica of the townhall at Hoorn, the Netherlands, that was built in 1931 to commemorate the tercentennial of the Dutch settlement there by pioneers from that city in Nor th Holland.

John E. Van Vliet and Mrs . Van Vliet are parents of Ens. James A. Van Vliet, USN, whose marriage to Miss Barbara Gebhardt took place at Bucyrus, Ohio, June 10. The bride, daughter of Dr. and Mrs. James Gebhardt of Bucyrus, is an alumna of Muskingum Col­lege. The bridegroom, who was graduated from the Naval Academy with the B.S. degree in marine engineer­ing, June 7, is to attend the Naval Nuclear Power School at Bainbridge, Md., in the Fall.

Frederick W. Bogert, author and historian, was quoted in a Neiv York Times feature article of April 9 about his native Paramus, N . J., on his boyhood recol­lections of the locality which on April 4 began a year­long celebration of its 50th anniversary as an incor­porated borough. Mr. Bogert's comment and that of other residents revealed many details of how the borough changed over the years from farming community to thriving suburb with several of the largest shopping centers in the metropolitan area.

Donald Scott Van Nostrand, M.D., formerly vice-president of the Society for Queens County, presented his granddaughter Miss Claire Vanessa Yelverton upon her debut at the 37th annual Colonial Ball given by the New York Chapter, SAR, at the Plaza Hotel, Feb­ruary 18. Miss Yelverton, daughter of Mrs. Gloria Van N . Yelverton Witschieben and Mr. Witschieben, and who is to enter college in the Fall, was one of 14 deb­utantes introduced to society at the colorful proceedings

WITH MEMBERS before a large assemblage that included her parents, grandparents and Earle H . Houghtal ing, Jr., 5 5th President of the Holland Society.

W. Scott Van Alstyne, Jr., of Madison, Wis., Mid West Branch president from 1969-71, recently an­nounced that he had accepted a visiting professorship at the College of Law, University of Florida, at Gaines­ville, Fla., for the winter-spring term of 1972-73.

James E. Quackenbush, member of the firm of Malesardi, Quackenbush, Swift & Co., CPA's, of Engle-wood, N . J., and treasurer of the Fairleigh Dickinson University Alumni Association from 1964-71, was re­cently appointed to the University Senate.

Rev. Dr. Howard G. Hageman and Mrs. Hageman are visiting the British Isles in July and August as he conducts a series of seven Sunday services at the in­vitation of the British Council of Churches. Domine Hageman is to preach this month in churches at Dublin, Edinburgh and Northumberland; and next month at Huddersfield, Not t ingham, Manchester and Kent.

Charles A. V a n Patten and Mrs. Van Patten re­turned to their home in this city May 3 after a 14-day motor trip through Spain and Portugal that concluded on a most pleasant note when they entertained D.G.E. Middelburg, the Netherlands Ambassador to Portugal, and Mme. Middelburg at dinner at the Embaixador Hotel in Lisbon.

Lloyd R. LeFever, board chairman of the Kingston, N . Y., Savings Bank, recently announced that the bank had purchased on Crown Street in the historic Stockade area the early colonial stone house occupied during the Revolution by Christopher Tappen, the Deputy County Clerk who saved many records when the British raided and burned Kingston in 1777. The house is to be re­stored and used for administrative purposes by the bank.

Peter Van Dyke, of the Society's committee on Investments, is an associate research scientist with H y -dromatics Inc., of Laurel, Md. An honors graduate of the Webb Institute of Naval Architecture in 1960, he received from Harvard University a master's degree in 1961 and, for his work in applied mathematics, the Ph.D. in 1964.

William H. Vanderbilt, former Governor of Rhode Island, and Mrs. Vanderbilt were pictured in The Ne-iu York Times, April 23, with an article describing in detail the remarkably successful educational programs of the South Forty Corporation, a non-profit organi­zation they helped set up, that are designed to help ex-convicts become self-respecting and self-supporting members of the community.

James Roosevelt 's son, Michael Anthony Roosevelt, grandson of the late President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in April became engaged to Miss Deborah Wilson Horn , daughter of Mrs. F. Hubbard Horn of Schenectady, N . Y., and the late Dr. Horn . The bride-elect, an alumna of Oberlin College, holds a master's degree from George Washington University and is working for a doctorate at Columbia University Teachers College. Mr. Roosevelt, whose father is managing director of lames Roosevelt & Co., a Beverly Hills, Calif., financial services and insurance brokerage firm, was graduated from Harvard College '69 and Columbia University Law School '72. An August wedding is planned.

J. Edgar Hoover, FBI Director from 1924-72, and Medalist of the Society in 1942, died at Washington,

(Continued on Page 6)

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IpKJifes*^*'

Rutgers' Statue of William the Silent by Wilfred B. Talman, Trustee Emeritus of the Society, Author and Historian.

Presented to university by the Society in 1928, memorial proposed in 1896 had adventurous career both here and abroad.

FOR 44 years a statue of William the Silent has stood on the campus of Rutgers University at New

Brunswick, New Jersey. It was a gift to the institution from The Holland Society of New York. Time has eroded memory of the reason for its erection and ob­scured some of its symbolism. Yet "no enterprise of the Holland Society," said dc Halve Macn in its issue of October 1928, "has had so long and checkered a history, or a more satisfactory ending."

In 1896 the idea of a memorial to a famous Nether­lander occurred to the Holland Society, then a very young organization. William of Orange, national hero of the Netherlands, was selected and a fund was col­lected by popular subscription.

The heroic-sized bronze likeness of the founder of the Dutch Republic led an adventurous life for more than three decades thereafter. It was transported hither and yon by motor t ruck and steamship. It was twice in peril of its existence by war and fire. It was an ob­ject without a home or resting place until its odyssey ended on the campus of a university with Dutch ante-decendents at the head of a mall leading from the old college buildings to its theological seminary.

There it was unveiled June 9, 192 8, by Walter M. Meserole, the Society's Secretary, and Governor A. Harry Moore of New Jersey. Jonkheer J. H . van Roijen, Minister from the Netherlands, explained the significance of William of Orange to history upon the statue's ac­ceptance by President John M. Thomas of Rutgers from Tunis G. Bergen, an earlier Holland Society president and prominent historian. Mr. Bergen was the original chairman and only survivor of a committee in charge of the project.

U e s i g n s submitted by a number of representative American sculptors brought forth little enthusiasm from that committee. A number were passed over because the costume of William the Silent and the trappings of the horse on which he rode were not of the proper period. Said Mr. Bergen of a design submitted by Daniel Chester French for a monument to cost many thousands of dollars, " I t showed a modern horseman mounted on a Kentucky thoroughbred."

After all American designs had been rejected, Mr. Bergen discovered a suitable model of a statue in a Delft museum. It represented William standing in civil costume accompanied by his dog. Its original by Ludwig Royer stands in the Plein at The Hague and is much admired by the Dutch people.

Precise measurements of this figure were taken and preparations made for casting the statue at the Fonderie Nationale des Bronces at Brussels early in the summer of 1914. The matrix remained at the foundry while a contract for the casting was being signed by the spon­sors in New York.

WILFRED B. TALMAN, veteran newspaperman and a noted columnist, who was graduated from the Columbia University School of Journalism in 1928, also served for many years as editor of publications of The Texas Company. His late broth­er, H. Parker Talman, Rutgers '16, was captain of varsity football and widely mentioned for All America honors.

Courtesy of Rutgers, The State University Statue of Holland's national hero, as it looked about 40 years ago, is shown on Rutgers campus with the New Bruns­wick Seminary's Herzog Hall, since replaced, in background.

This contract was placed in Mr. Bergen's safe im­mediately after the signing, for the sponsors did not wish to order the statue soon and have it arrive in mid­winter. The next day, however, came the move that was to involve most of the countries of Europe in war, and the memorial committee of the Holland Society decided it would be foolhardy to get the work done or have the statue shipped out of Belgium while the war was in progress.

^jrerman soldiers arrived in Brussels 17 days after the ' declaration of war, but by that time the matrix for the statue of William the Silent was stowed away in a sub-cellar beneath the vaults of the foundry. There it remained until the end of the war and was removed unharmed in spite of the destruction which hostile armies had accomplished above ground.

In January 1923, Dr. W. Martin, professor of art at the University of Leyden and director of the Royal Art Galleries at The Hague, was commissioned to have the casting done. A year later the figure of William the Silent arrived in New York. The Belgian franc, mean­while had fallen so low that according to the terms of the original contract the foundry would lose consider­able money. Satisfactory terms were arranged so the Belgian bronze works did not surfer loss.

Before the statue, crated securely, had been stored more than three days on a New York dock, the dock caught fire. The telephone in Mr. Bergen's law office jangled frantically and he was told by a friend that the statue of William the Silent was burning up.

"Nothing more than the packing cases can be harmed," Mr. Bergen told his informant. "You can't burn a bronze statue."

The fire did not come near enough to the packing

[ * ]

cases to do any damage, and the statue was hauled away shortly afterward to a temporary place of storage on the grounds of the Collegiate Church at 181st Street and Fort Washington Avenue. Before it had been there long, it was erected on a temporary base at the foot of the Mall in Central Park.

A l t h o u g h many permanent sites for the statue had been suggested, the memorial committee had agreed only upon one in Battery Park. This was nearest to that part of the city occupied by the Dutch when New York was still known as New Amsterdam.

The Municipal Art Commission headed by Robert W. De Forest, who was also president of the Metropolitan Museum of Art , surveyed William the Silent contem­platively as he stood in Central Park. They noted his height of 13 feet and shook their heads when they realized how much taller he would be when a proper pedestal was built for him. And they thought of the smaller monuments in Battery Park dedicated to Gari­baldi, Verazzano, and to the first Huguenot settlers.

Consequently, the report of the Municipal Art Com­mission to the Holland Society stated that the statue of William the Silent was not acceptable for Battery Park, but if the Society cared to make application for some other site in the city, a second application would be considered without prejudice.

No other place in New York City could be agreed upon, and not even Albany or some other point along the Hudson appealed to the memorial committee. While awaiting the report of the art commission the statue had been placed in a city storehouse, and there it stayed while committee members looked around for a place to put it.

J* inally came word that Rutgers University at New Brunswick, New Jersey, would be willing to give Wil­liam the Silent a place on its campus. Since the uni­versity was founded by Dutchmen on land claimed as New Netherland, all heads nodded in agreement. Neilson Campus between Old Queens and the theological sem­inary was also acceptable. Providing a pedestal was al­most as difficult as having the statue itself made, said Mr. Bergen. That brought about delays, and other de­lays came from work being done on the campus, but unveiling finally ended the project to memorialize the great stadholder and liberator of the Netherlands.

"Two hundred years after William the Silent became known in Holland as 'The Father of His Fatherland,' " said Mr. Bergen in his presentation speech, "our own Washington became known as 'The Father of His Coun­try. ' William the Silent was the guiding spirit of his country in Holland's struggle for independence. He was the spiritual progenitor of our Dutch forefathers who formed Rutgers College.

"All the ideas of freedom, independence and religious tolerance maintained by this noble man, and victorious under his guidance in the foundation of the Dutch Republic, were inherited by our forefathers who laid the foundation of Rutgers College in the heart of New Netherland. It is therefore fitting that the statue of William the Silent should stand on the grounds of Rutgers as a symbol of the ideals of sacrifice and tr i­umphant struggle for freedom which were inherited by these ancestors of ours."

At a Trustees' meeting five days after the unveiling, a minute was adopted in appreciation of Tunis G. Ber­gen's long-continued effort. "Through all the years of

discouragement and inevitable delay," it read, "Mr. Bergen has labored zealously unselfishly and enthusi­astically in the performance of an unexpectedly trying and difficult task, of which he assumed practically the entire burden. To his courage, his faith and his ardu­ous labor alone is due the ultimate achievement, an­nouncement of which has created such universal satis­faction."

H E R E A N D T H E R E (Continued from Page 4)

D.C., May 2, in his 78th year. A public official of absolute integrity and extraordinary ability who became a legend in his own time, he developed the Bureau within the Department of Justice, while serving under eight Presidents and 16 Attorneys General, into one of the world's greatest law enforcement agencies. Pres­ident Nixon, himself a Medalist of the Holland Society in September 1970, delivered the eulogy at the services held in the National Presbyterian Church, Washington, May 4.

H o w a r d C. V a n Arsda le , vice-president of the League of European Travel Agents, arranged a 15-day trip to Europe for a Washington, D.C. Masonic group from April 21-May 6 and accompanied the travel par ty on their tour of France, Germany, Holland, England and Scotland, in the course of which they visited at Edinburgh the famous Lodge Canongate-Kilwinning, whose traditions date back to the year 1128.

James M. V a n Buren I I , who took part in the So­ciety's '63 "Meeting in Holland" when Benelux area advertising manager for Time-Life with offices in Amsterdam, and later served those publications similarly in London and the Far East, has joined The Reporter Company Inc., law, financial and corporate printers of this city and Walton, Delaware County, N . Y.

David S. Quackenbush, an Army private in the E T O during World War II who received a Reserve commission upon graduating from Yale ' 5 1 , was recently promoted Lt. Colonel, USAFR. Col. Quackenbush, head of publications, Medical Communication Dept., at Lederle Laboratories, Pearl River, N . Y., has been as­signed to the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, U.S. Air Force, Washington, D . C , for the past 16 years.

Per ry B. Van Vleck's strong interest in restoring 18 th century houses was the subject of a Baltimore Sun feature, May 1, which noted that he had recently ac­quired seven historic houses in Maryland and Virginia, most of them now in various stages of reconstruction, each on a three- to five-acre plot, after being moved by barge or t ruck and re-sited at Lower Marlboro, Md., a small village founded in the 17th century as a tobacco port on the Patuxent River, about 30 miles from Ches­apeake Bay.

Dr . H e n r y H . Kessler, founder of the Kessler Insti­tute for Rehabilitation at West Orange, N . J., in 1949; co-author of Peter Stuyvesant and His New York (Random House, 19 59) , and Medalist of the Society in 1956, was the subject of a New York Times article, April 9, describing his career from his interneship days at City Hospital in Newark shortly after World War I. That experience, and early association with Dr. Fred H . Albee, a noted surgeon, led to his specialization in re­habilitative medicine, authorship of six books on the subject, his establishment of the Institute, and its con­spicuously successful work under his direction in re­habilitating the physically impaired.

[ 6 ]

Capital Punishment in New Netherland by Dr. Philip English Mackey of Rutgers,

Although Dutch law sanctioned death for crimes of enormity, such offenses were rare and the penalty was seldom exacted.

WASHINGTON Irving's famous account of an idyllic and crime-free New Netherland is, of course, but

one of the many charming fictions in his famous bur­lesque, Knickerbocker's History of New York.1* Yet it is not completely without foundation in fact. In two recent numbers of this journal, Hon. Earle H . Hough-taling, Jr. has depicted the complex and busy system of justice prevailing in the province which Irving described as having "neither public commotions, nor private quarrels . . . neither persecutions, nor trials, nor punish­ments . . ."."- There is a scintilla of fact in Irving's account, though, for the province seems to have ex­perienced few violent disturbances and criminal pros­ecutions.

Irving also pictured New Netherland as being with­out hangmen. An historical investigation of capital laws and capital punishments in the province suggests, again, that Irving was generally incorrect, yet, in a way, fac­tual. To be sure, there were capital crimes, sentences and punishments, but in fact they were remarkably rare. Extant records show that while there were a number of crimes for which death was authorized, they were apparently seldom committed and virtually never punished by execution.

The Dutch settlers in America never produced a code of capital crimes specifically for colonial use as the English did in New England and were to do in New York. Instead, residents of New Netherland were subjected to a congeries of laws. The Civil Code and the enactments of the States General of the United Provinces of the Netherlands applied to Dutch citizens everywhere. The ordinances of the West India Company regulated the lives of all settlers in America. The ordi­nances of the Directors and the Council of New Neth­erland pertained to that settlement alone.'1

JL he New Nether lander inherited from their homeland and applied in the New World a haphazard list of cap­ital crimes. There had been no codification of criminal laws in the United Provinces in the early seventeenth century; capital laws varied widely from province to province and even from city to city. A great many questions were left to the discretion of the judges, in­cluding the method of capital punishment and even its assignment to crimes never before punished by death. The substantive criminal law was characterized by em­phasis on severity. Capital punishment was used fre­quently and for all sorts of offenses. Torture or maim­ing sometimes preceded the infliction of death by such means as hanging, beheading, breaking on the wheel, drowning, burning or quartering. It is certain, at any rate, that there were adequate precedents in the mother country for the use of death in punishing murder, trea­son, desertion, arson, burglary, robbery, rape, sodomy and many other offenses.4

While no special enactments regarding capital crimes were made by the West India Company, the Directors of New Netherland, in conjunction with the Council, did authorize at least three additional capital offenses

^Footnotes begin on Page 8.

T h e State University of New Jersey.

relevant to specific New World conditions.'' By an ordinance of 1639, the Director and Council decreed death for selling muskets, powder or lead to the Indians. An ordinance of 165 5 added as a capital crime the second offense of stripping "Gardens, sowed or planted Lands of Posts, Rails, Clapboards or other Fences." The ordinance cited the inerhcacy of the former mild laws on the subject and authorized whipping and branding for the first offense and "punishment with the halter until Death ensue," that is, hanging, for the second. Finally, an ordinance of 16 56 directed that murder at sea was to be punished by throwing the criminal over­board with his victim.'1

The compilation of capital crimes according to law, however, is not as significant as the way in which the laws were administered in practice. New Netherland had a small population; there was little serious crime and there seem to have been few capital sentences and far fewer actual executions. Over the thirty-year period for which records are extant, the Director and Council, sitting as the supreme court at weekly meetings at Fort Amsterdam, issued only a small number of capital sen­tences. They were for the crimes of murder, mutiny, desertion, sodomy, burglary and arson.7 The extant records document no death sentences for selling firearms to Indians or stripping fields of fences. Presumably, these ordinances had been issued for their deterrent effect only.

X n most societies, the number of executions is less than the number of capital sentences because of pardons, the effect of the passage of time or pressure from friends or sympathizers of the potential victims. In New Neth­erland the disparity between the number of sentences and executions was exceptionally great. In fact there is evidence of only a single death sentence actually hav­ing been carried out, though it seems not unlikely that there were at least several more of which we have no record. The one documented execution was that of Wolf Nyssen (or Nijssen) in the colony of Rensselaers-wyck in 1646 for an unstated crime. The records of the colony show that Jan de Neger, or Jan the Black, was credited with thirty-eight guilders "for having con­sented to act as executioner to carry out the sentence upon the criminal, Wolf Nijssen."8

That we have documentation for only one execution may be partly the fault of omissions in the supreme court records. It is also due to the court's practice of subterfuge in capital sentencing. For the court, on oc­casion, intended its death sentences only as lessons to the offenders whom it secretly ordered spared. An ex-

GUEST AUTHOR.—Since 1 969 Assistant Professor of History at the university's College of Arts and Sciences at Camden, Dr. Mackey was graduated from the University of Pennsyl­vania in 1960. After a tour of duty with the U.S. Navy he undertook graduate work at his alma mater, and received the Ph.D. degree in 1969 for his researches in American history and a dissertation entitled "Anti-Gallows Activity in New York State, 1776-1861." Strongly interested in the history of violence in America and capital punishment re­form, Dr. Mackey is the author of "Law and Order, 1877: Philadelphia's Response to the Railroad Riots", in Penn­sylvania Magazine of History and Biography (April 1972), and has other articles in preparation. A resident of West Philadelphia, he belongs to the American Historical Associa-

. tion, Camden County Historical Society and the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

[ 7 ]

ample is the case of Thomas Cornel in November, 1644. Having found Cornel guilty of desertion, the seven magistrates conferred, voted and announced the sen­tence, that the prisoner be tied to the stake and shot to death. But, while the prisoner was being borne from the room, the court's secretary wrote in his record book that the executioners were to fire over the prisoner's head "as an example to other evil doers."1'

There are other examples of such sham sentences in the records. In July, 1644, the court sentenced two soldiers to be shot for murder, then immediately par­doned them, "such sentence having been pronounced only to make an impression on them and others." The court ordered a more chilling artifice in 1664 in the case of a black servant girl named Lysbeth Anthonissen. If, as is likely, the sentence was carried out as directed, the girl was taken to the place of execution and tied to a stake while functionaries made preparations for strangling and burning her. Then, when she was suf­ficiently terrified and the onlookers suitably edified, an official stepped forward to read her pardon and her master conducted her back to her quarters.10

JVl ore criminals were spared at the place of execution, however, than the court intended. A second cause of the disparity between the number of sentences and actual executions may have been a function of the first. For the people, already viewing execution days as exciting interludes in an otherwise dull existence, soon discovered that the court sometimes awarded sham sentences. This discovery lent an even more dramatic piquancy to what were intended as sober acts of justice. The mood of the onlookers became a factor in deter­mining life or death.

'Anne Caroll Moore, ed., (Garden City, N. Y., 1928), pp.92-93.

^"Administration of Justice in New Amsterdam," pub. de Halve Maen (October 1968), pp.9-10, and (January 1969). pp.17-19.

3E. B. O'Callaghan, History of New Netherland (New York, 1846-48), I, p.321. The charter of June, 1621, which established the Dutch West India Company, bound all of its officers to swear allegiance to the States General and to the Company itself. The will of the Company, as stated in in­structions and ordinances, was to be the law of New Nether­land, but where the Company did not provide otherwise, "the edicts, resolutions, and customs" of the fatherland would order affairs; O'Callaghan, History, I, pp. 89-90, 321. The governing body of the Company in Holland, called the As-embly of Nineteen, had to approve any new ordinances or practices before the director and council in New Netherland promulgated them, at least in the early years of settlement. See the instructions to Director Willem Verhulst, dated April, 1625, in A. J. F. van Laer, Documents Relating to New Netherland, 1624-1626 (San Marino, 1924), p.114. For the entire charter of 1621, in Dutch and English, see A. J. F. van Laer, Van Rensselaer Bowier Manuscripts (Albany, 1908), pp.86-115. This translation is preferable to that in O'Callaghan, History, I, pp.399-407.

''C. L. von Bar, A History of Continental Criminal Law (Boston, 1916), pp.301-312; Thorsten Sellin, Pioneering in Penology: The Amsterdam Houses of Correction (Philadel­phia, 1944), pp.1-8. A popular account of criminal pro­cedure and other aspects of life in the Netherlands at this time is Paul Zumthor, Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland (London, 1959), see especially pp.252-255.

5Very few documents regarding New Netherland before 1638 are preserved and there may have been more provincial enactments before that date.

"Van Laer, Van Rensselaer, p.426; E. B. O'Callaghan, ed., Laws and Ordinances of New Netherland (Albany, 1868), pp. 195, 283. Other ordinances called for "arbitrary punish­ment" for certain crimes, but it is clear that arbitrary cor­poral punishment short of death was intended. The crimes are minor and the punishment is often accompanied by small fines; O'Callaghan, Laws, pp. 34, 52. 99, 100, 271.

Some criminals, because of their names, their physical appearances or the nature of their crimes, became fa­vorites with the public. If the at tendant officials at the place of execution did not look as if they were about to step forward and stop the proceedings at the last moment, the public sometimes took matters into its own hands. When the executioner seemed to be in­tent on actually hanging a soldier for burglary in May, 1655, the "urgent solicitation of the public at the place of execution" sufficed to spare him and force the sub­stitution of banishment for the death penalty.11

A combination of chance and crowd psychology served to save another criminal. In 1641, eight blacks were tried for the murder of another black and all pled guilty. Reluctant to deprive the colony of so many workmen, the court directed that the eight draw lots to determine which one "should be punished with the cord until death, praying the Almighty God . . . to direct that the lot may fall on the guiltiest." The guiltiest, according to this test, was Manuel de Gerrit , a man of such bulk that he was known as "the Giant ." Gerrit 's stature, in fact, was too great for everyday hangman's equipment; the weight of his body snapped the rope and he fell to the ground. Astounded, "all the by-standers called out mercy, which was accordingly granted."1 2

J\s for the means of carrying out executions, New Netherland followed its mother country in showing little consistency. The noose was the normal instrument of death for civilian criminals as it was in Europe. New Amsterdam had a gallows prominently displayed at " the Capske," a rocky ledge at the southernmost point of Manhattan Island. But some culprits were ordered to be shot, drowned or burned to death. Sodomy, appar-

(Continued on Page 14) 7E. B. O'Callaghan, ed., Calendar of the Historical Manu­

scripts in the office of the Secretary of State, Part I, Dutch Manuscripts 1630-1644 (Albany, 1865), pp. 64, 68, 89, 103, 107, 148, 213, 259. On occasion, other courts could also decree capital punishment. The town of Hempstead was granted the power to pass death sentences in 1644, and Willemstadt (Albany) and New Orange (New York) in 1673 when the Dutch had recaptured New Amsterdam from the English. Such death sentences as these courts might direct were subject to appeal to the supreme court, however, and it seems evident that the Directors intended to keep all execu­tions firmly under their control. See O'Callaghan, Laws, pp. vii, xii, 486-487, and E. B. O'Callaghan and B. Fernow, eds., Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York (Albany, 1855-87), II, p.653.

8Van Laer, Van Rensselaer, pp. 830-831, 835-836. Van Laer notes that this wording shows that no regular hangman existed and that this execution was probably an exceptional case. Compare O'Callaghan, History, I, pp. 320 and 441, which mistakenly calls Jan de Neger the "hangman" of the colony. Van Laer, Minutes of the Court of Rensselaerswyck, 1648-1652 (Albany, 1922), p. 12, calls this "the only case of capital punishment in the colony [Rensselaerswyck] of which we have any record." Indeed, it seems to be the sole case for the whole of New Netherland though inspection of the records suggest that at least six other felons may have been executed without specific mention being made of the event; O'Callaghan, Calendar, pp. 68, 92, 103, 107, 213. Nyssen was by no means the first victim of the gallows in America. Daniell Frank, hanged in Virginia for theft in 1622, had that distinction; Negley K. Teeters, Hang By the Neck (Springfield, 111.,-1967), p.7.

"O'Callaghan, Calendar, p.92. Thomas Cornel's fellow defendant, William Wodheyt, was sentenced to death the same day, but no such secret pardon was issued for him. He was probably executed on schedule, but there is no record to that effect.

'"O'Callaghan, Calendar, pp. 89, 259. "O'Callaghan, Calendar, p. 148. "O'Callaghan, Calendar, p.74.

]

Pieter Schuyler — Albany's First Citizen: II. by Phyllis Geesey Larmer, Student of American Colonial History, of Allentown, Penna.

Governor of New York Province in 1719-20, Schuyler had major role in keeping Indians friendly to English for 40 years.

P IETER Schuyler's rise to prominence in provincial affairs can be directly attributed to his alliance with

the anti-Leislerian Governors Henry Sloughter and Benjamin Fletcher. Sloughter arrived in New York on March 19, 1691. Within a week he added Pieter Schuy­ler to His Majesty's Council, consisting of "all persons of loyalty and integrity who will show their readiness in their Majesties service."22::" After Sloughter dis­mantled the Leisler regime — Leisler was jailed, tried, convicted and executed, all within a short two months —he restored Schuyler to his former position as Mayor of Albany.

When Colonel Benjamin Fletcher became governor after Sloughter's sudden death in 1691, one of his first acts was to visit Albany and establish cordial relations with the Albany magnates. The war was still in prog­ress, and going badly for the Anglo-Iroquois alliance; Fletcher's most urgent concern was to keep their fidelity firm. Pieter Schuyler became the governor's right-hand man in Albany for conducting these negotiations, for "Major Schuyler has behaved himself well, understands the Indian language and their way of fighting."2;! In 1696 Fletcher took the management of Indian relations from the Albany Common Council and created a board of three (later four) Commissioners " to treat and con­sult with the Five Nations [per his instructions] so they may be confirmed in their faithfulness and alle­giance."2 ' ' The commissioners he chose were Pieter Schuyler, Rev. Godefridus Dellius, and Mayor Dirck Wesselse [Ten Broeck].

Schuyler's military career in King William's War must be seen in context of New York's efforts against Canada. The Five Nations, hard-pressed by French Indians, wanted the English colonists to help them by mounting a major land and sea offensive to drive the French from Canada. The province of New York, however, had at this time neither military support from the Crown nor from her sister colonies, and was too impoverished, devastated, and underpopulated to afford a large scale offensive on her own.

Sloughter attempted to pacify the Indians by sending Pieter Schuyler into Canada with a small raiding party, to gain information and to take advantage of any op­portunities to destroy the enemy that might present themselves. Schuyler's 150 colonists and 3 00 Mohawks met French forces near Fort La Prairie on August 1, 1691, fought a fierce battle, and returned to Albany. Schuyler was confirmed in his role as hero in the eyes of the Indians, and Sloughter used the success of his raid as an argument to enlist aid from other colonies.

J.n the winter of 1693, French forces under Frontenac attacked the Mohawk villages by surprise. Major Rich­ard Ingoldsby refused to commit troops for fear of reprisals upon the colonists, so at his own request Pieter Schuyler was sent to pacify the Indians, who were en­raged that no Christians went to pursue the enemy. With a force of about 27 5 colonists, Schuyler caught

*The footnotes beginning on Page 10 continue in sequence those published in the April issue.

Library of Congress Picture shows one of "Four Indian Kings" Schuyler took on trip to England in 1710 to be presented to Queen Anne, who commissioned John Verelst to paint their portraits.

up with the French, but was forced to turn back by lack of provisions for his men and the French threat to kill all the Mohawk prisoners if they persisted.

Following Schuyler's and the Mohawk sachems' return from this pursuit, Fletcher ordered a supply of corn for the Indians' winter needs and directed Schuyler to find shelter for those who were homeless. For such purposes and for scouts, messengers, Indian supplies and gifts, and materials needed for the defense of Albany, Schuyler pleaded constantly for money, and sometimes paid expenses out of his own pocket: "Nevertheless I have strained myselfe and have paid my private Centi-nells and Serjeants their twelve months pay, not doubt­ing that care will be taken for my reimbursement."25

W h e n the Earl of Bellomont succeeded Fletcher as governor in 1698, however, he tried to discredit Schuyler for motives which are not entirely clear. Upon his ar­rival in New York, Bellomont awarded the contract for victualling the royal troops to the trio of brothers-in-law, Schuyler, Livingston and Van Cortlandt. Early in the next year, by no means displeased with their services, he wrote to the Lords of Trade requesting pay­ment of their debts: "They are at this time in the highest discontent imaginable, and truly not without reason, for they had both of them good estates, but by victualling the Companies, they are almost (if not quite) broke. I believe they cannot have disbursed less than £7000 between 'em."2'1

Concerning Indian affairs, however, Bellomont came to distrust Schuyler completely. He dismissed the entire board of Indian Commissioners for allegedly using their position to acquire Indian land fraudulently. Although Schuyler was one of the former Commissioners and a grantee of the suspected patent, Bellomont nevertheless entrusted Indian affairs to him and Livingston, evidently realizing that they were indispensable.

To the Lords of Trade, however, Bellomont proposed that he live for a year at Albany to watch Schuyler and let the Indians see that the King had entrusted him and not Schuyler with their management, since Schuyler had told the Indians the contrary. Later, Bellomont accused the Indian Commissioners, "Colonel Schuyler above all others," of padding Indian expenses; "Colonel Schuyler makes himself popular by this means to gratify his own vanity."27 Pieter Schuyler was to have been suspended from the Council the night that Bellomont died.

Although 1701-09 were the early years of Queen Anne's War, they were characterized by a sort of peace­ful co-existeace along the frontier. The Iroquois had made their peace with Canada. They would remain neutral and let Christian fight Christian as long as the French did not attack Albany. The Albanians could sleep easier and the traders went about their business which included a lively trade with the enemy.

It seems inconceivable, after their previous experiences, that Albany people could have wished to become em­broiled in another invasion of Canada. In 1709, how­ever, Governor Francis Nicholson of Virginia organized such an invasion in co-operation with a British fleet. Pieter Schuyler was commissioned Commander of the Indian Forces, but the whole venture turned into a fiasco in which the English forces encamped again at Wood Creek, ate up their supplies, and waited for the fleet which was ordered elsewhere.

\ \ ot one to accept defeat easily, in January 1710 Pieter Schuyler left for England with four Mohawk sachems and his cousin, Captain Abraham Schuyler, to act as interpreter. By this excursion, Schuyler hoped to secure the aid of the Crown for another expedition against the French, to impress the sachems (see picture repro­duced on Page 9) with the wonders of civilization and military strength of England, and to secure reim­bursement for monies long owed him by the Crown. In all of these areas the trip was a success, but the ex­pedition of 1711 proved to be another total failure.

In 1719, Pieter Schuyler reached the apex of his pro­vincial career, for when Governor Hunter departed for England, Schuyler, as President of the Council, managed the affairs of the province in his absence. But his first act as Acting Governor was to replace the Mayor of Albany, Robert Livingston, Jr., with his cousin Myndert Schuyler, which brought down upon him an avalanche of criticism. Hunter , hearing the news from his cor­respondents in the colony, informed the Lords of Trade that Pieter Schuyler "intends to break into settled measures," to dissolve the assembly and to change the magistracy. Within three days a royal command was dispatched to Schuyler "not to make any alterations, particularly not to dissolve the assembly."-8

Schuyler hastily explained that the Albany Charter required that commissions be renewed or reappointments made annually on September 29, and that Mayor Liv­ingston, Schuyler's son-in-law, had been mayor of Al­bany for nine years and had requested replacement; and asserted that the suggestion that he would even­tually dissolve the assembly was mistakenly inferred from these events.

Nevertheless, as soon as Governor William Burnet arrived in New York in 1720, he recommended that Schuyler be dismissed from the Council. According to Burnet, Schuyler had made several alterations in the affairs of government and threatened to dissolve the

assembly, had granted several tracts of land contrary to procedure, had alienated the minds of the people from Hunter ' s administration, and would again be President should Burnet die. He added, "The President being a weak, ignorant man, is easily prompted to do wrong things by Adolph Phillipps, an enemy of Brigadier Hunter ." 2 0

1 his association with Philipse, the leader of the first organized Opposition in the parliamentary history of New York, was of course Schuyler's real offense. Fur­thermore, he was strongly opposed to the continuance of Hunter ' s assembly on the ground that it was illegal — all new governors customarily called new assemblies just as kings on their accession called new Parliaments. It seems doubtful that Schuyler seriously imagined him­self a "new" governor in this sense, but whether the old assembly should consider itself dissolved on the old governor's departure or the new governor's arrival was a fruitful source of controversy which did not arise when "The King is dead; long live the King!"

Schuyler and Philipse were also opposed to the law proposed by Burnet's instructions forbidding trade with Canada. This law was aimed at stopping the flow of Indian trade goods to Montreal, from which French coureurs de bois distributed them among the tribes; it was hoped that the Indians would be forced to come to Albany to trade. To fill Schuyler's and Philipse's vacant Council seats, two close advisors of both Hun te r and Burnet, Cadwallader Colden and James Alexander, were recommended — two Scotchmen exchanged for two Dutchmen. Nevertheless, although Pieter Schuyler was too "weak and ignorant" to serve on the Council, his influence among the Indians was still a valuable asset to the colony, and he continued to serve as Indian Commissioner until his death four years later (in 1724) .

Schuyler's influence with the Indians calls for closer attention, Bellomont called him "the most popular man in New York, with the Five Nations."1"1 Good relations with the Indians had always been a basic concern of the New York provincial government. The Albany fur trade, an economic cornerstone of the colony, was dependent upon the loyalty of the Five Nations to the English. Later as the French and English colonies vied with each other to expand their areas of authority in the New World, the fidelity of the Five Nations to their English allies was believed to be absolutely essential to their survival. If the Iroquois came under the French in­fluence, Albany itself would be attacked.

1 hat one of the strongest English assets in their effort to keep the ancient covenant chain "shining and br ight" was the personality of Pieter Schuyler, was acknowledged even by their enemies; Vaudreuil, governor of Canada, asserted that it was necessary to send out a war party against Boston to discredit Schuyler's influence over the minds of the Indians.

The friendship and devotion of the Indians to Pieter Schuyler have become legendary. Their affectionate name for him, Quidor, the Indian rendering of Pieter, became the name by which the sachems came to address

(Continued on Page 15) ^Edmund B. O'Callaghan, ed., Documents Relating to

the Colonial History of Nezo York (Albany, 1853-57), III, p.756.

"Ibid., IV, p.13. "Ibid., p.177. "Ibid., p.151. "Ibid., p.608. ""Ibid., p.716. 2SIbid., V, p.535. "Ibid., p.578. J0Lawrence H. Leder, Robert Livingston and the Politics

of Colonial New York (Chapel Hill, N. C , 1961), p.134.

[ 1 0 ]

The Founding Families of New Netherland N o . 4 — T H E RAPALJE-RAPELJE FAMILY, Part III.

by George Olin Zabriskie, Fellow of the American Society of Genealogists.

Joris Rapalje, and wife, Catalina Trico, raised large family as he prospered in business, became active in public life.

L IKE some genealogical studies of other Dutch families in America, early accounts writ ten about Joris

Janszen Rapalje, his wife Catalina Jeronimus Trico and their offspring tend to show more solicitude for tradi­tion than ascertainable fact. No t infrequently the writers differ over such basic data as when and where the Rapaljes lived, and when and where their children were born. Let us consider these matters with a view to clarifying the sequence of events and establishing a factual record.

First it should be noted that the Rapaljes lived ini­tially at Fort Orange, and not on Long Island or Staten Island as has been variously asserted. Joris, a textile worker in Holland until he and Catalina emigrated as youthful newly weds in 1624, adapted himself to the endless toil of the pioneer, although we do not know exactly what he did. Without farming experience, he could have helped clear the land and plant crops during the three growing seasons (Catalina called them "years") the family lived at Fort Orange. Perhaps he served as a field-guard while others cleared and planted, or aided the fur traders in dealing with the Indians or in processing furs. In any event Joris profited from the experience, for in later years he would own and operate farm property in the Wallabout section of Brooklyn.

Soon after the harvest in 1626 the Rapaljes' sojourn at Fort Orange terminated when the Company re-settled all eight families there in Manhattan. With their re­moval from the area, Fort Orange ceased to be a settle­ment and reverted to its former status of fortified trad­ing post; and so it remained for several years. In 1630 a small number of Rensselaerswyck colonists arrived, some with families. Another group came in 1631; and others followed. For these people the fort provided protection and a source of supply. Long afterward, in 1652, the village of Beverwyck was established encom­passing Fort Orange within its boundaries.

1 he re-location of families downriver was pursuant to a Company decision to establish a center of operations for New Netherland on Manhattan. Selection of this locale over the initially favored Burlington Island in the Delaware River made it necessary to build up the site, called New Amsterdam, and for this purpose Company-obligated colonists were brought together on the south­ern tip of Manhattan. Here a fort, building lots, farms, and a road system had been laid out and construction begun. More land was to be cleared, and houses and mills built. But settlers from Patria were few and prog­ress slow. Even after 1629, when land was offered to the patroons and free settlers alike, the settlement grew very slowly.20*

For some time after arriving in New Amsterdam the Rapaljes probably lived in a rough shelter near the East River. Again, we do not know the nature of Joris' work; perhaps he was a farmhand at the outset, helping to clear and cultivate the land, or caring for the farm

*The footnotes beginning on Page 12 continue in sequence those published in the April issue.

animals sent over from Holland in 1625. Eventually, as Joris moved up in the world, the couple acquired a building lot just south of the Fort, and there they built two houses on the north side of Pearl Street, at Nos. 17 and 19, west of Het Marckvelt (present Whitehall Street) ; their daughter Sarah lived next door at about No. 15. The records of New Amsterdam and New Netherland show that Joris embarked upon a many-faceted career in which, besides gaining prominence in public affairs, he became a plantation owner, part-owner of a privateer, trader and tavernkeeper.

In 1637 Joris bought from the Indians land at the Wallabout (Dutch for "an inner bay") in present Brooklyn — the first acreage to be purchased in that part of Long Island, adjacent to the East River. The 1639 Manatus Map shows two "plantages" there, both his (the word signified something less than a fully equipped f a rm) . While Joris, with several others, may have farmed the Wallabout property at that time, the Rapaljes did not move there permanently until after 165 0. Their daughter Sarah was born at Fort Orange; all the other children were born on Manhattan. The family probably moved after selling their Pearl Street home in 1654. Catalina retained ownership of the smaller house on this lot until she sold it in 1674.21

U ay-to-day actions of the Rapaljes and other colonists were greatly influenced by the ever-present Indians, a volatile and powerful element, generally well disposed but dangerous when provoked. As Catalina said in her deposition in 168 8, the Indians near Fort Orange "came and made Covenants of friendship with ye said Arien Jorrise, the Commander, Bringing him great Presents . . . that they might come & have Constant free trade with them . . . ye said Deponent lived in Albany three years, all which time ye sd Indians were all quiet as lambs, & came & traded with all ye freedom imaginable . . .".

This statement was true except for one isolated in­cident. When the ship Mackeral sailed from New Neth­erland in 1624 the supercargo, Daniel Krieckenbeeck, remained at Fort Orange and in 1626 was in command. In July of that year he and some men rashly joined a Mohegan war party against the Mohawks, and in the ensuing fight he and three of his men were killed. According to Wassenaer, one of them "they [the Mo­hawks] devoured after having well roasted him; the rest they burn t . "

Despite its potential for creating permanent hostility between the Dutch and Mohawk Indians, this episode caused only momentary friction. Some writers have stated that the incident brought about the removal of colonists from Fort Orange to New Amsterdam, but this was not the case. Protected by the fort, the Dutch families stood in no great danger of attack; but they were needed to construct the fort and other buildings at New Amsterdam, and to add more manpower to control the warlike Manhattes Indians.22

A good deal has been written about the Company's several Directors General in New Netherland, much of it derogatory, often justifiably so. Willem Kieft, by far the least competent of these officials, was commis­sioned in September 1637 and took office March 2 8, 1638. His Indian policy, as outlined in a resolution he

[ 11 ]

induced his Council to pass on September 15, 1639, was "To exact tribute from the Indians in maize, furs or wampum, and in the case of unwillingness to employ proper means to remove their reluctance."

J\ | aturally, friction developed and relations worsened until in February 1643, upon Kieft's orders, Dutch soldiers and burghers massacred two unsuspecting groups of Indians — men, women and children — in their encampments, one at Pavonia on the Jersey shore of the Hudson and the other on Manhattan. In retaliation the vengeful Indians, besides destroying an immense amount of property, killed, captured or drove into New Am­sterdam virtually every settler in the lower Hudson Valley. It was probably during this period of conflict, which brought New Netherland to the brink of ruin, that the Rapaljes' son Jacob was "slain by the heathens."

Some time before, in 1641 while Kieft was demanding taxes from the natives, a colonist on Manhattan was murdered by an Indian from Westchester. The culprit was identified but Kieft could not induce the tribesmen to deliver him up. Angered, the Director asked the commonalty to elect a board of twelve men to advise him on what to do and on Indian problems in general. But when duly elected, the Twelve Men recommended various reforms, whereupon Kieft dismissed the board; but not before three members concurred, or so he claimed, in taking extreme measures against the Indians. Joris was one of the Twelve but, to his credit, not one of the three named by Kieft.

After the family removed to the Wallabout more Indian troubles developed. In September 165 5, when Stuyvesant and most of his armed forces were on the Delaware subduing the Swedes, Indians swarmed into New Amsterdam to avenge the slaying of a squaw for stealing peaches. After hours of harassing the inhab­itants, wounding the burgher who shot the woman, and killing several of the watch, the warriors crossed over to the Jersey shore and captured or slew most of the Dutch settlers found there. The next day they moved on to Staten Island and continued to pillage and kill. Again, nearly all Dutch families in the lower Hudson Valley had to abandon temporarily their farms and set­tlements, and flee to New Amsterdam for protection; and again the colony sustained heavy losses in property.23

The selection of Joris Rapalje as one of the Twelve Men showed his standing among the colonists. After the family removed to the Wallabout he served as schepen on the Brooklyn court from 165 5-57 and in 1660. Records of the Brooklyn Reformed Church show that he witnessed the baptism of a grandson on April 3 0, 1662; and in the membership records we find, under date of December 25, 1662, Jorise Janssen Rappalje, Catharina Jeronymos and Catharina Joris Rapalje listed as joining the church from "the Manhattans." Joris died February 21, 1662, according to John A. Bogart in The Bogart Family (Scranton, Pa., 1959, p .64) , and most likely was buried on his farm at the Wallabout.

\ j a t a l i na Jeronimus Trico was a remarkable person. She did not read or write; at least we must assume so, since she signed her marriage intention and a deposition by mark. Starting out as an 18-year-old French-speak­ing Walloon bride on a Dutch ship bound for a little known land, she observed and retained for over sixty years many unusual details of the voyage to America.

In her old age she correctly recalled, for example, that the two boats at Esopus belonged to Dutchmen

who the year before had "been a tradeing with ye In­dians upon there own accounts . . .". Also, that eight men were left at the mouth of the Hudson " to take Possession . . .". We can verify many of the major as­pects of her testimony, such as the name of the vessel she came on, the skipper's name and the fact that he stayed for the first winter, and sent his son back to Holland in command of the ship. We have no way to cross-check some statements, such as the numbers of families and men sent to various locations; but we know she was very nearly right in her count, and fully cor­rect regarding the areas to which the people were dis­patched.

Catalina helped her husband with his business affairs until his death, and outlived him by many years. In 1680 she was visited by the Labadists, who said she then had 145 living descendants, with an increase to 150 anticipated. Dr . George E. McCracken, in the October 1959 issue of The American Genealogist, pro­vides a list of 150 descendants and in-laws. And if we can believe a passage in Governor Thomas Dongan's official report of September 22, 1686 /7 , this number more than doubled in about seven years. Dongan's re­port, which concerned the province's fortifications, con­tains this digression: ". . . the people growing every day more numerous & they generaly [sic] of a turbulent disposition. In this Country there is a woman yet alive [certainly Catalina] from whose Loyns there are up­wards of three hundred and sixty persons now living. The men that are here have generally lusty strong bodies."24

A f t e r the publication of Part I of this article, Mr. Hugh T. Law, of the French and Mediterranean Gene­alogical Research Association, 1216 Lillie Circle, Salt Lake City, Utah 84121, furnished data about the par­entage of Joris Janszen Rapalje which augments that previously given. We are grateful to Mr. Law and his client, Mrs. Irma P. Snow, for the information. It is based mainly on research performed in 1960 in France.

From his investigations Mr. Law drew two conclu­sions: (1) that Walloon and Huguenot families some­times took their children to Roman Catholic priests to be baptized, in the absence of Protestant clergy or to avoid persecution; and (2) that Roman Catholic priests sometimes refused to recognize the validity of Protes­tant marriages and recorded children born of such mar­riages as illegitimate.

Mr. Law considers that the following six children of {Continued on next page)

20Weslager, pp.43-81. Stokes, IV, pp.65-66. Van Rappard Documents, pp. xxi-xxiii, 40, 51, 85, 89, 165-166. Doc. History, III, p.44.

"Stokes, II, pp. 202, 273, 387. Berthold Fernow, Records of New Amsterdam, 1653-1674 (New York, 1897), I, pp. 1-2, 5-8, 94, 105, 109, 113-114, 338-339, 377; II, p.157; III, pp. 408, 411, 421, 424. E. B. O'Callagan, ed., Calendar of Dutch Manuscripts [hereafter cited as CDM], (Albany, 1865), I, pp. 1, 27, 31, 37, 57, 73, 85, 209, 364, 367, 373. Marriage Register, New Amsterdam Dutch Reformed Church, p.37.

22Van Rappard Documents, pp. 176, 212, 264. Brodhead, I, p.169. Doc. History, III, pp.31-32.

23Weslager, pp.193-236. Col. Docs., I, pp.149-156; XIII , pp.49-61. CDM, I, p.69. Adrian C. Leiby, The Early Dutch and Swedish Settlers of New Jersey (Princeton, 1964), pp.34-49. Leigh K. Lydecker, "History of New Netherland Reviewed", pub. de Halve Maen (October 1964), p.16.

24Doc. History, I, p. 150. Holl. Soc. of N.Y., 1897 Year Book, pp. 135, 146. E. B. O'Callaghan, ed., Register of New Netherland, 1626-1674 (Albany, 1865), pp. 53, 74-75.

[ 1 2 ]

Dutch Word Domme for Clergy The following editorial by Rev. Dr. Howard G.

Hageman, Domine of the Society, is reprinted by per­mission from The Church Herald, Grand Rapids, Mich., official publication of the Reformed Church in America, issue dated April 28, 1972, page 8:

"By this time I am sure that just about everyone is aware that to say 'Reverend Hageman' is incorrect usage, yet just about everyone goes on doing it. My purpose, however, is not to write another article in protest against the custom, but to advance a theory as to how the usage got started among us in the Reformed Church where it seems to be extremely widespread.

"I am certain that all of my readers know that in the Reformed Church in the Netherlands the minister is the 'dominee' [usually rendered as domine is this c o u n t r y . — E D . ] , and is addressed as 'Domine Hageman. ' I t would be interesting to know the origin of this custom, but it is the one which our Du tch forebears brought with them to this country. In the older part of our church, in fact, it is a custom which still con­tinues. To hear the minister referred to as the domine or directly addressed in that way is by no means un­common. In fact, the chaplain of the Holland Society of New York is called the domine without explanation.

" I have long guessed that the trouble arose when various Du tch documents had to be translated into the English language which has no real equivalent for domine. Then just the other day when I was doing a little research in another field, I came across confirma­tion of my theory. The context in which I found it is of no particular consequence. The phrase in Dutch was, 'Het gedrag van Domine Frelinghuysen.' And how did the translator, one of the best-known church historians of the nineteenth century, render it? 'The conduct of Reverend Frelinghuysen.'

" H o w long he spent in deciding how to make the translation that way I do not know. It must have been obvious to him that 'Minister Frelinghuysen' would have been confusing, while 'Clergyman Frelinghuysen' would have been downright silly. So he took the only course open to him by assuming that 'Reverend' is the nearest English equivalent to Domine. And we have been at it ever since! In a word, people of Dutch de­scent tend to think of 'Reverend' and 'Domine' as in­terchangeable terms.

"Well, I am sure that all this is of no earth-shaking consequence. In fact, in the way in which things are moving right now, we may have no honorific titles left in the church. The minister will be Mr. Hageman like anyone else. Because I am a traditionalist at heart, I should be sorry to see domine disappear from those places where it has been retained, just as I should be glad to see its usage revived in places where it had been dropped. That , I suppose, is a vain hope, though in these days of rising ethnic self-consciousness, one never can tell. A generation from now there could be in Michigan or New Jersey a 'Dutch Lib Movement' which would be glad to claim the title as its own!

"But seriously, now that we know why we do it, let's say good-bye to Reverend. After all, saying 'The Rev­erend said so' is like saying, 'The Honorable said so.' T ry that on your mayor and see how he likes i t !"

D U T C H S K I P P E R F I R S T T O M A P C O A S T Adriaen Block in 1613 made the first survey of the

American coastline from Marblehead Bay to the Hudson.

R A P A L J E - R A P E L J E F A M I L Y (Continued from preceding page)

Jean Rapareillet were siblings, and that their unnamed mother was "la femme Rapareille, molnier [mi l ler ] ," who was buried February 23, 1606, at Valenciennes. All the baptismal and burial entries here given are from registers of St. Nicolaes Roman Catholic Church of that city, in the Departement du Nord in France: 1. Olivier, son of Jean, baptized February 28, 1594. 2. Anne, daughter of Jean, baptized September 17,

1595. 3. Francois, son of Jean, baptized November 5, 1596. 4. Nicolaes, son of Jean, baptized July 10, 1598. 5. child, of undetermined sex, buried November 16,

1600, without baptism. 6. Georges [Joris Janszen, in D u t c h ] , "illegitimate"

son of Jean, baptized April 28, 1604. Two older Rapareille children, also baptized in St.

Nicolaes' Church, may have been sisters or half-sisters of Joris, namely: (1) Jejenne, daughter of Jean, bapt. August 1, 1578; and (2) Marie, daughter of Jean, bapt. July 28, 1580.25

O irth dates of the eleven children of Joris and Catalina have been taken from the Geslagt [Geslacht] Register (Genealogical Register) , which gives the names and dates of birth van de kind ere n of Joris Janse Rappelje; Catalina is not mentioned. This document comprises two handwritten pages, the first of which — measuring 7 % by 12 J/2 inches in size — is a copy of an earlier record, having been writ ten at one sitting by one per­son.

From various indications, such as incorrect spelling of some Dutch words, and gratuitous use of "De Rap­pelje" for Daniel (after the others had been listed with­out surnames), it seems that this copy was made in the early 18 th century. The second sheet, 7 % by 12 inches in size, contains similar handwriting and may have been penned at the same time as the first, although the writing is much more crowded. This page provides names of the spouses of Joris' children; names and birth-dates of the children of his son Jeronimus, and the names of their spouses. We are indebted to Mr. Robert G. Goelet, a Trustee of the Holland Society and Pres­ident of the New-York Historical Society, and to Mr. James Gregory, Librarian of the latter, for xerox copies of this document.

There has been controversy over the birthdate of Sarah, the eldest child. The Genealogical Register entry plainly reads " 9 t h " (of June, 1625). But a descendant of hers, a Gysbert Bogart, reportedly said that his great-grandmother Sarah was born on the 7th, not the 9th. We prefer the writ ten evidence over word-of-mouth tradition. Sarah's birthplace was Fort Orange, whereas the ten other children were born at New Amsterdam, the last five being baptized in the Dutch Reformed Church. Many families had children who died young; perhaps the Rapaljes had one or more who were born and died between 1629 and 1635, and whose identities were unknown to the compiler of the Register.

The eleven known children of Joris Janszen Rapalje and his wife Catalina Jeronimus Trico were:

1. Sara Joris Rapalje: born June 9, 1625, "De eerste Dochter Van Joris Janse Rappelje, Genaamt, Sara." She married, first, Hans Hansen Bergen, and second, Teunis Gysbertszen Bogaert.

"Particulars received from Mr. Law with his letter dated January 1, 1972.

[ 13]

2. Marritje Joris Kapalje: born March 11, 1627, "De Twede Dochter, Genaamt, Marretie." She married Michiel Pauluszen Van der Voort.

3. Janneije Joris Rapalje: born August 18, 1629, "De Derde Dochter, Genaamt, Jannetie." She mar­ried Rem Janszen Van der Beeck.

4. Judith Joris Rapalje: born July 5, 1635, "De 4 Dochter, Genaamt, Judick." She married Pieter Pieterszen Van Ness.

5. Jan Joriszen Rapalje: born August 2 8, 16 37, "Den Eersten soon, Genaamt, Jan." He married Maria Fredericks Maer.

6. Jacob Joriszen Rapalje: born May 28, 1639, "De Twede soon, Genaamt, Jacob." He was "killed by the heathens," probably in 1643.

7. Cathalyntje Joris Rapalje: born March 28, and baptized March 29, 1641. "De Fifde Dochter, Genaamt, Cateleyntie." She married Jeremiah Janszen Westerhout.

8. Jeronhnm Joriszen Rapalje: born June 27, and baptized June 28, 1643, "De Derde Soon, Genaamt, Jeronemus." He married Annetje Teunis Denys.

9. Annetje Joris Rapalje: born February 8, and bap­tized February 11, 1646, "De Sesde Dochter, Ge­naamt, Annetie." She married Marten Reyerszen.

10. Elisabeth Joris Rapalje: born March 28, and bap­tized March 29, 1648. "De Sevende Dochter, Ge­naamt, Elisabett." She married Dirck Corneliszen Hogeland.

11. Daniel Joriszen Rapalje: born December 29, 165 0 and baptized January 1, 165 1. "De Vierde soon, Genaamt, Daniel De Rappelje." He married Sarah Abrahams Clock.2"

A s previously noted, there were pregnant women in New Netherland when Krol left to return to Holland in mid-1624. Since Sarah Rapalje was born on June 9, 1625, Catalina Trico was not one of them. And prob­ably Ariantje Cuvilje (Vigne) had not yet conceived Jan Vigne since her daughter Rachel was only about fifteen months old at the time Krol departed. Hence it is improbable that Jan and Sarah were the first "christian" male and female children born in New Netherland. Those honors must go to the two or more infants born of undetermined parentage in the last half of 1624 and the early part of 1625, to parents, that is, who joined most of the other early colonists in returning to Europe after their contract term expired, or who were released early.

In April 165 6, Sarah Rapalje referred to herself as "Sara Joresey, first born christian daughter of New Netherland." Her statement would be true if all chil­dren born before her were males, or if it meant she was the first of the living native-born female New Nether-landers. Jan Vigne and Sarah Rapalje apparently were

^Baptismal Register, New Amsterdam Dutch Reformed Church, I, pp. 12, 15, 20, 24, 28.

"Much speculative comment about the early births in New Netherland has been published. The only documentary state­ments are these: (1) by Sebastian Janszen Krol to the Con­sistory of Amsterdam, November 14, 1624: "There are preg­nant women there [in New Netherland] . . .": (2) letter dated November 5, 1626, to the States General at The Hague, written at Amsterdam by Pieter Jansen Schagen, the States' delegate to the West India Company: "Yesterday, arrived here the ship the Arms of Amsterdam which sailed from New Netherland, out of the River Mauritius on the 23rd September. They report . . . the women also have borne some children there . . .". Stokes, IV, p.54. Vosburgh, p.7. Col. Docs., I, pp.37-38. CDM, p. 164.

the first "christ ian" male and female who were born, lived, and died in New Netherland.27

It would be manifestly unfair to the three pioneer families — Rapalje, Vigne and du Trieux, who stayed on after offspring were born — to rank them in a sequence necessarily arrived at by conjecture; each was one of the three Founding Families of New Netherland. With this we complete our account of the Rapaljes; the du Trieux and Vignes are to be discussed later in the present series. The next article, however, — to serve as sequel to Mr. P. H . Bogaard's admirable three-part study entitled "The Dutch Ancestry of Domine Ever-ardus Bogardus" (concluded in de Halve Maen last January) — will concern the celebrated Anneke Jans, wife of Domine Bogardus and previously the wife of Roelof Janszen, and her children by both husbands.

(Concluded)

C A P I T A L P U N I S H M E N T (Continued from Page 8)

ently one of the most odious offenses, elicited the most elaborate executions. The supreme court ordered Jan Creoli, a black, to be choked to death, then burned to ashes, for that crime in 1646. In 1660, the court di­rected that a soldier be tied in a sack and drowned in the river for the same offense.1"'

In 1625, in the early days of New Netherland, the Company intended that at least some offenders be re­turned to Europe for sentencing and punishment. Whether any criminals were actually punished in this clumsy and time-consuming way is unknown. Even the most severe punishments were being carried out in New Netherland in the 1630s. Still, there remained some question in 1648 as to whether offenders should be shipped to Holland. In that year, Director Peter Stuyvesant sent a felon to the Netherlands and was reprimanded for his act. Presumably any capital punish­ments which were effected, however, were carried out in New Netherland.14

Capital punishment in New Netherland, then, was a rare occurrence. How is this to be explained in view of the very frequent executions in the Netherlands, over two hundred in the last quarter of the seventeenth century in the city of Amsterdam alone? The leaders of the Company and the province no doubt felt that the frequent executions of Europe would be detrimental to a tiny community in the wilderness, short of labor and threatened by Indians and other European colonists. Instead, severe corporal punishments were generally in­flicted, calculated to inspire awe of authority and to keep order in the province, yet to permit the criminal to return to his labors as soon as possible.1'1

Washington Irving was far from the t ru th when he portrayed New Netherland as free from crimes and punishments. He was virtually correct, however, when he described the province as being innocent of hangmen and other executioners.

1 I. N. P. Stokes, The Iconography of Manhattan Island (New York, 1915-28), II, p.343: O'Callaghan, Calendar, pp. 89, 103, 213, 259.

"Van Laer, Documents, pp. 39, 98; J. R. Brodhead, History of the State of New York (New York, 1853-71), I, pp.477-478.

ir'Zumthor, 253. Court proceedings show numerous sen­tences of whipping, branding, maiming and other brutal punishments. See O'Callaghan, Calendar, pp.61-269, passim. The infamous administration of Director William Kieft (1638-46) was especially repressive and brutal; Brodhead, II, p.278; O'Callaghan, History, I, pp.393-396.

[ H I

THE LAMBERTVILLE, N.J. MARKET New Jersey was linked across the Delaware to Penn­

sylvania by Coryell's ferry just 240 years ago. Emanuel Coryell had moved into Hunterdon County from Somer­set. The family ran this historic ferry, well known for its part in the Revolutionary War, unti l the service was taken over more than a half century later by Joseph Lambert, brother of the New Jersey Congress­man. But it was not primarily the ferry that served to develop Lambertville at that point as one of the State's most famous communities.

The early story of the community is outlined in Traditions of Hunterdon, the collection of legends and early history of the county attr ibuted to John W. Le-quear, and wri t ten a century ago. In the first decade of the 19th century, Lambertville had few houses, but enjoyed a fame in that region as a trading center.

"All of the pine lumber that was used through this part of the state and for some distance into Pennsyl­vania, was rafted down the Delaware," according to Traditions. Some of the produce that was transported between Easton and Philadelphia was hauled in wagons, but much of it was carried on the Delaware, and a great deal of manufactured goods was brought up from Philadelphia in boats also.

Lambertville thus developed as a trading center and a depot for lumber. Wha t today would be the equivalent of innumerable carloads of lumber was moved to Lam­bertville and from there into the growing communities of New Jersey to the east, such as Somerville and Plain-field. The merchants who gathered or traded in the famous ferry town bartered apparel and household goods for grain, butter , eggs and hickory nuts . As Lequear suggested, these merchants sometimes drove hard bar­gains, "and if the farmer winced, they 'smothered his squeals in a glass of peacemaker.' "

A great deal of the acreage of Hunterdon County, as we know, was farmed by the Dutch families that had reached this rural haven along the Delaware by way of the Raritan River. Through all the country villages of this section, where the original site of Cor­yell's ferry became a major market were scattered the descendants of families who had populated Brooklyn and other parts of New Netherland. [C.H.]

P I E T E R S C H U Y L E R O F A L B A N Y (Continued from Page 10)

their propositions to the English officials, collectively, at formal conferences. Nevertheless, no documents ex­plicitly state the reasons for their respect and esteem. George W. Schuyler, the Schuyler family genealogist, states that the basis for it was laid by Philip Pieterse and his father-in-law, who dealt with the Indians as men, not brutes, and never took advantage of their ignorance. Pieter followed their example and extended his influence by learning the Indian language, inviting them to his home and table, joining them in battle where he exhibited the quality of courage which they much admired, and suffering hardships side-by-side with their braves.

In spite of this close relationship with the Indians, however, Schuyler never lost his sense of dignity nor identity by becoming one of them, maintaining his influence by example, fair treatment and friendship. The Indians expressed their gratitude by gifts of land, notably the extensive Mohawk grant which Bellomont disallowed, an event which was probably the basis of a

story reported by Governor de Beauharnois of Canada, that the King of England had granted Lake Champlain to the children of Pieter Schuyler in recognition of his services.

On the basis of this relationship, for over forty years Pieter Schuyler participated in all the major Indian conferences and interim negotiations, first as mayor of Albany and later as Indian Commissioner. Indian con­ferences were traditionally conducted at Albany in the fall. Ceremonial gifts were exchanged between the prin­cipal sachems and the English governor, and the ancient covenant chain was renewed under the shelter of the tree of friendship. Negotiations were then conducted by means of lengthy formal speeches accompanied by the presentation of lesser gifts, such as a beaver skin or a belt of wampum, to emphasize each point. Between the formal speeches, which sometimes went on for weeks, there was much feasting, trading, and merry-making, encouraged by ample supplies of English rum.

J j e t w e e n conferences, the Albany Common Council and later the Indian Commissioners handled the daily business of Indian affairs. They sent and received messages from the Five Nations, examined witnesses, heard testimony, evaluated rumors, arranged for ser­vices, supplies and gifts for the Indians and were always available to listen to their complaints and reports, either as individuals or as delegations. They also sent messen­gers — an interpreter or a reliable trader — into Indian country when an issue demanded immediate attention.

Pieter Schuyler made many such trips for the com­missioners or the governor, and the Indians often re­quested that he come to their councils at Onondaga. One such council, in 1693, considered peace proposals from Frontenac. On another occasion, when a French trader had erected a blockhouse in an Onondaga village, Schuyler consulted with the sachems, personally de­molished the blockhouse, and erected Queen Anne's coat of arms in its place. Thir ty years after Schuyler's death, the Mohawk chief Hendrick told the Albany Congress of 1754, "We remember how it was in former times, Colonel Schuyler used frequently to come among us, this kept us together."31

One of the most interesting facts about Pieter Schuy­ler is that his most conspicuous characteristics, his ability to accumulate and manage a large estate, his participation in public and military affairs, and his special talent for Indian management, were shared by his father and other members of the Schuyler family. His success, therefore, was based upon fulfillment of rather than deviation from the family tradition. Unlike his brother-in-law, Robert Livingston, he was not ag­gressively ambitious; while Livingston notoriously ma­nipulated people and events for his own political and financial gain, Schuyler waited for events to happen and then took advantage of the results.

This patience and balance may have saved Schuyler from some of the more violent turns of the wheel of fortune. When Albany fell to the Leislerians, Livingston fled to Connecticut to escape arrest, while Schuyler was employed to gain the support of the Five Nations for Leisler's proposed invasion of Canada. When both Liv­ingston and Schuyler fell from Bellomont's favor, Livingston retired to his manor with an attack of melancholy, while Schuyler continued to function as a member of the Council and as Indian Commissioner.

Both Schuyler and Livingston advanced large sums 31Co/. Doc, VI, p.867.

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of money to the Crown, to collect which they were obliged to go to England. Livingston, in 1694, relied upon manipulating officials and only got part of his money. Schuyler made a similar journey in 1710 with several Mohawk sachems to be presented to the Queen. While the sachems received all the attention, Schuyler managed his personal affairs. In 1714 the New York Assembly settled his account by disbursing the largest sum ever paid to an Albanian.

I n the factional disputes which shook New York throughout his lifetime, Pieter Schuyler, an Albany patrician trader, early declared himself an anti-Leisler-ian, but his particular public service, keeping the Five Nations firmly attached to the English interest, was above partisan politics. This Bellomont demonstrated the hard way, by sending his own emissaries to negotiate with the Five Nations.

When his successor Lord Cornbury first conferred with the sachems in 1702 they informed him, "We are glad to see your Lordship and that Quidor stands at your side. We do make this house where we do have our conferences Clean and are heartily Glad, that all dark clouds are dissipated, and that we see matters re­tired, and things runn in ye right Channel again, and to see those who have always had ye care and manage­ment of our affairs to have your Lordships favour and Countenance. We doubt not but ye publick affairs of ye 5 Nations will now have good Success."32 Twenty years later Burnet dismissed Schuyler from the Council for partisan reasons, but even though he alleged him to be incompetent, he did not try to remove him from the Indian Commission.

Thus, for over forty years Pieter Schuyler served his government by transacting important and delicate In­dian affairs. That he was never dismissed or replaced is the best indicator of his significance. That the Five Nations remained faithful to their English allies is a measure of his success. Thir ty years after his death, English supporters of Sir William Johnson, themselves greedy for place, power and profit, characterized the Indian Commissioners, and indeed the Albany Dutch in general, as rogues and scoundrels whose only interest lay in their own profit — and Pieter Schuyler's real public services were forgotten. But the French saw things somewhat differently, because Schuyler's influence with the Five Nations was a force they had to respect. As Vaudreuil was made to promise during the Iroquois-French peace negotiations of 1705, "I shall not strike Corlar [New York] or Peter [Albany] , so long as they will not be the first to offend me . . . out of regard for you and because you requested it.33

(Concluded)

"Ibid., IV, p.988. "Ibid., p.769."

K I N S H I P OF D U T C H - E N G L I S H PROVERBS Proverbs in English and Dutch show striking paral­

lels. For example: 1. Spare the rod and spoil the child. Wie de roedc spaart, bedcrft zijn kind. 2. East, west, home best. Oost west, thitis best. 3. Cheap is expensive. Goedkoop is duurkoop. 4. The first will be last. De ecrsten zullen de laatsten zijn. 5. Necessity teaches prayer. Nood leert bidden. 6. A good neighbor is better than a far away friend. Ecu goede buur is beter dan een verre vriend. 7. No greater pleasure than your own roof. Geen groter gemak dan eigen dak. 8. The best bread one lays in front of the window. Het beste brood legt men voor het venster.

IN MEMORIAM E L L S W O R T H B. CREGIER

Ellsworth Banks Cregier of Wilmette, 111., a member of The Holland Society of New York since 1959, died at the age of 80 on on Friday, December 31 , 1971. Descended from Martin Cregier who came to this country from Holland as a boy of 12 in 1626, rose to become Captain of the Burgher Guard, burgomaster of New Amsterdam, troop commander in the Delaware expedition of 165 5 and Esopus War of 1663, and died at Niskayuna on the Mohawk in 1713 at the age of 99, he was born in Chicago, January 24, 1891, son of N . Banks Cregier and Frances Blanche Ellsworth. A re­tired executive in the inland marine insurance business, alumnus of the University of Chicago, and for many years Clerk of New Trier Township, he had been as­sociated with the leading firm of Toplis & Harding Inc., of Chicago, insurance appraisers and adjusters. Of a well known midwestern family, he was the grand­son of DeWit t Clinton Cregier, mayor of Chicago from 1889 to 1891, a mechanical engineer who had come there from New York in 185 3, superintended the in­stallation of Chicago's first water-pumping facility, served as city engineer and commissioner of public works, and secured the site on which was built the celebrated World's Columbian Exposition held at Chi­cago in 1893. An Army intelligence officer in World War I, he was formerly commander of Wilmette Post No . 46, American Legion, past president of the Military Intelligence Association, and active in the Illinois Town­ship Officials Association, Special Agents Association, Chicago Press Veterans Association, and the Augustan Society. He was a member of the Heritage Congre­gational Church of Wilmette and of Wilmette Lodge No. 931 F. & A. M. Actively identified with the Hol ­land Society's Mid West Branch, he was formerly Second Vice President General of the National Huguenot So­ciety and president of its Illinois Society, National Councillor General of the Order of Founders and Pa­triots of America and its governor in Illinois, director of the Illinois Society, SAR, and member of the Society of Colonial Wars in Illinois. He is survived by his wife, the former Mary Jane Wilson Gould; a son, Remy Le-Fort Cregier of Palatine, 111., and a stepson, Herbert A. Gould of Chicago. Following the services held Jan­uary 3, interment was at Rosehill Cemetery, Chicago.

ELLIOT C. B E R G E N

Elliot Clifford Bergen of Blacksburg, Va., a member of The Holland Society of New York since 19 5 6, died at the age of 78 on Monday, February 28, 1972. De­scended from Hans Hansen Bergen who in 163 3 same to this country from Norway via the Netherlands, he was born in Brooklyn, N . Y., October 12, 1893, son of George Clifford Bergen and Edith Trumbul l . A retired insurance executive, he attended the public schools in South Orange, N . J., and graduated from Columbia High School of that city. For a number of years until his retirement in 195 8, he was associate director of education for the American Insurance Co., of Newark, N . J. Previously he had been manager of the Hamil ton, Ohio, office of the Ohio Insurance Co., and a special agent for the American and Continental Insurance and Westchester Fire Insurance companies. In 1917 he en­listed in the U.S. Navy and became a commissioned officer while on two years of active duty during World War I. Author of several short stories published in the '30s and of a novel completed shortly before his death,

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he had lived in Millington, Morris County , N . J., for many years unti l removing to Virginia after his retire­ment. He is survived by his wife, the former Harriet B. Collyer; three daughters, Mrs. Robert A. Paterson, Mrs. Denman F. Jacobson and Mrs. Donald C. Simon-ton, and seven grandchildren.

J. E D G A R V O O R H E E S Judah Edgar Voorhees of Upper Montclair, N . J., a

member of The Holland Society of New York since 1911 and No. 3 in the order of membership seniority, died at the age of 82 on Sunday, April 16, 1972. Descended from Steven Coerte van Voorhees who in 1660 came to this country from Hees, Drenthe province, the Netherlands, he was born at Verona, N . J., January 2 1 , 1890, son of Anson Augustus and Anna V. Voor­hees. A retired business executive, he attended Poly­technic Preparatory School in Brooklyn and was grad­uated from Amherst College in 1913. Formerly the owner of J. E. Williams & Co., a wholesale dry goods firm in this city, he later had his own insurance broker­age business in Tucson, Ariz., where he lived for 12 years. Except for his stay in Tucson, he was a lifelong resident of Upper Montclair. He attended the Union Congregational Church, and belonged to Montclair Ro­tary, the Society of Colonial Wars in the State of New Jersey, the Van Voorhees Association, and the Dun-workin Club of Montclair. Widely traveled, and a boating enthusiast, he had maintained a summer home at East Marion, L. I., for many years. Presented with the Holland Society's 50-Year Emblem at the 77th Annual Banquet in 1961, he had served as vice-president for Essex County in 1921-22. His father and grand­father also were vice-presidents of the Society. His wife, the former Clara L. Shultz, died a number of years ago. He is survived by his son, Anson E. Voor­hees, of Upper Montclair, a life member of the Society, and two grandchildren, Jon E. Voorhees and Miss Jane A. Voorhees. Following the services held April 19, with the Rev. E. William Geitner of Little Falls officiating, interment was at Prospect Hill Cemetery, Caldwell.

C A P T . I. C. B O G A R T , U S N (Ret . )

Captain Isaac Crabell Bogart, USN ( R e t . ) , of Chevy Chase, Md., a member of The Holland Society of New York since 1968, died at the age of 87 on Friday, April 21 , 1972. Descended from Cornelis Corneliszen Bogaert who came to this country from Holland in 1661, he was born at Columbus Grove, Ohio, Septem­ber 28, 1884, son of George Brass McClellan Bogart and Surilda Crabill. A career officer of 45 years service in the U.S. Navy, he was graduated from the Naval Academy in 1906. During World War II he served as liaison officer between the House Naval Affairs Com­mittee and the Navy Department . Previously the com­manding officer of several warships, he was graduated from the Naval War College in 1928 and the A r m y War College in 1930, and served two tours of duty as an instructor at the Academy. Decorated with the Legion of Merit for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services, he also re­ceived a number of campaign and service awards, among them the Cuban Pacification Medal of 1906-09, Santo Dominguin Campaign Medal of 1916-17, Second Nic -araguan Campaign Medal of 1926-27, and the Victory Medals of World Wars I and II. A founding member of the Army-Navy Country Club in 1929, he won the Maryland Father-Son golf championship with a son, Ralph M. Bogart of Kensington, Md., in 1948 and 1953.

He was a member of All Saints Episcopal Church of Chevy Chase, the Chevy Chase Club, and the Army-Navy Club of Washington. His wife, the former Bessie D . Matthews, died in 1967. He is survived by two sons, George D. Bogart of this city, and Ralph M. Bogart, both members of the Society; a sister, Mrs. A. E. Venable of Long Beach, Calif.; three grandchildren, and two great-grandchildren.

S T E P H E N R. B O G A R D U S Stephen Roland Bogardus of Peekskill, N . Y., a mem­

ber of The Holland Society of New York since 1952, died at the age of 70 on Thursday, May 4, 1972. De­scended from Domine Everardus Bogardus who came to this country from Holland in 1633, he was born at Montrose, N . Y., September 2, 1901, son of Stephen Duryea Bogardus and Garneta Sloat. A retired banker, he began his business career with the Westchester Coun­ty National Bank in 1919 soon after graduating from the old Buchanan High School, and became head of the loans department. In 1937 he joined the Peekskill Savings Bank, of which he was named assistant secretary in 1948 and secretary in 195 2, serving in the latter capacity until his retirement in 1967. He was an active member of the Peekskill Presbyterian Church, and had served as president of its board of trustees. He is sur­vived by his wife, the former Blanche Barger; a son, Roland H . Bogardus; a daughter, Mrs. Ronald L. Stevens, and five grandchildren. Following the services held May 6, with the Rev. Edward Castner officiating, interment was at Hillside Cemetery.

J O H N de C A M P V A N E T T E N John de Camp Van Etten of Englewood, N . J., 39th

President of The Holland Society of New York in 193 5-37, of which he had been a member since 1909 and was No. 2 in the order of membership seniority, died at the age of 91 on Tuesday, May 23, 1972. Descended from Jacob Jansen van Etten who in 1660 came to this country from Etten, Brabant province, the Netherlands, he was born in Milford, Pike County, Pa., January 3, 1881, son of John Hixson Van Etten and Adelaide J. Kanouse. A retired manufacturer of pigments and chemicals for the rubber industry, he was a graduate of the Nyack, N . Y., Collegiate School. In 192 5 he founded the Vansul Co., of Englewood, and for many years was president of the company and its successor, Vansul Colors Inc., which in 1960 was merged with Interchemical Corp., now the Inmont Corporation. Previously he had been superintendent of the Hodgman Rubber Co., of Yonkers, N . Y. He served on the Engle­wood Board of Education for years and was formerly a director of the Citizens National Bank. In the Holland Society his election to the Presidency followed two years service as Treasurer and three four-year terms as a trustee; in addition he was vice-president for West­chester County from 1918-21 and for Bergen County in 1939-40. He was presented with the 50-Year Emblem at the 75th Annual Banquet in 1959. Widely traveled in his later years, he was a former president of the Campfire Club of America and a member of the Chemists Club of New York, St. Nicholas Society, and the Englewood Club. His wife, the former Jane Seaman, died in 1945. He is survived by one son, Jansen Hixson Van Etten, of Tenafly, N . J., a member and former trustee of the Society, and two grandsons. Following the services held in the First Presbyterian Church of Englewood, May 26, interment was at Kensico Cemetery, Valhalla, N . Y.

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