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Habarow-Saka Adapted Sub-Catchment Management Plan, Garissa County
Habarow-Saka Adapted Sub-Catchment Management Plan, Garissa County
PREPARED BY
HABAROW - SAKA WRUA, IUCN, FaIDA, WRMA AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERSHABAROW SAKA WRUA,P.O. BOX 15 - 70100 GARISSASAKA TOWN
NOVEMBER 2012
Acknowledgment We are grateful to Saka Community for actively participating in and dedicating their time and effort to the preparation of this adapted Sub-catchment Management Plan (ASCMP).
We are indebted to staff of the Ministries of Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands, Livestock Development, Agriculture, Water and Irrigation, Forestry and Wildlife and Office of the President – Provincial Administration for their contribution and facilitation towards the ASCMP preparation.
Our heartfelt appreciation goes to Howard Buffet Foundation and Austrian Development Cooperation for funding the activity through the Global Water Initiative (GWI) and Building Drought Resilience (BDR) Projects respectively and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) for providing technical support. We are also grateful to Omar Abdi and colleagues from the Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) – Lower Tana for their inputs and guidance. Logistics and facilitation could not have been possible without Mohamed Shalle – the Director, Fafi Integrated Development Association (FaIDA) and his staff at FaIDA Head Office – Garissa and our driver Ahmed Abdulrazak (IUCN Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office - ESARO).
The document was written by Dr. Ahmed Mohamed and Yasin Mahadi (IUCN - ESARO), and Jaafarsadiq Hassan (FaIDA). Comments and contributions were received from John Owino, Guyo Roba, Sarah Gibbons and Dr. Eliot Taylor all from IUCN- ESARO.
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Table of ContentsAcknowledgment ......................................................................................................................................................... iiList of tables................................................................................................................................................................ ivList of figures .............................................................................................................................................................. ivPlates ........................................................................................................................................................................... ivAcronyms ..................................................................................................................................................................... v
Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 11.1 Overview of adapted SCMP development .......................................................................................... 11.2 Objectives of the Adapted SCMP ....................................................................................................... 2
Chapter 2: Overview of Sub-Catchment .................................................................................................................. 3
Chapter 3: Catchment Characteristics ..................................................................................................................... 53.1 Community resource mapping ............................................................................................................ 53.2 Water and land management units ...................................................................................................... 53.3 Current status of resources .................................................................................................................. 73.4 Existing management practices ........................................................................................................... 83.5 Population and settlement ................................................................................................................. 103.6 Problem identification and ranking ................................................................................................... 10
Chapter 4: Management approach ......................................................................................................................... 204.1 Participatory conservation of catchment for drought resilience ....................................................... 20
Chapter 5: Resource availability and demand ....................................................................................................... 27
Chapter 6: Natural resources allocation for sustainable, equitable and efficient use by communities ............ 32
Chapter 7: Resource protection ............................................................................................................................... 38
Chapter 8: Catchment protection ............................................................................................................................ 43
Chapter 9: Capacity building .................................................................................................................................. 47
Chapter 10: Infrastructure development to boost resource conservation and mitigate against disasters and conflicts ............................................................................................................ 53
Chapter 11: Stakeholder analysis for right based approach and poverty reduction .......................................... 57
Chapter 12: Participatory monitoring and evaluation .......................................................................................... 65
Chapter 13: Finance and implementation of project activities ............................................................................. 68
Chapter 14: Mainstreaming and up-scaling of the approach ............................................................................... 70
AnnexesAnnex 1: Challenges related to forests/woodlands and management of the resource in Saka WRUA 72Annex 2: Challenges related to rivers and management of the resource in Saka WRUA .................... 73Annex 3: Challenges on farmlands and management of the resource in Saka WRUA ........................ 74Annex 4: Challenges on livestock and management of the resource in Saka WRUA .......................... 75Annex 5: Challenges on wildlife and management of the resource in Saka WRUA ............................ 76Annex 6: Challenge on fodder and pasture and management of the resource in Saka WRUA ............ 77Annex 7: Challenges on minerals and management of the resource in Saka WRUA ........................... 78Annex 8: Challenges on shallow wells and management of the resource in Saka WRUA .................. 79Annex 9: List Participants for Adapted SCMP-SAKA ......................................................................... 80Annex 10: Coordinates of Major Centres in Saka Sub-Catchment-from transact drives/walks ........... 81Annex 11: Coordinates of Major Laghas and Water Pans in the Sub-Catchment from
transact drives/walks........................................................................................................... 82Annex 12: Coordinates of minerals sites- from transact drives/walks .................................................. 83Annex 13: Plant species (Trees, shrubs and herbs) in Saka .................................................................. 84Annex 14: Habarow – Saka Adapted Sub-Catchment Management Plan: Summary Work Plan and
Budget (2012/2017) .............................................................................................................. 85
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Annex 15: Field visit photos ................................................................................................................. 89
List of TablesTable 1 Estimated livestock population in Saka Sub-catchment ........................................................................... 9
Table 2 Estimated yields of crops/fruits grown in Saka Sub-catchment ............................................................... 9
Table 3 Estimated population of Saka Sub-catchment ........................................................................................ 10
Table 4 Ranking Natural resource related problems in Saka Sub catchment ...................................................... 10
Table 5 Planned matrix for catchment characteristics ........................................................................................ 12
Table 6 Planned matrix for management approach in Saka Sub-catchment ........................................................ 22
Table 7 Demand for water (Human) in Saka Sub-catchment .............................................................................. 27
Table 8 Demand for water (livestock) ................................................................................................................. 27
Table 9 Demand for water (farms) ....................................................................................................................... 27
Table 10 Pasture requirement by livestock ............................................................................................................ 27
Table 11 Estimated pasture and forage production in Saka Sub catchment ......................................................... 27
Table 12 Resource availability and demand in Habarow - Saka Sub-catchment .................................................. 28
Table 13 Natural resource allocation plan for sustainable, equitable and efficient use in Saka sub-catchment .... 33
Table 14 Planned activities for implementation of resource protection in Saka Sub-catchment .......................... 39
Table 15 Implementation of catchment conservation activities within the management units ............................. 44
Table 16 Capacity building for community and partners on adaptive SCMP ....................................................... 49
Table 17 Implementation of infrastructure development to boost resource protection and conservation ............. 54
Table 18 Analysis of local stakeholders in Saka .................................................................................................... 59
Table 19 Improve stakeholder coordination and collaboration for harmonization of plans, right based approach and poverty reduction .............................................................................................................. 63
Table 20 Parameters to monitor for different natural resources ............................................................................ 65
Table 21 Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation of natural resources within Saka Sub-catchment .................. 66
Table 22 Capacity Building on Finance and Implementation of project activities ................................................ 69
Table 23 Activities for mainstreaming and up scaling of the adapted SCMP approach ........................................ 71
List of Figures Figure 1 Map of Lagha Tula Sub-catchment ...........................................................................................................3
Figure 2 Venn diagram for Saka Community – Local level collaboration and coordination ................................58
PlatesPlate 1: Community resource maps of Saka Sub-catchment on the ground by elders and women ..........................6
Plate 2: Community resource maps of Saka Sub-catchment on paper ....................................................................6
Plate 3: Current status/situation map and resource management units as defined by Saka Community .................7
Plate 4: Community vision map for Saka Sub-catchment ......................................................................................20
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Acronyms
ASALs Arid and Semi-Arid Lands
CDF Constituency Development Fund
FaIDA Fafi Integrated Development Association
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
KARI Kenya Agricultural Research Institute
KEFRI Kenya Forest Research Institute
KFS Kenya Forest Service
KTB Kenya Tourism Board
KWS Kenya Wildlife Service
LATF Local Authority Transfer Fund
MoA Ministry of Agriculture
MoLD Ministry of Livestock Development
MoL Ministry of Lands
MoE&MR Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources
MoE Ministry of Education
MoPHS Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation
MoPV Ministry of Planning and Vision 2030
MoPW Ministry of Public Works
MoR Ministry of Roads
MoWI Ministry of Water and Irrigation
WRMA Water Resource Management Authority
WRUA Water Resource Users Association
NDMA National Drought Management Authority
NEMA National Environment Management Authority
NWSB Northern Water Services Board
NRT Northern Rangelands Trust
SCMP Sub-catchment Management Plan
WDC WRUA Development Cycle
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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Overview of Adapted SCMP Development The Adapted Sub-Catchment Management Plan for pastoral communities in the Arid and Semi-arid Lands (ASALs) of Kenya is a working document developed through a participatory process by engaging relevant stakeholders, including Water Resource Users Association (WRUA), other resource users associations, government officials and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) to effectively manage and conserve natural resources through integrated resource management. ASCMPs consider both water and land resource management components to enhance equitable and sustainable resource management for improved livelihoods of communities in sub-catchments.
The ASCMP preparation followed the WRUA Development Cycle (WDC) guide with some additions to address the particular issues associated with arid areas. ASALs face different challenges compared to more humid environments and as such require different kinds of attention. The uncharacteristic nature of ASALs is manifested in the following amongst other things:
• Unique, heterogeneous and fragile ecosystems that are prone to degradation
• Most of the land is communally owned and migration is the back bone for survival
• Poverty levels are high and communities rely heavily on natural resources for their livelihood
• There are increasing constraints to mobility as dry season fodder/forage reserves are converted to arable agriculture. Mobility is further constrained by haphazard and mushrooming settlements in pasture areas
• The spread of invasive weeds such as Prosopis juliflora are adversely affecting natural pastures
• Adverse impacts of climate change in recent decades that contribute to higher rainfall variability and low reliability than in the past
• Weak governance due to dysfunctional traditional /customary laws and institutions and poorly or non-functioning modern laws and institutions, leading to the proliferation of unsustainable management practices
• Poor understanding of dryland systems leading to inappropriate approaches to development.
The Habarow – Saka Sub-catchment referred to in this report as Saka Sub-catchment for which this adapted SCMP was developed, is an arid land comprising over 90% range, mainly pastoral land. Consequently, the need to integrate rangeland planning and management component into this SCMP is of paramount importance in order to ensure holistic management of resources.
The adapted SCMP is a plan that aims to ensure sustainable management of both land and water resources in the sub-catchment area in order to enhance the livelihoods of communities. The plan entails a participatory approach in both the planning and management of resources. It is designed to ensure equitable sharing of benefits associated with the exploitation of resources, supported by effective governance mechanisms that also mainstream gender.
In order to help realise development of the adapted SCMP, experts from IUCN (from both the Water Wetlands and Drylands Programmes) and WRMA conducted a ‘Training of Trainers (ToT)’ workshop on rangeland and water management planning process for ASALs in Garissa between 22nd and 24th August 2012. The training equipped community members and relevant stakeholders on ways of integrating rangeland management planning and conventional sub-catchment management planning process aimed at allowing them to produce an all-inclusive and integrated adapted SCMP which caters for special need of dryland environment.
The adapted SCMP is a plan for five years with provision of adjustments based on prevailing conditions.
The adapted SCMP was developed through a participatory process involving all the relevant stakeholders through meetings held at Saka Al-Hamdu Hall, Saka Centre from 4th to 11th September 2012. The participants included community representatives from entire Saka sub-catchment, Saka WRUA Committee and key stakeholders including Departments of Agriculture, Livestock, Water and National Drought Management Authority, Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), Fafi Integrated Development Association (FaIDA) and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
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Prior to starting work on chapters of the adapted SCMP, WRUA members and other stakeholders involved in SCMP preparation were sensitised and enlightened on the steps required in the development of the adapted SCMP in order to enable them understand and follow the recommended procedure. The adapted SCMP has a total of 14 chapters and various methods were used during SCMP development including:
Group work (stakeholder input): community members and other participants participated as individuals in the development of SCMP chapters by contributing ideas, providing information and acting as facilitators in some sessions
Discussion: after the content of each chapter was prepared there was a discussion session where participants gave their comments and made additions or adjustments
Transect walk/drives: based on the problems identified by community members, participants were divided into groups to visit specific sites related to each problem. Related information to location names, GPS coordinates, problem/issue, planned/possible activities to solve the problem etc. were also collected
Literature review and data collection from different departments: various literatures were reviewed to obtain relevant information to use in compilation of some sections of the SCMP. Data was also obtained from different government departments including from WRMA, the Ministry of Livestock Development, the Kenya Forest Service etc.
1.2 Objectives of the Adapted SCMP• To improve the quantity and quality of water and land resources to enhance livelihoods
• To improve the ability of the rangeland and riparian areas within the sub-catchment to provide ecosystem services
• To improve the governance of land and water resources by promoting stakeholders participation in natural resource management (NRM)
• To enhance compliance to water, land and environmental regulations
• To develop well-governed and self-reliant WRUA and other land users.
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Chapter 2: Overview of Sub-Catchment
The chapter summarizes the resources within the catchment, threats affecting them and the effects, affected and solution options.
The Saka Sub-catchment (Figure 1) lies in the Saka Division, Balamabala District, Garissa County. The sub-catchment covers Saka Division with two locations, that is, Daley and Saka. The catchment covers an area of 748.1 km2 and is settled by Kenya Somali pastoralists and agro-pastoralists whose survival is heavily dependent on natural resources both within and outside the sub-catchment boundary. Neighbouring communities also have access to the resources in the Saka area, such as pasture and water resources.
Saka is endowed with riparian forests and woodlands, a permanent river (Tana River) and many seasonal rivers locally known as “Laghas”, seasonal shallow wells, farmlands, livestock, wildlife, fodder and pasture and minerals (sand, stones, gravels). Natural resources are the life line of the Saka community as well as some of the neighbouring populace and there is thus a need to effectively and sustainably manage these resources for the wellbeing of the population. Livestock is the backbone of the economy with limited sources of income also from crop production and small scale business.
The Saka community is actively involved in management of natural resource in various ways. The sub-catchment has a WRUA in place whose mandate is to sustainably manage water and other natural resources. The WRUA’s membership is voluntary and currently consists of people from varied backgrounds including pastoralists, agro-pastoralists, traders and women. The WRUA works closely with various line ministries and government agencies, in particular WRMA and Ministry of Water. IUCN, in partnership with WRMA and FaIDA, also works with the WRUA; this work is focussed mainly in enhancing their capacity on natural resource management and resource governance through strengthening of traditional institutions and laws on resource use and management, as well as initiating activities that build community resilience to drought and curtail environmental degradation
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Figure 1. Hydrological map of Saka Sub-catchment (Source WRMA Garissa Office, 2012)
An integrated land and water resources management approach provides a suitable platform for a sustainable management approach, including allocation and monitoring of resources to meet the communities’ social, economic and environmental needs. SCMP preparation is pinned on the principles of integrated land and water management approaches in order to achieve the results desired by all the stakeholders involved. Although the area has vast natural resources there are a myriad of socio-economic and environmental challenges facing communities of the sub-catchment and their environment adversely affecting their wellbeing. These problems affect the wellbeing of communities in the Saka sub-catchment. The forests and woodlands are threatened by deforestation, wildfire, drought, overgrazing, charcoal burning, soil erosion and conversion to croplands and mushrooming and haphazard settlements. The effects, affected and solution options are Annex 1.
The rivers are vulnerable to river diversions, change of river course, floods and river bank erosion. Other pressures in the use the resource include destruction of farmlands, crocodile menace, mosquito infestation and spread of Prosopis juliflora (Mathenge) invasive weed. The effects, affected and solution options are Annex 2.
Farmlands are exposed to human-wildlife conflicts, inadequate irrigation infrastructure, flush floods, destruction of crops and other properties, lack of fence and protection, pest and diseases, inadequate capacity on crop production, frequent breakdown of water pumps, pastoralist-farmers conflicts, poor roads and poor market for farm produce. The effects, affected and solution options are Annex 3.
Livestock challenges constitute pests and diseases, predators (e.g. hyenas, crocodile, baboons and lions), drought, poor markets, inadequate extension services (e.g. veterinary services), wildfire caused by charcoal burning (leading to destruction of fodder, pasture and injuries to animals), inadequate pasture, influx from neighboring villages, obstruction of watering corridors, conversion of pasture land into farmlands and inadequate water for livestock use. Detailed are in Annex 4.
Wildlife resource is abundant within the sub-catchment but is constrained by inadequate water, pests and diseases, loss of habitat to crop farming and settlements, increased human-wildlife conflicts and no direct income from wildlife. Wildlife such hyenas and crocodiles feed on livestock, elephants and hippos destructs crops and fruits and is causing human death and disabilities. Detailed are in Annex 5.
Fodder and pasture is seasonal in nature and the constraints and threats related to it include frequent drought, wildfire, overgrazing, de-vegetation, clearance for mushrooming settlement and inland water sources, invasive weeds e.g. P. juliflora, inadequate water to access far away pastures, livestock influx especially those for Garissa market and wildlife-livestock conflict especially during the dry spell. The effects, affected and solution options for fodder and pastures are Annex 6.
Minerals (sand, cement like material, stones, hardcore and gravels) within the sub-catchment are faced by water erosion (especially sand), poor management and markets and inadequate skills to exploit. Detailed are in Annex 7.
The threats related to shallow well resources are collapsing of walls causing deaths and injuries, water from the source are polluted and contaminated, wildlife – human - livestock conflict and human to human conflicts for the use of the resource, spread and transmission of pest and diseases, “lagha” sedimentation filling shallow wells with eroded materials and the digging of the resource is labor intensive. The effects, affected and solution options are Annex 8.
In the course of the SCMP preparation, communities and other stakeholders identified various potential interventions, the individuals or institutions to involve and the resources required to overcome the challenges. The details are covered in Chapter 4 and subsequent chapters.
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Chapter 3: Catchment Characteristics
Baseline on current status and management of water and land resourcesThe chapter provides baseline details on current status and management of water and land resources including community mapping, the identified management units and the current status of the available natural resources within the catchment and how they are used and managed. The chapter ends with problem ranking within Saka and matrix to overcome the challenges in obtaining data for planning of sustainable natural resource management (NRM).
3.1 Community resource mappingIn order to get an accurate picture of baseline conditions, especially the nature and location of natural (including water) resources, community members drew resource maps of the sub-catchment. Such ‘community resource maps’ were used as an important data gathering tool as they help show the status of resources, as well as the issues/challenges that negatively affect them. They also provide information on how best to manage them, and give understanding on the common resources that require protection from all community members. Finally, such maps also allow others to know what resources their sub-catchment is endowed with.
The maps reflect community resource boundaries as opposed to administrative ones. They also show agreed management units, mobility (pattern of the livestock movement during dry and wet seasons) to access pasture and water, water sources; wet and dry season pastures; minerals resources; crop farming; influx patterns; roads; settlements; threats and the nature and location of existing management practices.Community maps are also an important tool to aid in understanding landscape level planning and management in pastoral set ups.
Locally available materials (grass, leaves, stones, soil, disposed containers, vegetables, ash, animal dung etc.) were used to prepare the maps on the ground by three groups (women, elders and youth) (Plates 1) before transferring them on to paper (Plate 2) for plenary discussion and verification with the community. Further, transect drives and walks by technical staff and community resource experts were used to confirm the status map.
3.2 Water and land management units Saka Sub-catchment falls within the management unit 4GB and consists of three resource management units: pastoral zone, which is estimated to cover 80% of land, agro-pastoral zone 18% and settlement zone 2% (Plate 3). The resource management units were defined and agreed with the community.
The pastoral unit consists of communal grazing areas away from the River Tana and is mostly used during the rainy seasons. The zone is freely used by all members of the community plus those from neighboring communities. Additionally, wildlife simultaneously uses the zone with livestock. Consequently, it’s prone to overgrazing, de-vegetation, wild fire, human-wildlife conflict and general environmental degradation. As dry season approaches water becomes a constraint and livestock herds plus wild animals migrate to the agro-pastoral zone while other members of the community search for casual jobs in the settlement zone.
Agro-pastoral unit consists of flood plains and cover 2-3 km stretch from the banks of the River Tana towards the hinterland. The zone locally known as “Bada or Goosh” is covered by luxuriant Acacia tortilis forest with intermittent individually or group owned crop lands. The natural vegetation is managed by elders based on unwritten but agreed by-laws and supported by the government chiefs. Despites these efforts, the land unit is threatened by deforestation, charcoal burning, overgrazing and human-wildlife conflict.
Settlement zone consists of 11 mushrooming and haphazard settled centres formed by pastoral dropouts and business persons and they are the main market outlets for pastoral and agro-pastoral products. The major constraints include lack of physical planning, polythene menace, insufficient quality water for domestic use, inadequate capacity to handle and process products and conflict over land ownership (plots).
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Plate 1(a) Map by elders Plate 1(a) Map by women
Plate 2a Map by Youth Plate2b Map by Women
Plate2c Map by Elders
Plate 1: Community resource maps of Saka Sub-catchment on the ground by elders and women
Plate 2: Community resource maps of Saka Sub-catchment on paper
3.3 Current status of resources Climate and weather conditions Saka is situated in an arid area. For the past decades rainfall in Saka has been irregular and erratic leading to recurrent droughts and flush floods. Mean annual rainfall is estimated at 300mm. The long rains occur April and May and the short rains between November and December. Mean annual temperature is approximately 30oC while annual evaporation is estimated at over 2,000 mm. January and February are the hottest months and June - July the coldest.
HydrologyThe sub-catchment is blessed to have the River Tana that forms Saka’s southern border (Figure 1) and has over 10 seasonal rivers (laghas) with the major ones being Habarow and Fadiwayne. Many shallow wells are located along the laghas mainly used for watering small stocks and occasionally for human consumption. There are four water pans located along northern border and are mainly used in rainy seasons though some have rarely impound water because of poor site location and inlets. Water tankering is another source of water for populations in North Saka especially in drought periods. Slopes are generally flat with gentle increase towards the north.
There is water scarcity in the sub-catchment and this often results in human-wildlife conflict over water resources due to competition mainly around open water sources. Defecation and urination by wildlife and livestock also causes water pollution to open water sources. Currently, the Saka sub-catchment has no water allocation plan in place.
Geology and soilsThe dominant soil type in the sub-catchment is sandy (reddish or whitish) derived from sedimentary rocks with slight variation in areas along the rivers that have alluvial soils (a mixture of loam, sand and clay) as a result of periodic floods.
Land useCommunity mainly practices nomadic pastoralism where their livestock depends on free access to pasture and fodder. Currently there is no planned wet and dry season grazing system in place although wet season grazing is concentrated away from the river and vice versa in dry seasons to avoid tsetse fly infestation and to minimize adverse impacts of floods within the river flood plains. The pasture and fodder resources are utilized by Saka Community and other migrant pastoralists from neighboring villages and divisions. There are few incidences of conflict reported on resource use but there are concerns that livestock for Garissa Livestock Market is causing overgrazing.
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Plate 3: Current status/situation map and resource management units as defined by Saka Community
Crop and agroforestry irrigation farming is practiced partly along the River Tana. Pastoralist-farmer conflicts and human-wildlife are not uncommon especially in dry seasons.
There are over 10 haphazard and mushrooming settlements within the sub-catchment mostly along the River Tana. These settlements are recent and are as a result of recurrent droughts that wiped out livestock forcing many pastoral dropouts to settle in order to attract food aid, try petty business and crop farming as the last alternative. The settlements also houses vulnerable members of pastoralists as able bodied members herd the few remaining livestock.
3.4 Existing management practicesSaka Community is actively involved in the management of natural resources through traditional norms and elders although weakened over time. Community elders are involved in giving advice on resource use and heavily on conflict resolution.
The Sub-catchment has a WRUA since 2011 whose mandate is to sustainably manage water and other natural resources. The WRUA is a registered association with Ministry of Gender, Children Social Development on 16th February 20011 with certificate number 139174 and with Office of the Attorney General with receipt number SOC/61255 of 8th July 2011. There are over 90 members mostly representing different community institutions and more are registering with time. The WRUA’s membership is voluntary and currently consists of people from varied backgrounds including pastoralists, traders and women. The WRUA work closely with various government agencies in particular with WRMA, Ministries of Water and Irrigation (MoWI), Livestock Development and Agriculture and CARE. IUCN, in partnership with WRMA and FaIDA, also works with the WRUA; this work is focussed mainly in enhancing their capacity in natural resource management and resource governance through strengthening of traditional institutions and laws on resource use and management, as well as initiating activities that build community resilience to drought and curtail environmental degradation.
Currently the WRUA is tasked with water management and conservation plus environmental protection in general. However, the WRUA will upscale their mandate to include pasture and fodder management, wildlife and other natural resources. Community members using the WRUA as a platform will engage with government departments and other partners on issues around management, protection, efficient use of resources, reporting and apprehending of criminals/those who break agreement and norms on resource use.
Communities practice a pastoralism life style where their livestock and those of neighbouring communities depend on free access to pasture and fodder. There have been minor incidences of conflict over use of resources between pastoralists and agro-pastoralists. In 2005, the community with the support of the area chiefs set up committee of elders and unwritten by-laws to support resource conservation especially in the “Bada or Goosh” (riparian Acacia forests). Some of the rules include no cutting of leaving trees and no more farms and new settlements within in the “Bada” and south the Garissa – Balamabala Road. When the WRUA was formed in 2011, the above mentioned elders joined the new structure to continue with the conservation efforts.
Forest and woodlands resourcesSaka sub-catchment is covered with luxuriant riparian Acacia forest along the Tana River and Acacia - Commiphora woodlands on the plains. The resource is protected using by-laws set by the community and it’s estimated to be about 40% of the land cover. The major vegetation are Acacia tortilis and A. elatior along the Tana River and A. tortilis, A. mellifera, A. senegal, A. reficiens, Delonix elata, Terminalia orbicularis, Boscia spp, Boswelia neglecta, Commiphora erythrea and C. africana on the plains. Non-wood products such as gums, resins, honey, pods and thatch are also among the products derived from the forest/woodlands. The community similarly uses the forest to obtain poles for construction and fuel-wood. The biggest threats to the forest and woodlands are deforestation; charcoal burning and invasive weeds especially Prosopis juliflora.
Wildlife resources Wildlife resources are plenty and available in the sub-catchment grazing/browsing freely with livestock. The flourishing status of wildlife is attributed to protection from the community. The community sees wildlife ungulates as an assurance against livestock predators such as hyena, cheetah, lion and wild dogs. They also appreciate the role of marabou stock in disposing carcasses. Others also value the role of wildlife in tourism that generates salaries for teachers, health staff and others government staff. They also associate birds in pollination and dispersal of indigenous plant species. Other community members also find wildlife to be encouraging the sprouting of natural vegetation and in providing manure for vegetation. However, threats such as settlement, habitat loss, drought and conflicts with humans exist. Saka sub-catchment has endangered and threatened species e.g. Wild Dogs (Lycaon pictus), African Elephant (Loxodonta africana), African Lions (Panthera leo) and Grevy’s Zebra (Equus grevyi). Common wildlife species found in the sub-catchment include: Somali Ostrich (Struthio camelus molybdophanes), Reticulated Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata), hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibious), Lesser Kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis), Plain Zebra (Equus quagga), Aardvark (Orycteropus
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afer), Genet Cat (Genetta sp.), African Civet Cat (Civettictis civetta), White Tailed Mongoose (Ichneumia albicauda), Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta), leopard (Panthera pardus), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), Black–backed Jackal (Canis mesomelas), African Wildcat (Felis sylvestris lybica), Honey Badger (Mellivora capensis), Velvet Monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus), Olive baboons (Papio anubis), African Hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris), bats, Ground Squirrel (many species), Lesser Bush Baby (Galago senegalensis), spring hare (Pedetes capensis), crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus), gerenuk (Litocranius walleri), dik-dik (Madoqua kirkii), warthog (Phacochoerus africanus), tortoise (Geochelone sulcata), porcupine (Hystrix cristata), as well as many different kinds of snakes and numerous bat and bird species.
Livestock resources Livestock is the main asset of communities living in Saka. Communities rear different kinds of livestock with the main ones being camels, cattle, goats, sheep, donkeys and poultry (Table 1). Almost every household depends on livestock for subsistence and as a source of income. It is estimated that livestock contributes to 95% of food production and income in the sub-catchment. In recent years the livestock resource has been affected by severe and recurrent droughts weakening herd and eventually causing death in some instances thereby, leading to lose of livelihoods.
Water resources The water resources in the sub-catchment include permanent and seasonal rivers (Laghas), shallow wells, water pans and natural ponds. There is one permanent river (River Tana), 15 Laghas and about 75 seasonal shallow wells situated at interval of about half kilometer along the major Laghas. In rainy season, it is estimated that a single shallow well can sustain thousand herds a day for a period of two month. The water resource is threatened by pollution, contamination, conflicts, fencing and recurrent drought. The major uses of water in the sub-catchment are domestic use, livestock use and crop farming.
A part from livestock, other major water uses are for domestic (communities, schools, health facilities and mosques) and crop irrigation in farms.
FarmlandsSome community members practice crop and agroforestry farming along the River Tana with most being small scale farms. They are 25 registered group farms. Watering of farms is usually done manually though pump sets are used in some of the farms. The crops and fruits grown include maize, tomatoes, watermelon, mangoes, onions, bananas, pawpaw, kales (Sukuma wiki), and capsicum (Pilipili hoho) (Table 2).
Pasture and fodder resources Pasture and fodder resources are vital component for the pastoral community. The pasture zone cover about 90% of the sub-catchment and dominated by grasses (Aristida spp, Eragrostis spp, Tetrapogon spp) legumes and shrubs (Indigofera spp, Tephrosia spp, Seracocomopsis pallida, Ipomea donaldsonii, Cordia spp, Anistosis tannensis, Acacia spp, Duospermum spp) while the riparian forest mainly of A. tortilis are vital for fodder accessibility and nutrition especially in dry seasons. It’s estimated that a single Acacia tortilis tree can produce 10 kg of pods per season or 20 kg per year. Unfortunately, some perennial palatable species such as Chrysopogon aucheri, Chloris roxburghiana, Sprobolus helvolus, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Entropogon macrostachyus, Litepes senegalensis and Bleriperisperum spp have disappeared/over exploited due to overgrazing/over browsing. Farms along the River Tana also provide crop stovers, fodder from agroforestry tree leaves and some grow grasses (mainly Sudan Grass) through irrigation for livestock. Pasture and fodder are important to the livestock enterprise, however this resource is threatened by overgrazing, overstocking and climate change.
Regrettably, traditional grazing plans have been abandoned. There are also no distinctive rules and regulations on wet and dry season grazing and regulations that separate the use of resources by local community and outsider groups.
Table 1 Estimated livestock population in Saka Sub-catchment
Livestock Population
Camel 71,450Cattle 94,040Goats 260,800Sheep 107,000Donkeys 16,000Hives –Langstroths 88Hives-KTBH 372Hives-local 560Poultry 3,200
Source: District Livestock Production Office, Balambala (2012)
Table 2 Estimated yields of crops/fruits grown in Saka Sub-catchment
Crop/vegetable/fruits Estimate production (tons/year)
Tomato 130
Watermelon 4.5
Mangoes 20
Onion 120
Banana 120
Pawpaw 3
Sukuma wiki 0.5
Pilipilihoho 0.5
Maize 560Source: District Agricultural Office, Balambala (2012)
Page 9
Minerals The minerals found in the sub-catchment include sand, cement like stones most probably “mudstone”, stones/hardcore and gravel. There could be other precious minerals but no exploration has been conducted to ascertain the type of minerals, their quantity and quality. The level of exploitation is very low due to inadequate skills and lack of investment. However, sand and soil are harvested for shelter but the degradation resulting from such exploitation is minimal therefore, not alarming. However, stringent measures need to be put in place to avoid widespread land degradation in future.
3.5 Population and settlement The sub-catchment is estimated to be inhabited by approximately 7,000 people with density of nine persons per km (Table 3)
3.6 Problem identification and ranking Problem identification and pairwise ranking was conducted with the community. The ranking was based on the severity and extent of the problems as perceived by the community (Table 4). Deforestation was perceived to be the most severe and polythene bag menace the least.
Table 4: Ranking Natural resource related problems in Saka Sub catchment
Problem DF WFR OV DR SE PB Score Rank
Deforestation (DF) 1 1 1 1 1 5 1
Wildfire/charcoal burning (WFR) 0 1 1 1 1 4 2
Overgrazing (OV) 0 0 1 1 1 3 3
Drought (DR) 0 0 0 1 1 2 4
Soil erosion (SE) 0 0 0 0 1 1 5
Polythene bags (PB) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
Additionally, problem identification and ranking was done for each existing resource in the sub-catchment and are listed below:
Problem identification and ranking for river related issues 1. Change of river course 2. Floods and related problems e.g. mosquito infestation, pollution and turbidity 3. River bank erosion 4. Crocodile menace 5. River diversion 6. Spread of Prosopis juliflora
Table 3 Estimated population of Saka Sub-catchment
Location Population Household Area Density no. (km2) (persons/km2)
Female Male Total
Saka 2,673 2,338 5,011 913 531.9 9
Daley 1,036 868 1,904 342 216.2 9
Total 3,709 3,206 6,915 1,255 748.1 Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (2009)
Page 10
Problem identification and ranking for farmland 1. Destruction /lack of irrigation infrastructure 2. Flash floods 3. Human-wildlife conflicts arising from no/lack fence and protection to control entry of wildlife as well as livestock 4. Poor market 5. Poor roads6. Inadequate capacity on crop production 7. Frequent breakdown of pumps 8. Pastoralist encroachment to farms9. Pests and diseases
Problem identification for pasture/fodder and forests/woodlands1. Fire 2. Frequent droughts 3. Mushrooming of settlement and water sources 4. De-vegetation/deforestation5. Overgrazing 6. Livestock influx especially those for Garissa Market 7. Inadequate water to access pasture 8. Invasive weeds e.g. Prosopis9. Wildlife and livestock conflicts especially during the dry spell
Problem identification for wildlife 1. No direct benefit from wildlife2. Human-wildlife conflicts including destruction of farm products, human deaths and livestock 3. Inadequate water 4. Conversion of pasture to farms 5. Pests and diseases
Problem identification for livestock
1. Drought
2. Pests and diseases
3. Inadequate extension services
4. Poor market
5. Inadequate pasture due to overgrazing, deforestation and charcoal burning
6. Predators
7. Conversion of pasture into farmlands
8. Closure of watering corridors
Generally there is little baseline information on natural resource status and related activities that influence conditions of resources. To gain more information on the current status of the natural resources that will enhance sound management, community members and other stakeholders involved in SCMP preparation identified certain areas that need gathering of baseline information (Table 5). The budget for the various proceeding chapters (in Kenya Shillings – Kshs) consists of lump sum estimates including transport, inputs, per diems, stationery and expertise costs.
Page 11
Tabl
e 5:
Pla
nned
mat
rix
for c
atch
men
t cha
ract
eris
tics
Targ
et: O
btai
n ad
equa
te n
atur
al re
sour
ce d
ata
Ove
rall
outp
ut: R
elia
ble
curr
ent n
atur
al re
sour
ce d
ata
A
ctiv
ities
Sub-
activ
ityR
espo
nsib
ility
Out
puts
Indi
cato
rsT
ime
fram
eW
here
Bud
get (
kshs
)
100,
000
300,
000
Prob
lem
Bas
elin
e su
rvey
to
esta
blis
h th
e ex
tent
of
defo
rest
atio
n
Def
ores
tatio
n/
De-
vege
tatio
nSe
nsiti
zatio
n re
port
Def
ores
tatio
n as
sess
men
t rep
ort
Rep
ort s
ucce
ssfu
lly c
ompl
eted
and
acc
epte
d
Succ
essf
ully
com
plet
ed a
nd a
ccep
ted
repo
rt.
Det
aile
d da
ta o
n sp
ecie
s cu
t, am
ount
of b
iom
ass
defo
rest
ed a
nd fo
r wha
t pur
pose
R
epor
t suc
cess
fully
com
plet
ed a
nd a
ccep
ted
Oct
201
2
Nov
201
2–
Mar
ch 2
013
In a
ll re
sour
ce
man
agem
ent
units
In a
ll re
sour
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man
agem
ent
units
• C
omm
unity
sen
sitis
atio
n (T
rans
port,
Exp
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unch
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eld
met
hodo
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d da
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olle
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MA
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IDA
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FS•
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MA
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dmin
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unity
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Shar
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RU
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omm
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rans
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Exp
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unch
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FS•
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UA
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CN
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Rep
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and
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May
201
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100,
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ning
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l sur
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RM
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ent
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Succ
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Det
aile
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All
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300,
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arch
201
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100,
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Sub-
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l50
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0
Page 12
Act
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Det
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the
sub-
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hmen
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nom
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exp
loita
tion/
use
Nov
embe
r 20
12–
Mar
ch
2013
In a
ll re
sour
ce
man
agem
ent
units
8,00
0,00
0
Shar
e ge
olog
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sur
vey
repo
rt w
ith W
RU
A a
nd c
omm
unity
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FS•
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FaID
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MA
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EMA
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ay 2
013
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Cen
tre10
0,00
0
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tota
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rgra
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ondu
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pa
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e st
atus
& li
vest
ock
infl u
x
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RU
A•
WR
MA
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CN
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IDA
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DM
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MoL
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repo
rtR
epor
t suc
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fully
com
plet
ed a
nd a
ccep
ted
Febr
uary
201
3
Past
oral
and
ag
ro-p
asto
ral
units
100,
000
Des
ign
and
cond
uct p
astu
re
surv
ey in
clud
ing
map
ping
&
stat
us
• W
RU
A•
WR
MA
• IU
CN
• Fa
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DM
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MoL
D
Past
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stat
us re
port
• Su
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suc
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ports
ac
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Det
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n th
e pa
stur
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atus
in th
e su
b-ca
tchm
ent a
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ause
s of
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rada
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May
20
13
300,
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Des
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ent o
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tock
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aris
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arke
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sub-
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RU
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WR
MA
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CN
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Impa
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k fo
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aris
sa m
arke
t
• Su
rvey
s su
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sful
ly c
ompl
eted
and
repo
rts
acce
pted
D
etai
led
data
on
the
past
ure
stat
us in
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t and
cau
ses
of d
egra
datio
n
June
– A
ugus
t 20
1330
0,00
0
Shar
e w
ith c
omm
unity
pas
ture
st
atus
and
impa
ct o
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ck
for G
aris
sa M
arke
t rep
orts
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RU
A•
IUC
N•
FaID
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ND
MA
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EMA
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RM
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inis
tratio
n•
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mun
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p re
port
Rep
ort s
ucce
ssfu
lly c
ompl
eted
and
acc
epte
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ct 2
013
Saka
Cen
tre10
0,00
0
Sub-
tota
l80
0,00
0
Page 13
Act
iviti
esSu
b-ac
tivity
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Tim
e fra
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Whe
reBu
dget
(ksh
s)Pr
oble
m
Base
line
surv
ey
on w
ater
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roun
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w
ater
)
Lack
of d
ata
on
wat
er re
sour
ces
Sens
itiza
tion
repo
rtRe
port
succ
essf
ully
com
plet
ed a
nd a
ccep
ted
Mar
ch 2
013
All
reso
urce
m
anag
emen
t un
its
Com
mun
ity se
nsiti
satio
n •
WRU
A•
WRM
A•
MoW
&I
• N
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IUCN
• Fa
IDA
• A
dmin
istra
tion
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mm
unity
100,
000
Wat
er re
sour
ces (
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nd a
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ater
) sur
vey
for b
oth
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tity
and
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ity
• Co
nsul
tant
• W
RUA
• W
RMA
• M
oW&
I •
IUCN
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IDA
Wat
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sour
ces
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ent r
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t•
Succ
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plet
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nd a
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ted
repo
rt•
Det
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d da
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n lo
catio
n, v
olum
e, se
ason
ality
etc
of
surfa
ce a
nd g
roun
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ater
Apr
il-Ju
ne 2
013
500,
000
Shar
e w
ith c
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unity
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ces s
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s rep
ort
• W
RUA
• Co
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ND
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Repo
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eted
and
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ugus
t 201
3Sa
ka C
entre
100,
000
Sub-
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0,00
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Cha
nge o
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mm
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• W
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Febr
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3 Pa
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ag
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100,
000
Des
ign
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cond
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urse
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nge
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• D
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data
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ours
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ange
Mar
ch –
May
20
1330
0,00
0
Shar
e w
ith c
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unity
rive
r co
urse
cha
nge
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rt•
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ly 2
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tre10
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Page 14
Act
iviti
esSu
b-ac
tivity
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Tim
e fr
ame
Whe
reB
udge
t (ks
hs)
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lem
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uses
of b
anks
er
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k er
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ause
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ports
ac
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ed•
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n
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013
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0,00
0
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Floo
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ted
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Des
ign
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port
•
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and
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pted
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caus
es
May
– Ju
ly 2
013
300,
000
Shar
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ith c
omm
unity
rive
r ba
nk e
rosi
on a
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repo
rts•
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IDA
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DM
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ksho
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ort s
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ssfu
lly c
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and
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dSe
pt 2
013
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tre10
0,00
0
Sub-
tota
l
Pollu
tion
Ana
lysi
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he
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ater
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13A
ll re
sour
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agem
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Page 15
Act
iviti
esSu
b-ac
tivity
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Tim
e fr
ame
Whe
reB
udge
t (ks
hs)
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lem
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cts o
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le
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codi
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enac
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Wat
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ualit
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port
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ualit
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alys
is su
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ly c
ompl
eted
and
re
port
acce
pted
• D
etai
led
data
on
qual
ity o
f wat
er fr
om a
ll so
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s w
ithin
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t and
thei
r im
plic
atio
ns
May
– Ju
ly 2
013
Saka
Cen
tre
Des
ign
and
cond
uct q
ualit
y as
sess
men
t and
impl
icat
ions
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onsu
ltant
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RM
A•
WR
UA
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CN
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over
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m
anag
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its
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po
llutio
n re
port
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A•
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sulta
nt•
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MA
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FS•
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inis
tratio
n•
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mun
ity
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ksho
p re
port
Rep
ort s
ucce
ssfu
lly c
ompl
eted
and
acc
epte
dSe
pt 2
013
100,
000
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tota
l70
0,00
0
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mun
ity se
nsiti
satio
n •
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•
MoL
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IDA
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mun
ity
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itiza
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rtR
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t suc
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June
201
3 A
gro-
past
oral
un
it 10
0,00
0
Des
ign
and
cond
uct s
urve
y to
as
sess
impa
cts o
f cro
codi
le
on p
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e an
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esto
ck
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oA•
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WS
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mpl
icat
ions
doc
umen
ted
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-Jul
y 20
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0,00
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acc
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pt 2
013
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tre10
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tota
l
Wild
fi re
Ass
essm
ent o
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uses
and
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of w
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•
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stor
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201
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stor
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-pas
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its
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Page 16
Act
iviti
esSu
b-ac
tivity
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Tim
e fr
ame
Whe
reBu
dget
(ksh
s)Pr
oble
m
Wild
fi re
asse
ssm
ent
repo
rt
• A
sses
smen
t suc
cess
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plet
ed a
nd re
port
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pted
• D
etai
led
data
on
caus
es o
f wild
fi res
and
con
trols
do
cum
ente
d
Nov
201
3 –J
an
2014
Des
ign
and
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asse
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ent o
n ca
uses
and
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ntro
l of w
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es
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A
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000
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tre
Ass
essm
ent o
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rns
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w
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port
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arch
201
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l
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ro-p
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il 2
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-pas
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ent o
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uses
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d co
ntro
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apha
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omm
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ksho
p re
port
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ort s
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lly c
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eted
and
acc
epte
dSe
pt 2
013
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Cen
tre10
0,00
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Sub-
tota
l
Inva
sive
wee
d –
Pros
opis
julifl
ora
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athe
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over
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ch 2
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Page 17
Act
iviti
esSu
b-ac
tivity
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Tim
e fr
ame
Whe
reB
udge
t (ks
hs)
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lem
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heng
e as
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men
t re
port
• A
sses
smen
t suc
cess
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epor
t ac
cept
ed•
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aile
d da
ta o
n da
ta o
n co
vera
ge o
f inv
asiv
e w
eeds
, thr
eats
and
man
agem
ent i
n pl
ace
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il-Ju
ne 2
013
Des
ign
and
cond
uct
asse
ssm
ent o
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erag
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thre
at a
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ontro
l/ m
anag
emen
t
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oLD
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EFR
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N•
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oA
300,
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tota
l
Saka
Cen
tre
Con
duct
in
fras
truct
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stat
us
and
need
s as
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men
t su
rvey
Inad
equa
te
irri
gatio
n in
fras
truc
ture
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sive
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(M
athe
nge)
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ent o
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over
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th
reat
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agem
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Past
oral
and
ag
ro-p
asto
ral
units
Shar
e w
ith c
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unity
Pr
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is re
port
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EMA
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FS•
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inis
tratio
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ity
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ksho
p re
port
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ucce
ssfu
lly c
ompl
eted
and
acc
epte
dSe
pt 2
013
100,
000
500,
000
100,
000
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mun
ity s
ensi
tisat
ion
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RU
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MoA
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DM
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inis
tratio
n•
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ers
Sens
itiza
tion
repo
rtR
epor
t suc
cess
fully
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plet
ed a
nd a
ccep
ted
Sept
embe
r 201
3A
gro-
past
oral
un
it
Des
ign
and
cond
uct
infr
astru
ctur
e st
atus
and
ne
eds
asse
ssm
ent
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oA•
WR
UA
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A
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astru
ctur
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d ne
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ent
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rt
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sses
smen
t su
cces
sful
ly c
ompl
eted
and
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rt ac
cept
ed
• D
etai
led
data
on
data
on
stat
us o
f inf
rast
ruct
ure
in
plac
e
Oct
-Dec
201
330
0,00
0
Shar
e w
ith c
omm
unity
irr
igat
ion
infr
astru
ctur
e
repo
rt
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inis
tratio
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b 20
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tota
l
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an-w
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t C
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unity
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ober
201
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gro-
past
oral
un
it
500,
000
100,
000
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ign
and
cond
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uman
-w
ildlif
e co
nfl ic
t sur
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wild
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ict s
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smen
t suc
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fully
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epor
t ac
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aile
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ta o
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man
– w
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nfl ic
t in
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e
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Mar
ch 2
014
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000
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e w
ith c
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unity
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e re
port
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ksho
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lly c
ompl
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and
acc
epte
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pril
2014
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Cen
tre10
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tota
l50
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Page 18
Act
iviti
esSu
b-ac
tivity
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Tim
e fr
ame
Whe
reB
udge
t (ks
hs)
Prob
lem
Sens
itiza
tion
repo
rtR
epor
t suc
cess
fully
com
plet
ed a
nd a
ccep
ted
Jan
2014
Com
mun
ity se
nsiti
satio
n •
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UA
• M
oA•
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tion
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IDA
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mun
ity
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ket a
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arke
t cha
in su
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d va
lue
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n an
alys
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issa
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nty
and
natio
nal
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l
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arke
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nt•
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e ch
ain
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ysis
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lace
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– M
arch
20
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unity
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ay 2
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tre10
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l
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l cos
t (K
shs)
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00
Page 19
Chapter 4: Management approach
The chapter provides details on the management approaches that are considered appropriate for the progressive improvement of water and land management in the sub-catchment. It also explores ways of sustainably maximizing the benefits accruing from the resources that are available in sub-catchment. The management will adopt an approach where appropriate technologies and participatory processes are the main focus in the implementation of the adapted SCMP to ensure sustainability and resilience to drought. One of the key management themes of the adapted SCMP is to decentralize management activities with a view to making the WRUA and the stakeholders more responsive to the needs of their sub-catchment. This will be achieved through the following:
• Vision mapping of the management units
• Capacity build the WRUA to provide the services required to manage water and land resources.
• Sustainable NRM within a management unit to overcome the current challenges.
Saka sub-catchment is mainly suitable for livestock production. Nevertheless, irrigation farming is also practiced along the River Tana and rainfed crop farming in flush flood plains along some of the major laghas such as Qabobey and Fadiweyne. During the ASCMP development community members and other stakeholders proposed various interventions and management practices to overcome problems faced by the community. Most of the proposed activities will be spearheaded by community members with technical and financial support from government and other donor agencies. Saka WRUA is expected to mobilize community members to actively participate in implementing the proposed activities.
Objectives• To ensure a well conserved catchment that is sufficient both in quantity and quality of water and other land resources to
meet human and environmental requirement
• To ensure the local community is involved in the management, conservation and protection of the water and land resources
• To promote community resilience to drought through sustainable, equitable and efficient land and water resource management.
4.1 Participatory conservation of catchment for drought resilience
A combined community resource map was used to draw the vision map (Plate 4). The map contains proposed activities per management unit to overcome the challenges faced within the sub-catchment in the next five years. The catchment is classified as ALARM due to water scarcity, environmental degradation such as charcoal production and frequent droughts. Other challenges for each management unit are indicated below:
Page 20Plate 4: Community vision map for Saka Sub-catchment
Management unitsSaka Sub-catchment falls within 4GC and consists of three resource management units: pastoral, agro-pastoral and settlement.
Pastoral unitThe pastoral unit is the largest of the three management units and it is mainly used as grazing zone for livestock and wildlife especially in wet season and normal dry spell. The major challenges were highlighted in Chapter Three.
The following are the proposed activities to combat the above challenges:
• Regulate and guide dry and wet grazing seasons to avoid overgrazing
• Enlighten on stocking rates
• Reseeding and reforestation with local species from the sub-catchment
• Improve the availability of water for livestock, domestic and wildlife
• Management of pests and diseases – including information on early warning/surveillance
• Reduce human-wildlife conflict through sensitization and awareness creation, strengthen partnership with KWS, formation of game scouts, increased corporate responsibility to communities and ecotourism promotion
• Formation/strengthen of by-laws on pasture, water, livestock and environmental management
• Infrastructure development – roads, communication network to enhance the above suggested solutions.
Agro-pastoral unit This unit is the second largest management unit within the sub-catchment and it is mainly used as dry season grazing zone for livestock and wildlife. The zone also covers croplands dotted within the area. The major constraints were highlighted in Chapter Three.
The following are the proposed activities to reduce the severity of the above challenges:
• Formation/strengthen of by-laws on pasture, fodder and crop management
• Conservation of Acacia tortilis riparian forests for fodder through community forest scouts, strengthen partnership with KFS and KEFRI, afforestation and reforestation
• Protection of existing Malkas (water corridors) and advocacy for more
• River bank protection/stabilization
• Promotion fodder farming and agroforestry
• Promotion of wildlife farming and sanctuaries
• Reduce farmer-pastoralist-wildlife conflicts through electric fencing, strengthen partnership with KWS, formation of game scouts, increased corporate responsibility to communities and ecotourism promotion
• Sensitization and awareness creation
• Management and mainstreaming of conservation activities in irrigation schemes.
Settlement unitThis unit is the smallest management unit within the sub-catchment and it is mainly used as town centres and market outlets for livestock and crop products. The settlement zone consists of mushrooming and haphazard town centres formed by pastoral dropouts and businessmen. The major constraints were highlighted in Chapter Three.
The following are the proposed activities to reduce the impacts of the above challenges:
• Physical planning of major settlements
• Formation/strengthen of by-laws on environmental conservation
• Establishment of markets for livestock and crops
• Recycling of polythene bags and planned disposal of solid waste
• Promotion of natural resource based cottage industries
• Provision of clean and adequate water
• Promotion of natural resource management education.
Based on the above threats and activities the community developed work plan and budget matrix for management interventions to build resilience and enhance sustainable land and water uses (Table 6).
Page 21
Tabl
e 6:
Pla
nned
mat
rix
for m
anag
emen
t app
roac
h in
Sak
a Su
b-ca
tchm
ent
Targ
et: T
o bu
ild c
omm
unity
resi
lienc
e an
d en
hanc
e su
stai
nabl
e re
sour
ce m
anag
emen
t in
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t to
be
spea
rhea
ded
by W
RU
A m
embe
rs a
nd o
ther
sta
keho
lder
s O
vera
ll ou
tput
: The
com
mun
ity w
ithin
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t und
erst
and
the
ecol
ogic
al, c
omm
erci
al a
nd li
velih
ood
zone
s an
d ap
prop
riate
mec
hani
sm to
sol
ve th
e ex
istin
g re
sour
ces
chal
leng
es
Act
iviti
esSu
b-ac
tiviti
esR
espo
nsib
ility
Out
puts
Indi
cato
rsW
hen
Whe
reB
udge
t (ks
hs)
500,
000
Prob
lem
/ O
bjec
tives
Cap
acity
bui
ldin
g of
WR
UA
and
co
mm
unity
m
embe
rs o
n na
tura
l res
ourc
e m
anag
emen
t to
solv
e w
ater
sca
rcity
Wat
er sc
arci
tyW
orks
hop
repo
rt •
Succ
essf
ully
doc
umen
ted
and
acce
pted
w
orks
hop
repo
rt•
Impr
oved
wat
er m
anag
emen
t
Jan
2013
Settl
emen
t zon
e (S
aka
Cen
tre)
Wor
ksho
p on
man
agem
ent
of e
xist
ing
wat
er s
ourc
es
(3da
ys)
• W
RU
A
• M
oWI
• W
RM
A
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• O
ther
NG
Os
Awar
enes
s ra
isin
g on
re
sour
ce u
se a
nd m
anag
emen
t un
der d
evol
ved
syst
em o
f go
vern
ance
s (1
1 se
nsiti
zatio
n m
eetin
gs -
Bar
azas
)
• W
RU
A•
WR
MA
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• K
FS•
KW
S•
MoA
• M
oLD
• N
DM
A•
MoW
&I
Awar
enes
s cr
eatio
n re
port
Succ
essf
ully
doc
umen
ted
and
acce
pted
aw
aren
ess
repo
rtJa
n 20
13Se
ttlem
ent z
one
(in 1
1 ce
ntre
s)60
0,00
0
Sub-
tota
l1,
100,
000
100,
000
Poor
land
use
Map
ping
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t int
o m
anag
emen
t uni
t
Hol
d 11
Com
mun
ity
sens
itiza
tion
sess
ions
•
WR
UA
• W
RM
A•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
ND
MA
Awar
enes
s cr
eatio
n re
port
Succ
essf
ully
doc
umen
ted
and
acce
pted
se
nsiti
zatio
n re
port
Feb
– M
arch
20
13Se
ttlem
ent z
one
(in 1
1 ce
ntre
s)
Dig
itisa
tion
of c
omm
unity
m
ap (
Geo
-ref
eren
cing
, im
age
clas
sifi c
atio
n, g
roun
d tru
thin
g an
d va
lidat
ion,
pr
intin
g an
d sh
arin
g w
ith
partn
ers
and
com
mun
ity)
• C
onsu
ltant
• W
RM
A•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
ND
MA
• W
RU
A
Dig
itize
d m
ap o
f Sa
ka S
ub-c
atch
men
t m
anag
emen
t uni
ts
with
det
aile
d re
port
Succ
essf
ully
doc
umen
ted
and
acce
pted
dig
itize
d m
ap
Apr
il 20
13A
ll m
anag
emen
t un
its w
ithin
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t
1,00
0,00
0
Shar
e w
ith c
omm
unity
GIS
m
aps
• C
onsu
ltant
• W
RU
A•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
ND
MA
• N
EMA
• W
RM
A
• K
FS•
Adm
inis
tratio
n•
Com
mun
ity
Wor
ksho
p re
port
Rep
ort s
ucce
ssfu
lly c
ompl
eted
and
acc
epte
dJu
ne 2
013
Saka
Cen
tre10
0,00
0
Sub-
tota
l1,
200,
000
100,
000
Cha
rcoa
l bur
ning
Sust
aina
ble
char
coal
pr
oduc
tion
Awar
enes
s cr
eatio
n on
su
stai
nabl
e ch
arco
al
prod
uctio
n an
d m
anag
emen
t
• K
FS•
WR
UA
• C
omm
unity
• C
ount
y G
ov’t/
Cou
nty
Cou
ncil
• N
EMA
• W
RM
A•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
ND
MA
Awar
enes
s cr
eatio
n re
port
• Su
cces
sful
ly d
ocum
ente
d an
d ac
cept
ed
awar
enes
s re
port
• Im
prov
ed tr
ee c
over
with
in th
e su
b-ca
tchm
ent
Apr
il 20
13A
ll m
anag
emen
t un
its w
ithin
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t
Page 22
Sub-
activ
ities
Act
iviti
esW
here
Bud
get (
kshs
)W
hen
Out
puts
300,
000
Prob
lem
/ O
bjec
tives
Reg
ulat
e an
d gu
ide
dry
and
wet
seas
on
graz
ing
Succ
essf
ully
regi
ster
ed a
nd re
cogn
ized
cha
rcoa
l pr
oduc
ers a
ssoc
iatio
nsM
ay-J
une
2013
All
man
agem
ent
units
with
in th
e su
b-ca
tchm
ent
Form
atio
n of
cha
rcoa
l a
prod
ucer
s ass
ocia
tion
that
pr
actic
e su
stai
nabl
e ch
arco
al
prod
uctio
n
• K
FS•
WR
UA
• N
EMA
• N
DM
A
• Fa
IDA
Res
pons
ibili
tyIn
dica
tors
Ove
rgra
zing
Reg
iste
red
char
coal
pro
duce
rs
asso
ciat
ions
Dev
elop
men
t of w
oodl
and/
fore
st m
anag
emen
t pla
n •
KFS
• W
RU
A
• C
omm
unity
• N
EMA
• W
RM
A•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
ND
MA
Det
aile
d w
oodl
and/
fo
rest
man
agem
ent
plan
Woo
dlan
d m
anag
emen
t pla
n su
cces
sful
ly
docu
men
ted
and
acce
pted
Aug
ust-S
ept
2013
Past
oral
and
ag
ro-p
asto
ral
units
1,00
0,00
0
Shar
e w
ith c
omm
unity
w
oodl
and/
fore
st m
anag
emen
t pl
an
• W
RU
A•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
ND
MA
• N
EMA
• W
RM
A
• K
FS•
Adm
inis
tratio
n•
Com
mun
ity
Wor
ksho
p re
port
Rep
ort s
ucce
ssfu
lly c
ompl
eted
and
acc
epte
dSe
pt 2
013
Saka
Cen
tre10
0,00
0
Sub-
tota
l1,
500,
000
1,00
0,00
0C
omm
unity
con
sulta
tion
mee
tings
•
WR
UA
• M
oLD
• A
dmin
istra
tion
• El
ders
• C
omm
unity
•
KW
S•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
WR
MA
• N
DM
A
Cha
rcoa
l bur
ning
Sust
aina
ble
char
coal
pr
oduc
tion
Gra
zing
man
agem
ent
com
mitt
ee (G
MC
) fo
rmed
/stre
ngth
ened
to
regu
late
dry
and
w
et se
ason
gra
zing
Min
utes
of m
eetin
gs
Oct
ober
eve
ry
year
and
Mar
ch
ever
y ye
ar (
for 5
ye
ars)
Past
oral
and
ag
ro-p
asto
ral
units
Dev
elop
men
t of d
ry a
nd w
et
graz
ing
patte
rn•
Con
sulta
nt•
WR
UA
• K
WS
• M
oLD
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• W
RM
A•
ND
MA
Seas
onal
gra
zing
ca
lend
ar p
lann
ed
and
impl
emen
ted
by
GM
C
Prog
ress
repo
rtsO
ctob
er e
very
ye
ar a
nd M
arch
ev
ery
year
( fo
r 5
year
s)
Past
oral
and
ag
ro-p
asto
ral
units
1,00
0,00
0
Shar
ing
dry
and
wet
gra
zing
pa
ttern
with
com
mun
ity
• C
onsu
ltant
• W
RU
A•
KW
S•
MoL
D•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
WR
MA
• N
DM
A•
Elde
rs•
Com
mun
ity•
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Wor
ksho
p re
port
Rep
ort s
ucce
ssfu
lly c
ompl
eted
and
acc
epte
dSe
pt 2
013
Saka
Cen
tre10
0,00
0
Page 23
Sub-
activ
ities
Act
iviti
esW
here
Budg
et (k
shs)
Whe
nO
utpu
ts
2,50
0,00
0
Prob
lem
/ O
bjec
tives
Prog
ress
repo
rts20
13 -
2017
Past
oral
and
ag
ro-p
asto
ral
units
Impl
emen
tatio
n of
dry
and
w
et g
razi
ng p
atte
rn•
WR
UA
• M
oLD
• K
WS
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• W
RM
A•
ND
MA
• El
ders
• C
omm
unity
• A
dmin
istra
tion
• C
ount
y C
ounc
il/ C
ount
y G
ov’t
Res
pons
ibili
tyIn
dica
tors
Plan
ned
seas
onal
gr
azin
g ca
lend
ar
impl
emen
ted
by
GM
C
Ove
rgra
zing
Reg
ulat
e an
d gu
ide
dry
and
wet
seas
on
graz
ing
Sens
itiza
tion
and
awar
enes
s cr
eatio
n w
orks
hops
• W
RU
A•
Adm
inis
tratio
n •
Elde
rs
• K
WS
• M
oLD
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• W
RM
A•
ND
MA
Com
mun
ities
se
nsiti
zed
on
dest
ocki
ng
No.
of s
ensi
tizat
ion
mee
tings
A
pril
2013
June
201
4Pa
stor
al a
nd
agro
-pas
tora
l un
its
300,
000
Sub-
tota
l4,
900,
000
300,
000
Wea
k ea
rly
war
ning
syst
em
Enlig
hten
co
mm
uniti
es o
n th
e ne
ed to
des
tock
Doc
umen
t the
exi
stin
g an
d tra
ditio
nal e
arly
war
ning
sy
stem
s
• N
DM
A•
Met
Dep
t •
MoL
D•
MoA
• K
WS
• W
RU
A•
WR
MA
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
Exis
ting
and
tradi
tiona
l rep
orts
Trad
ition
al e
arly
war
ning
s suc
cess
fully
doc
umen
ted
and
repo
rt ac
cept
edN
ov 2
013
Past
oral
and
ag
ro-p
asto
ral
units
Inte
grat
e tra
ditio
nal a
nd
mod
ern
early
war
ning
sy
stem
s
Inte
grat
ed tr
aditi
onal
an
d m
oder
n ea
rly
war
ning
repo
rts
Inte
grat
ed tr
aditi
onal
and
mod
ern
early
war
ning
re
ports
succ
essf
ully
doc
umen
ted
and
repo
rt ac
cept
ed
Nov
201
330
0,00
0
Dev
elop
and
stre
ngth
en
early
war
ning
syst
ems a
nd
surv
eilla
nce
Red
uced
inci
denc
e of
pe
sts a
nd d
isea
ses
infe
stat
ion
No.
of l
ives
tock
vac
cina
ted/
trea
ted
Con
tinuo
us fr
om
Oct
ober
201
2-Ju
ne 2
017
Past
oral
and
ag
ro-p
asto
ral
units
1,00
0,00
0
Com
mun
ity c
onsu
ltatio
n to
se
nsiti
ze a
nd a
gree
on
the
num
ber a
nd th
e co
st o
f off-
take
per
live
stoc
k
• M
oLD
• M
oA•
KW
S•
ND
MA
Sens
itiza
tion
repo
rtsA
gree
d no
. of l
ives
tock
for o
ff- ta
ke
Dro
ught
yea
rs50
0,00
0
Exec
utio
n of
off-
take
• W
RU
A•
Met
Dep
t•
Adm
inis
tratio
n•
DSG
Live
stoc
k of
f -ta
ke
plan
Agr
eed
no. o
f liv
esto
ck fo
r off-
take
D
roug
ht y
ears
Past
oral
and
ag
ro-p
asto
ral
units
10,0
00,0
00
Sub-
tota
l12
,100
,000
3,00
0,00
0C
onfl i
ct o
ver
natu
ral r
esou
rces
Stre
ngth
en e
xist
ing
peac
e co
mm
ittee
s to
redu
ce c
onfl i
ct o
ver
reso
urce
s dur
ing
drou
ght p
erio
ds
Trai
ning
com
mitt
ees o
n co
nfl ic
t res
olut
ion
(1 se
ssio
n pe
r yea
r)
• Pe
ace
com
mitt
ee•
WR
UA
•
MoL
D•
MoA
• K
WS
• N
DM
A•
Adm
inis
tratio
n•
DSG
Trai
ning
repo
rtsSu
cces
sful
ly d
ocum
ente
d an
d ac
cept
ed tr
aini
ng
repo
rtsJu
ly p
er y
ear f
or
5 ye
ars
All
man
agem
ent
units
in th
e su
b-ca
tchm
ent
Expo
sure
vis
it fo
r pea
ce
com
mitt
ees t
o ar
eas w
ith
activ
e pe
ace
initi
ativ
es
Expo
sure
repo
rtsSu
cces
sful
ly d
ocum
ente
d an
d ac
cept
ed e
xpos
ure
repo
rtsO
ne e
xpos
ure
afte
r eve
ry tw
o ye
ars
2,50
0,00
0
Surv
eilla
nce
by p
eace
co
mm
ittee
s and
con
fl ict
re
solu
tion
mee
tings
Surv
eilla
nce
and
mee
ting
repo
rtsSu
cces
sful
ly d
ocum
ente
d an
d ac
cept
ed su
rvei
llanc
e an
d m
eetin
g re
ports
Two
surv
eilla
nce
and
mee
tings
per
ye
ar
1,00
0,00
0
Sub-
tota
l6,
500,
000
Man
agem
ent o
f na
tura
l dis
aste
rs
(pes
ts a
nd d
isea
ses,
drou
ght)
Page 24
Sub-
activ
ities
Act
iviti
esW
here
Budg
et (k
shs)
Whe
nO
utpu
ts
1,00
0,00
0
Prob
lem
/ O
bjec
tives
• N
o. c
onfl i
cts a
void
ed
• N
o. o
f mee
tings
exe
cute
d to
reso
lve
confl
ict
June
– O
ctob
er
per y
ear
Febr
uary
–
Mar
ch p
er y
ear
(201
3-20
17)
Pasto
ral a
nd
agro
-pas
tora
l un
its
Hum
an-w
ildlif
e co
nfl ic
t re
solu
tion
mee
tings
• W
RUA
• W
RMA
• K
WS
• N
DM
A•
KFS
• M
oLD
• M
oA•
IUCN
• Fa
IDA
Res
pons
ibili
tyIn
dica
tors
Redu
ced
inci
denc
e of
hum
an-w
ildlif
e co
nfl ic
ts
Hum
an –
wild
life
confl
ict
Redu
ce h
uman
-w
ildlif
e co
nfl ic
t
Sens
itiza
tion
on p
eace
ful
co-e
xiste
nce
with
wild
life
on-fa
rms
• K
WS
• IU
CN•
FaID
A•
WRU
A•
WRM
A•
Peac
e co
mm
ittee
•
MoA
Com
mun
ities
se
nsiti
zed
on
peac
eful
co-
exist
ence
(th
emse
lves
and
with
na
ture
)
No.
of s
ensit
izat
ion
mee
tings
Oct
ober
201
2 –
June
201
7A
gro-
pasto
ral
unit
500,
000
Sub-
tota
l1,
500,
000
5,00
0,00
0W
eak
cust
omar
y in
stitu
tions
& la
ws
for N
RM
Form
ation
/str
engt
hen
of
insti
tutio
ns an
d by
-law
s on
the
man
agem
ent a
nd
use/r
esou
rce s
harin
g of
natu
ral r
esou
rces
(p
astu
re, f
odde
r, liv
esto
ck, w
ater a
nd
crop
man
agem
ent
and
envi
ronm
ental
co
nser
vatio
n) b
y re
siden
ts an
d ou
tside
rs
Mee
tings
with
com
mun
ities
an
d pa
rtner
s to
form
ulat
e,
deve
lop
and
enfo
rce
by-la
ws
• IU
CN•
FaID
A•
MoL
D•
KW
S•
KFS
• M
oWI
• A
dmin
istra
tion
• El
ders
•
WRU
A•
WRM
A•
MoA
• En
viro
nmen
tal c
omm
ittee
• O
ther
NG
Os
Impr
oved
gov
erna
nce
on p
astu
re, l
ives
tock
an
d en
viro
nmen
t th
roug
h le
galiz
ed
custo
mar
y in
stitu
tions
an
d by
-law
s
No.
of b
y-la
ws d
evel
oped
and
enf
orce
dO
ctob
er 2
012
– Ju
ne 2
017
Pasto
ral,
agro
-pa
stora
l and
se
ttlem
ent u
nits
Wea
k bi
odiv
ersit
y co
nser
vatio
n al
ong
Riv
er T
ana
Awar
enes
s cre
atio
n an
d se
nsiti
zatio
n m
eetin
gs o
n co
nser
vatio
n of
Aca
cia
torti
lis
ripar
ian
fore
sts “
Bada
” fo
r fo
dder
• K
FS•
KW
S•
WRU
A•
WRM
A•
IUCN
•
FaID
A•
Com
mun
ity
• El
ders
•
Adm
inist
ratio
n
Com
mun
ities
se
nsiti
zed
and
fore
sts
cons
erve
d
• A
crea
ge o
f “Ba
da”
fore
st co
nser
ved
• N
o. o
f mee
tings
org
aniz
ed fo
r co
nser
vatio
n “B
ada”
fore
st
Nov
embe
r 201
2 –
June
201
7A
gro-
pasto
ral
unit
1,00
0,00
0Pr
omot
e bi
odiv
ersit
y co
nser
vatio
n
• W
RUA
• M
oA•
WRM
A•
IUCN
• Fa
IDA
• N
EMA
• K
FS•
CDF
• LA
TF
Trai
ning
s on
fodd
er fa
rmin
g an
d ag
rofre
stry
on-fa
rms
Fodd
er a
nd
agro
fore
stry
prom
oted
on
farm
s •
No.
of t
rain
ings
on
fodd
er a
nd a
grof
ores
try•
Acr
eage
und
er fo
dder
/agr
ofor
estry
Oct
ober
201
2 –
June
201
7 A
gro-
pasto
ral
unit
1,00
0,00
0
Page 25
Sub-
activ
ities
Act
iviti
esW
here
Budg
et (k
shs)
Whe
nO
utpu
ts
1,00
0,00
0
Prob
lem
/ O
bjec
tives
No.
of s
chem
es th
at p
rom
ote
biod
iver
sity
co
nser
vatio
nO
ctob
er 2
012-
June
201
7A
gro-
past
oral
un
itPr
omot
ion
of in
dige
nous
sp
ecie
s bio
dive
rsity
co
nser
vatio
n on
-far
ms
• M
W&
I•
MoA
• W
RU
A
• K
enya
Red
Cro
ss
• A
deso
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
•
Farm
ers
• W
RM
A•
ND
MA
• C
DF
• LA
TF
Res
pons
ibili
tyIn
dica
tors
Bio
dive
rsity
co
nser
vatio
n pr
omot
ed w
ithin
gr
oup
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atio
n sc
hem
es
Tota
l
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k bi
odiv
ersit
y co
nser
vatio
n al
ong
Riv
er T
ana
Prom
ote
biod
iver
sity
co
nser
vatio
n
Rec
yclin
g of
pol
y ba
gs a
nd
was
te m
anag
emen
t•
WR
UA
• W
RM
A•
NEM
A•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
Line
min
istri
es (H
oDs)
Was
te m
anag
ed
and
poly
then
e ba
gs
recy
cled
in m
ajor
ce
ntre
s with
in th
e su
b-ca
tchm
ent
Kgs
of p
olyt
hene
and
was
te m
anag
ed a
nd re
cycl
ed
July
201
3 –
Dec
embe
r 201
4Se
ttlem
ent u
nit
1,00
0,00
0
Sub-
tota
l4,
000,
000
37,8
00,0
00
Page 26
Chapter 5: Resource availability and demand
This chapter provides a description of the resource balance status within the sub-catchment with respect to availability of the resources and demand. The chapter shows that the resource balance has to consider the reserve, the future demands, and needs for conservation. The information will be used to develop resource allocation plans to identify deficit and surplus areas for improvement and to mitigate resource deficits and uses. Water and land resources are the backbone for community survival within the sub-catchment. An important concept of resource management is to match or balance the demand for resources with its availability, through suitable resource allocation arrangements. Establishing demand for resources within the sub-catchment and ascertaining the resource availability will help in planning effectively to enable community use the resources equitably and sustainably.
At the sub-catchment level, there is a large number of often competing resource needs by residents and outsiders. The main source of water for communities and their livestock are R. Tana, ponds, pans and shallow wells. Except for the R. Tana the rest of the sources are seasonal. Water and pasture use are highest in wet seasons when the sources are in plenty than in dry seasons. The current resource use especially pastures and water (in sites far from the R. Tana) may not sustain the resources in the sub-catchment (Tables 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11) and therefore freely access in neighboring villages outside the sub-catchment. Similarly, outsiders freely access pasture and water from the sub-catchment. Unfortunately, there is limited resource assessment data in order to ensure sustainable use so as to strengthen capacity to manage natural resources and source markets for natural resource products and therefore this has to be the priority (Table 12).
Demand for fuel-wood and poles for constructionThe estimated 1,170 households in Saka depend on the surrounding vegetation to meet their fuel and shelter needs. Each household on average collects firewood after every two days. Distance within 2 Km radius is estimated to meet firewood demands but for poles people travel up to 5-10 km into the woodlands.
Table 7. Demand for water (Human) in Saka Sub-catchment
Location Population Water Demand Total Water (45l/day) Demand in m3 in m3/d
Female Male Total
Saka 2673 2338 5011 0.045 225.50
Daley 1036 868 1904 0.045 85.68
Total 3709 3206 6915 0.045 311.18Sources: KNBS (2009), WRMA (2011)
Table 10. Pasture requirement by livestock
Type Population Average body Percentage calculation Average Requirement Total requirement weight(kg) for pasture per animal per day (kg/day) (kg/day)Camel 71,450 400 8% body weight 32 2,286,400
Cattle 94,040 250 8% body weight 20 1,880,800
Goats 260,800 45 10% body weight 5 1,304,600
Sheep 107,000 45 10% body weight 5 535,000
Donkey 16,000 250 8% body weight 20 320,000
Total 63,26,800
Source: District Livestock Production office (2012)
Pasture/forage
Pasture
Fodder trees (excluding pods)
Acacia pods
Total
Average Production (Kg)
2.5kgs per m2 per season
25 – 30 kgs per season
10Kgs per tree per season
Total area less settlement (km2) avail-able for forage and fodder
733.1
No data
No data
Total average production (kgs)/year
36,655,000
36,655,000Source: District Livestock Production office (2012)
Table 11. Estimated pasture and forage production in Saka Sub catchment
Table 9. Demand for water (farms)
No of farm Approximate Water requirement Total size in acre in a day water (L/day) requirement (L/day)
25 25 42,870 1,071,750
Sources: DAO Balamabala (2012)
Page 27
Table 8. Demand for water (livestock)
Type Population Requirement Total per animal requirement per day (L/day) (L/day)
Camel 71,450 20 1,429,000
Cattle 94,040 15 1,410,600
Goats 260,800 5 1,304,000
Sheep 107,000 5 535,000
Donkeys 16,000 15 240,000
Total 552,490 4,918,600
Sources: District Livestock Production Office (2012), Mohamed et al (2009)
Tabl
e 12
. Res
ourc
e av
aila
bilit
y an
d de
man
d in
Hab
arow
- Sa
ka S
ub-c
atch
men
t
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Whe
nW
here
Bud
get (
kshs
)Pr
oble
m/
Obj
ectiv
esA
ctiv
ities
Sub-
activ
ities
Targ
et: E
stab
lish
natu
ral r
esou
rce
dem
and
and
supp
ly fo
r Sak
a Su
b-ca
tchm
ent
Ove
rall
outp
ut: A
dequ
ate
data
on
natu
ral r
esou
rce
dem
and
and
supp
ly e
stab
lishe
d
300,
000
Ass
essm
ent o
f wat
er
pote
ntia
l, re
serv
e an
d ba
lanc
e fo
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mes
tic, i
rrig
atio
n an
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esto
ck
Impr
ove
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er
avai
labi
lity
for
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estic
, ir
riga
tion
and
envi
ronm
ent
Sens
itiza
tion
repo
rtsR
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t doc
umen
ted
and
acc
epte
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Oct
ober
201
2 In
all
man
agem
ent
units
with
in th
e su
b-ca
tchm
ent
Com
mun
ity s
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tizat
ion
mee
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ary
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arch
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ey a
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rt ac
cept
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Wat
er s
tatu
s re
port
• C
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Com
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IUC
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FaID
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WR
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Ass
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ater
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Con
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nt•
Com
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ity•
IUC
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ort s
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ithin
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and
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Oct
ober
201
2 In
all
man
agem
ent
units
with
in th
e su
b-ca
tchm
ent
300,
000
Ass
ess
quan
tity
and
qual
ity o
f pa
stur
e an
d fo
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sta
tus
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ltant
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RU
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Past
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fodd
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tatu
s re
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Rep
ort d
ocum
ente
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ted
A
pril
– M
ay
2013
and
Dec
20
13-J
anua
ry
2014
Past
oral
and
ag
ro-p
asto
ral
units
500,
000
Page 28
Sub-
activ
ities
Act
iviti
esW
here
Bud
get (
kshs
)W
hen
Out
puts
300,
000
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lem
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Oct
ober
201
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all
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agem
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units
with
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b-ca
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ent
300,
000
Ass
ess
curr
ent l
and
uses
/co
ver
• C
onsu
ltant
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RU
A•
WR
MA
• IU
CN
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IDA
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Dig
itize
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fu
ture
land
use
/cov
er
map
Surv
ey s
ucce
ssfu
lly c
ompl
eted
and
map
s ac
cept
ed
Oct
ober
201
2 –
Dec
embe
r 201
3In
all
man
agem
ent
units
with
in th
e su
b-ca
tchm
ent
500,
000
Shar
e w
ith c
omm
unity
cu
rren
t sta
tus
of la
nd u
se/
cove
r
• W
RU
A•
Con
sulta
nt•
Com
mun
ity•
IUC
N•
FaID
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ND
MA
• W
RM
A
• M
oL•
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Wor
ksho
p re
port
Rep
ort s
ucce
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lly c
ompl
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and
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epte
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b 20
14In
all
man
agem
ent
units
with
in th
e su
b-ca
tchm
ent
300,
000
Sub-
tota
l1,
100,
000
Com
mun
ity s
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tizat
ion
mee
tings
(thr
ee m
eetin
gs)
Ass
essm
ent o
f cro
p an
d ag
rofo
rest
ry p
rodu
ctio
n
Ass
essm
ent o
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p an
d ag
rofo
rest
ry
prod
uctio
n po
tent
ial
• W
RU
A•
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efs
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ders
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KFS
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itiza
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repo
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t doc
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Oct
ober
201
2 –
Ja
nuar
y 20
13
In a
ll m
anag
emen
t un
its w
ithin
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t
300,
000
• C
onsu
ltant
• W
RU
A•
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N•
FaID
A•
WR
MA
• N
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RI
• K
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I
pote
ntia
l inc
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ng s
oil
nutri
ent
Cro
p an
d ag
rofo
rest
ry p
oten
tial
repo
rt
Rep
ort s
ucce
ssfu
lly d
ocum
ente
d a
nd a
ccep
ted
Ja
nuar
y –
Dec
20
13A
gro-
past
oral
an
d pa
stor
al
units
500,
000
Page 29
Sub-
activ
ities
Act
iviti
esW
here
Bud
get (
kshs
)W
hen
Out
puts
300,
000
Prob
lem
/ O
bjec
tives
Rep
ort s
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lly c
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b 20
14In
all
man
agem
ent
units
with
in th
e su
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ent
Shar
e w
ith c
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unity
cro
p an
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tial
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rt
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FS•
Adm
inis
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n•
Com
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ity
Res
pons
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tyIn
dica
tors
Wor
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p re
port
Ass
essm
ent o
f for
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woo
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atus
Com
mun
ity se
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zatio
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)
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Shar
e w
ith c
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/woo
dlan
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dem
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rt
Sens
itiza
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rt
Fore
st/
woo
dlan
d as
sess
men
t re
port
Wor
ksho
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port
Rep
ort d
ocum
ente
d a
nd a
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ted
Ass
essm
ent s
ucce
ssfu
lly c
ompl
eted
and
repo
rt ac
cept
ed
Rep
ort s
ucce
ssfu
lly c
ompl
eted
and
acc
epte
d
Oct
ober
201
2
Dec
embe
r 201
3 –
Janu
ary
2014
Feb
2014
In a
ll m
anag
emen
t un
its w
ithin
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t
In a
ll m
anag
emen
t un
its w
ithin
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t
In a
ll m
anag
emen
t un
its w
ithin
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t
300,
000
800,
000
300,
000
1,40
0,00
0
Com
mun
ity se
nsiti
zatio
n m
eetin
gs (t
hree
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tings
)C
limat
ic c
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e im
pact
ass
essm
ent
• W
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Sens
itiza
tion
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t doc
umen
ted
and
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Oct
ober
201
2 –
Ja
nuar
y 20
13
In a
ll m
anag
emen
t un
its w
ithin
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t
300,
000
Page 30
Sub-
activ
ities
Act
iviti
esW
here
Budg
et (k
shs)
Whe
nO
utpu
ts
500,
000
Prob
lem
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tives
Ass
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ent s
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lly c
ompl
eted
and
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rt ac
cept
ed
Oct
ober
201
2 –
Dec
embe
r 201
3In
all
man
agem
ent
units
with
in th
e su
b-ca
tchm
ent
Ass
ess i
mpa
cts o
f clim
ate
chan
ge o
n co
mm
uniti
es a
nd
natu
ral r
esou
rces
• Co
nsul
tant
• W
RUA
• IU
CN•
FaID
A•
WRM
A•
ND
MA
• M
et D
ept
Res
pons
ibili
tyIn
dica
tors
Impa
ct o
f clim
ate
chan
ge a
sses
smen
t re
port
Min
eral
sEx
plor
atio
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d as
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men
t of
min
eral
s in
the
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Shar
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KFS
• A
dmin
istra
tion
• Co
mm
unity
Wor
ksho
p re
port
Repo
rt su
cces
sful
ly c
ompl
eted
and
acc
epte
dFe
b 20
14A
ll m
anag
emen
t un
its w
ithin
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t
300,
000
Sub-
tota
l1,
100,
000
Com
mun
ity se
nsiti
zatio
n m
eetin
gs (t
hree
mee
tings
)•
Min
es a
nd G
eolo
gy
• N
EMA
• W
RUA
• Ch
iefs
• El
ders
•
KW
S•
MoL
D•
MoW
I•
IUCN
• Fa
IDA
• W
RMA
• N
DM
A
• Co
nsul
tant
• W
RUA
• M
ines
and
Geo
logy
•
NEM
A•
IUCN
• Fa
IDA
• W
RMA
• N
DM
A
• W
RUA
• Co
nsul
tant
• IU
CN•
FaID
A•
ND
MA
• W
RMA
• M
oLD
• M
oA•
KFS
• A
dmin
istra
tion
• Co
mm
unity
Sub-
tota
l
Tota
l
Surv
ey a
nd m
ap m
iner
al
reso
urce
s
Shar
e w
ith c
omm
unity
m
iner
al re
sour
ces r
epor
t
Sens
itiza
tion
repo
rt
Map
s sho
win
g w
here
m
iner
als a
re fo
und
Wor
ksho
p re
port
Repo
rt do
cum
ente
d a
nd a
ccep
ted
Map
s doc
umen
ted
and
acc
epte
d
Repo
rt su
cces
sful
ly c
ompl
eted
and
acc
epte
d
Oct
ober
201
2 –
Ja
nuar
y 20
13
Oct
ober
201
2 –
Dec
embe
r 201
3
Feb
2014
In a
ll m
anag
emen
t un
its w
ithin
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t
Pasto
ral a
nd
agro
-pas
tora
l un
its
All
man
agem
ent
units
with
in th
e su
b-ca
tchm
ent
300,
000
500,
000
300,
000
1,10
0,00
0
8,50
0,00
0
Page 31
Chapter 6: Natural resources allocation for sustainable, equitable and efficient use by communities
Livelihoods in the sub-catchment are dependent on natural resources. The major natural resources used include water, pasture/fodder, wood and non-wood products (poles, withies, charcoal, firewood, thatch, wild fruits, gums and resins), minerals (sand, stones, gravel and soil) and land. Traditionally, all community members within Saka have equal access to use river and pans/ponds water but shallow wells are privately owned by persons who dug them. Water for farm irrigation is dependent upon the economic power of individual/group farmers. Similarly, piped water in settlements like Saka is accessed by all who can afford connection and monthly charges. Moreover, pastoralists including those from neighboring villages freely access Tana River water via corridors locally known as “Hilas or Malkas”. The same “Malkas” are used by wildlife to freely access river water. Potentially, the sub-catchment with an area of 748.1 km2 (748,100 m2) and with estimated annual rainfall of 300mm generates estimated 224,430,000 m3 of water but almost all of it is lost through runoff without harnessing.
Customarily, Saka community members also have the right to access pasture and fodder resources. Outsiders too access the resource with the permission from Saka Community elders. Similarly, Saka community access pastures and fodder in the neighboring villages in case it does not rain within the sub-catchment. Furthermore, in rainy seasons when pasture is in plenty Saka community migrate to pastures in neighboring locations and divisions e.g. Dujis, Shimbirey, Dadaab and Lagdera. In drought years the community shifts to beyond Balamabala into Ukambani (Mwingi, Tseikuru), Meru, Isiolo and Tana River areas. However, in normal years they stay within the Saka Sub-catchment.
Conventionally, the community members freely access dry woods for firewood and charcoal production. They can also freely access poles, withies and other shelter materials for construction.
Unfortunately, the traditional institutions and rules on resource allocations have become ineffective over the years due to lack of support from the formal system. The consequence has been ineffective controls in the use and management of natural resources leading to increased incidences of deforestation, overgrazing and misuse catalyzed by poverty and ever increasing demands from urban centres.
There are also no allocation plans for natural resources within the sub-catchment and therefore there is need to develop such plans. To achieve the above there is a need to generate necessary data and information and capacity build the community to develop participatory plans. Improved and sustainable resource use is critical in the allocation and management of resources therefore, cornerstones of this chapter. The principles governing the development of allocation plans are to ensure equity and efficient resource use.
The current allocation of resources according to the community is unsustainable, inequitable and inefficient especially along the River Tana. Additionally, there is need for charcoal production and use of other non-wood products to have license. The community recognises the need for capacity building on management of natural resources and empowerment on market intelligence for natural resource products. The main instruments to guide allocation of resources are based on principles of integrated natural resource management. The instruments include plans for water allocation, grazing management, physical planning & land use, conflict resolution and resource contingency (Table 13).
Page 32
Tabl
e 13
. Nat
ural
reso
urce
allo
catio
n pl
an fo
r sus
tain
able
, equ
itabl
e an
d ef
ficie
nt u
se in
Sak
a su
b-ca
tchm
ent
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Whe
nW
here
Bud
get (
kshs
)Pr
oble
m/
Obj
ectiv
esA
ctiv
ities
Sub-
activ
ities
Targ
et: T
o de
velo
p na
tura
l res
ourc
e al
loca
tion
plan
s O
vera
ll ou
tput
: Nat
ural
reso
urce
allo
catio
n pl
ans
in p
lace
300,
000
Dev
elop
men
t of
Wat
er a
lloca
tion
plan
s (W
AP)
for
com
plia
nce
to w
ater
ab
stra
ctio
n an
d us
e ba
sed
on th
e W
ater
A
ct
Wat
er a
lloca
tion
Sens
itiza
tion
repo
rtsR
epor
t doc
umen
ted
and
acc
epte
d
Oct
ober
201
2 –
Ja
nuar
y 20
13
In a
ll m
anag
emen
t un
its w
ithin
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t
Com
mun
ity s
ensi
tizat
ion
mee
tings
on
allo
catio
n pl
an,
abst
ract
ion,
wat
er u
se p
erm
its
and
wat
er u
ser c
harg
es (t
hree
m
eetin
gs)
• W
RU
A•
MoW
I•
Chi
efs
• El
ders
•
KW
S•
MoL
D•
MoA
•
KFS
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• W
RM
A•
ND
MA
Abs
tract
ion
surv
ey to
ass
ess
quan
tity
and
qual
ity
• C
onsu
ltant
• W
RU
A•
MoW
I•
KW
S•
MoL
D•
MoA
•
KFS
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• W
RM
A•
ND
MA
Abs
tract
ion
repo
rtSu
rvey
ass
essm
ent s
ucce
ssfu
lly c
ompl
eted
and
re
port
acce
pted
Ja
nuar
y –
Dec
embe
r 201
3 1,
000,
000
Prep
arat
ion
of a
lloca
tion
plan
in
clud
ing
envi
ronm
enta
l fl o
ws
(Con
sulta
ncy)
Wat
er a
lloca
tion
plan
Plan
suc
cess
fully
com
plet
ed a
nd a
ccep
ted
500,
000
Shar
e w
ith c
omm
unity
w
ater
allo
catio
n pl
an (t
hree
m
eetin
gs)
Wor
ksho
p re
port
Rep
ort s
ucce
ssfu
lly c
ompl
eted
and
acc
epte
d30
0,00
0
Sub-
tota
l2,
100,
000
• W
RU
A•
Con
sulta
nt•
MoW
I•
KW
S•
MoL
D•
MoA
•
KFS
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• W
RM
A•
ND
MA
• A
dmin
istra
tion
• C
omm
unity
Impr
ove
Past
ure/
fodd
er a
vaila
bilit
y D
evel
opm
ent o
f pa
stur
e/fo
dder
pla
n fo
r liv
esto
ck a
nd
wild
her
bivo
res
Com
mun
ity s
ensi
tizat
ion
mee
tings
(thr
ee m
eetin
gs)
• W
RU
A•
Chi
efs
• El
ders
•
KW
S•
MoL
D•
MoW
I•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
WR
MA
• N
DM
A
• K
AR
I•
KEF
RI
Sens
itiza
tion
repo
rtsR
epor
t doc
umen
ted
and
acc
epte
d
Feb
2014
Oct
ober
201
2
All
man
agem
ent
units
with
in th
e su
b-ca
tchm
ent
In a
ll m
anag
emen
t un
its w
ithin
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t
300,
000
Page 33
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Whe
nW
here
Budg
et (k
shs)
Prob
lem
/ O
bjec
tives
Act
iviti
esSu
b-ac
tiviti
es
1,00
0,00
0D
evel
opm
ent o
f pa
sture
/fodd
er p
lan
for l
ives
tock
and
wild
her
bivo
res
Impr
ove P
astu
re/
fodd
er a
vaila
bilit
y•
Rang
e cap
acity
ho
ldin
g pl
an fo
r co
mm
unal
land
s •
Sub-
catc
hmen
t gr
azin
g m
anag
emen
t pla
n fo
r dry
and
wet
se
ason
s
• Ra
nge c
apac
ity h
oldi
ng p
lan
and
graz
ing
man
agem
ent p
lan
succ
essf
ully
com
plet
ed an
d re
port
acce
pted
Nov
– D
ec 2
013
Pasto
ral a
nd
agro
-pas
tora
l un
its
Dev
elop
men
t of g
razi
ng
man
agem
ent p
lans
for
lives
tock
and
wild
her
bivo
res
in ar
id co
mm
unal
land
s to
advi
ce o
n dr
y an
d w
et se
ason
gr
azin
g
• Co
nsul
tant
• W
RUA
• K
WS
• M
oLD
• M
oWI
• IU
CN•
FaID
A•
WRM
A•
ND
MA
• K
ARI
• K
EFRI
Shar
e with
gra
zing
m
anag
emen
t pla
ns•
WRU
A•
Cons
ulta
nt•
MoW
I•
KW
S•
MoL
D•
MoA
•
KFS
• IU
CN•
FaID
A•
WRM
A•
ND
MA
• A
dmin
istra
tion
• Co
mm
unity
Wor
ksho
p re
port
Repo
rt su
cces
sful
ly co
mpl
eted
and
acce
pted
Feb
2014
All
man
agem
ent
units
with
in th
e su
b-ca
tchm
ent
300,
000
Sub-
tota
l
Land
use
pla
nnin
gD
evel
opm
ent o
f la
nd
use/
cove
r pla
n Co
mm
unity
sens
itiza
tion
mee
tings
(thr
ee m
eetin
gs)
• W
RUA
• Ch
iefs
• El
ders
•
KW
S•
KFS
• M
oLD
• M
oL•
MoW
I•
IUCN
• Fa
IDA
• W
RMA
• N
DM
A
Sens
itiza
tion
repo
rtRe
port
docu
men
ted
and
acce
pted
O
ctob
er 2
012
– Ja
nuar
y 20
13
In al
l m
anag
emen
t un
its w
ithin
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t
1,60
0,00
0
300,
000
Map
out
land
use
/cov
er p
lan
for f
utur
e•
Cons
ulta
nt•
WRU
A•
WRM
A•
IUCN
• Fa
IDA
• K
WS
• K
FS•
MoL
D•
MoL
• M
oWI
Dig
itize
d la
nd u
se/
cove
r fut
ure p
lan
with
map
and
deta
iled
repo
rt
Plan
succ
essf
ully
com
plet
ed an
d m
aps a
ccep
ted
O
ctob
er 2
012
– D
ecem
ber 2
013
In al
l m
anag
emen
t un
its w
ithin
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t
500,
000
Page 34
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Whe
nW
here
Bud
get (
kshs
)Pr
oble
m/
Obj
ectiv
esA
ctiv
ities
Sub-
activ
ities
300,
000
Fore
st/w
oodl
ands
m
anag
emen
t pla
n
Phys
ical
pla
ns fo
r m
ajor
cen
tres
Wor
ksho
p re
port
Rep
ort s
ucce
ssfu
lly c
ompl
eted
and
acc
epte
dFe
b 20
14A
ll m
anag
emen
t un
its w
ithin
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t
Shar
e w
ith c
omm
unity
land
us
e/co
ver
plan
• W
RU
A•
Con
sulta
nt•
MoW
I•
KW
S•
MoL
D•
MoA
•
KFS
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• W
RM
A•
ND
MA
• A
dmin
istra
tion
• C
omm
unity
Lan
d us
e pl
anni
ngD
evel
opm
ent o
f la
nd
use/
cove
r pla
n
Sub-
tota
l
Com
mun
ity se
nsiti
zatio
n m
eetin
gs (t
hree
mee
tings
)•
WR
UA
• C
hief
s•
Envi
ronm
enta
l com
mitt
ee
• K
FS•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
WR
MA
• N
DM
A
• K
EFR
I
Sens
itiza
tion
repo
rtR
epor
t doc
umen
ted
and
acc
epte
d
Oct
ober
201
2 –
Ja
nuar
y 20
13
Agr
o-pa
stor
al
and
past
oral
un
its
1,10
0,00
0
Dev
elop
men
t of f
ores
t/w
oodl
ands
man
agem
ent p
lan
• W
RU
A•
KFS
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• W
RM
A•
ND
MA
•
KEF
RI
Fore
st/w
oodl
and
man
agem
ent p
lan
Plan
succ
essf
ully
com
plet
ed a
nd re
port
acce
pted
O
ctob
er 2
012
– D
ecem
ber 2
013
Past
oral
and
A
gro-
past
oral
un
its
300,
000
Shar
e w
ith c
omm
unity
fore
st/
woo
dlan
ds m
anag
emen
t pla
n•
WR
UA
• C
onsu
ltant
• K
FS•
MoW
I•
KW
S•
MoL
D•
MoA
•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
WR
MA
• N
DM
A•
Adm
inis
tratio
n•
Com
mun
ity
Wor
ksho
p re
port
Rep
ort s
ucce
ssfu
lly c
ompl
eted
and
acc
epte
dFe
b 20
14A
ll m
anag
emen
t un
its w
ithin
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t
1,00
0,00
0
300,
000
Sub-
tota
l1,
600,
000
• M
in o
f Lan
ds•
WR
UA
• M
WI
• C
hief
s•
Elde
rs
• K
WS
• M
oLD
• M
oA•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
WR
MA
• N
DM
A
• C
ount
y C
ounc
il
Dev
elop
men
t of
phys
ical
pla
ns
Com
mun
ity se
nsiti
zatio
n m
eetin
gs (t
hree
mee
tings
)Se
nsiti
zatio
n re
port
Rep
ort d
ocum
ente
d a
nd a
ccep
ted
O
ctob
er 2
012
–
Janu
ary
2013
A
gro-
past
oral
an
d pa
stor
al
units
300,
000
Page 35
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Whe
nW
here
Bud
get (
kshs
)Pr
oble
m/
Obj
ectiv
esA
ctiv
ities
Sub-
activ
ities
1,00
0,00
0Ph
ysic
al p
lans
for
maj
or se
ttlem
ents
(f
our c
entre
s) w
ithin
th
e su
b-ca
tchm
ent
No.
of p
lans
dev
elop
ed a
nd a
ppro
ved
by c
ount
y go
vern
men
t Ja
nuar
y - A
pril
2014
Settl
emen
t uni
tPr
epar
atio
n of
phy
sica
l pla
n fo
r maj
or c
entre
s•
Con
sulta
nt•
Min
of L
ands
• W
RU
A•
WR
MA
• C
ount
y C
ounc
il
Min
eral
sD
evel
opm
ent o
f pl
an fo
r exp
lora
tion
and
expl
oita
tion
of
min
eral
s with
in th
e su
b-ca
tchm
ent
Phys
ical
pla
ns fo
r m
ajor
cen
tres
Dev
elop
men
t of
phys
ical
pla
ns
Shar
e w
ith c
omm
unity
ph
ysic
al p
lan
• W
RU
A•
Con
sulta
nt•
Min
of L
ands
• W
RM
A•
MoW
I•
KW
S•
MoL
D•
MoA
•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
WR
MA
• N
DM
A•
Adm
inis
tratio
n•
Com
mun
ity
Wor
ksho
p re
port
Rep
ort s
ucce
ssfu
lly c
ompl
eted
and
acc
epte
dJu
ne 2
014
300,
000
Sub-
tota
l
Com
mun
ity se
nsiti
zatio
n m
eetin
gs (t
hree
mee
tings
)
1,60
0,00
0
• M
ines
&G
eolo
gy
• W
RU
A•
NEM
A•
Chi
efs
• El
ders
•
KW
S•
MoL
D•
MoW
I•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
WR
MA
• N
DM
A
Sens
itiza
tion
repo
rtR
epor
t doc
umen
ted
and
acc
epte
d
Oct
ober
201
2 –
Ja
nuar
y 20
13
Agr
o-pa
stor
al
and
past
oral
un
its
300,
000
Expl
orat
ion
and
sust
aina
ble
expl
oita
tion
plan
(qua
ntity
an
d qu
ality
)
• C
onsu
ltant
• M
ines
and
Geo
logy
•
NEM
A•
WR
UA
• K
WS
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• W
RM
A•
ND
MA
Expl
orat
ion
and
sust
aina
ble
expl
oita
tion
plan
Plan
succ
essf
ully
com
plet
ed a
nd re
port
acce
pted
O
ctob
er 2
012
– D
ecem
ber 2
013
Past
oral
and
ag
ro-p
asto
ral
units
1,50
0,00
0
Shar
e w
ith c
omm
unity
ex
plor
atio
n an
d su
stai
nabl
e m
iner
als e
xplo
itatio
n pl
an
• W
RU
A•
Con
sulta
nt•
Min
es &
Geo
logy
• W
RM
A•
NEM
A•
KW
S•
KFS
• M
oLD
• M
oA
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• N
DM
A•
Adm
inis
tratio
n•
Com
mun
ity
Wor
ksho
p re
port
Rep
ort s
ucce
ssfu
lly c
ompl
eted
and
acc
epte
dJu
ne 2
014
All
man
agem
ent
units
with
in th
e su
b-ca
tchm
ent
300,
000
Settl
emen
t uni
t
Sub-
tota
l2,
100,
000
Page 36
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Whe
nW
here
Bud
get (
kshs
)Pr
oble
m/
Obj
ectiv
esA
ctiv
ities
Sub-
activ
ities
300,
000
Sens
itiza
tion
repo
rtR
epor
t doc
umen
ted
and
acc
epte
d
Oct
ober
201
2 –
Ja
nuar
y 20
13
All
man
agem
ent
units
with
in th
e su
b-ca
tchm
ent
Com
mun
ity se
nsiti
zatio
n m
eetin
gs o
n re
sour
ce
allo
catio
n, c
ontin
genc
y &
co
nfl ic
t res
olut
ion
plan
s (th
ree
mee
tings
)
• W
RU
A•
Chi
efs
• El
ders
•
KW
S•
KFS
• M
oA•
MoL
D•
MoW
I•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
WR
MA
• N
DM
A
Res
ourc
e &
co
nfl ic
t res
olut
ion
plan
ning
Res
ourc
e sh
arin
g an
d co
nfl ic
t re
solu
tion
pla
nnin
g
Dev
elop
par
ticip
ator
y eq
uita
ble
reso
urce
use
pla
nR
esou
rce
shar
ing
and
allo
catio
n pl
an
Res
ourc
e al
loca
tion
plan
dev
elop
ed a
nd a
ppro
ved
by
coun
ty g
over
nmen
tN
ov 2
012
500,
000
Dev
elop
par
ticip
ator
y re
sour
ce c
ontin
genc
y pl
ans
Dev
elop
nat
ural
reso
urce
co
nfl ic
t res
olut
ion
plan
s
Shar
e w
ith c
omm
unity
re
sour
ce a
lloca
tion,
co
ntin
genc
y &
reso
urce
co
nfl ic
t pla
ns
• W
RU
A•
Peac
e co
mm
ittee
• M
oWI
• A
dmin
• El
ders
•
KW
S•
KFS
• M
oLD
• M
oA•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
WR
MA
• N
DM
A•
Com
mun
ity
Sub-
tota
l
Tota
l
Res
ourc
e co
ntin
genc
y pl
ans
Con
fl ict
reso
lutio
n pl
ans
Wor
ksho
p re
port
No.
of r
esou
rce
cont
inge
ncy
plan
s dev
elop
ed a
nd
acce
pted
No.
of c
onfl i
ct re
solu
tion
plan
s dev
elop
ed a
nd
acce
pted
Rep
ort s
ucce
ssfu
lly c
ompl
eted
and
acc
epte
d
Nov
201
2
Dec
201
2
Jan
2013
500,
000
500,
000
300,
000
2,10
0,00
0
12,2
00,0
00
Page 37
Chapter 7: Resource protection
This chapter describes the approach and options adopted in order to protect the natural resources using integrated approach. The WRUA is keen to ensure that the sources are retained in their natural state as much as possible. There is need to establish management agreement and enforce the same. Similarly, it is important to support activities that arrest and reverse declining resources and catchment productivity and those that will capacity build communities on the same (Table 14).
Water sourcesCurrently, there is minimal protection of water sources. Analysis of the quality of water from all water sources has not been fully undertaken and there are only two dispensaries at Daley and Saka Centres within the sub catchment to treat water borne/related diseases such as diarrhea, malaria and typhoid. Water quality is estimated to be grossly contaminated and polluted. The prime threats to the quantity and quality of water sources are erosion (river bank and soil erosion within the sub-catchment and neighboring villages) due to overgrazing, deforestation, opening of land for cultivation and settlement plus sand harvesting.
Another major challenge is pollution due to open defecation of the increasing population, floods, poor governance such as poor management of open water sources (lack of fence, direct access by people and livestock, siltation due to embankment erosion, overgrazing in the catchment), animal waste, application of pesticides on farms, poor solid waste disposal mechanisms and lack of drainage and sewage systems in settlements. As a result diarrhea is the most prevalent waterborne disease in the sub-catchment affecting 30% of the population. The invasion of exotic species/weed such as Prosopis juliflora is adversely affecting water quality and biodiversity conservation along the rivers and in pastures. Other threats include conflict over the use of the resource, change of river course and river diversion for irrigation that also contributes to the breeding of mosquitoes.
Pasture, fodder, forest and woodland resourcesThere exist unwritten community by-laws that protect the “Bada or Goshe” (riparian Acacia forests) as mentioned in Chapter 3. The major threats to the quantity and quality of pasture and fodder are recurrent droughts, wildfire, overgrazing, deforestation, mushrooming settlements and establishment of inland water sources, invasive weeds such as P. juliflora, livestock influx especially those for Garissa and conflict over the use of the resource.
Wild animalsCustomarily, like all other Kenyan Somalis the Saka Community don’t hunt wild animals but threats to the existence of wildlife diversity include inadequate access to water especially in dry seasons, pests and diseases, habitat loss to crop farming and settlements, human – wildlife conflict and no direct income from the resource to the community.
Mineral resources
There are no protection measures on the use of minerals in the sub-catchment. Threats to mineral resources comprise of over exploitation of the resource by individuals without the full consent of the community and no direct income from the resource to the community.
Comprehensive protection measures for all resources as suggested by the community and stakeholders are summarised in Table 14.
Page 38
Tabl
e 14
. Pl
anne
d ac
tiviti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
of re
sour
ce p
rote
ctio
n in
Sak
a Su
b-ca
tchm
ent
Wat
erO
ctob
er 2
012
- Ju
ne 2
017
Agr
o-pa
stor
al
unit
Sens
itiza
tion
on n
one
culti
vatio
n of
60m
from
rive
r ba
nk b
y p
rote
ctin
g n
atur
al
vege
tatio
n al
ong
the
Riv
er
Tana
Riv
er b
ank
prot
ectio
n•
WR
UA
• M
oA•
KFS
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• W
RM
A•
Farm
ers
• C
DF
• LA
TF•
NEM
A
Sens
itiza
tion
repo
rtR
epor
t doc
umen
ted
and
acc
epte
d
500,
000
Act
iviti
esSu
b-ac
tivity
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Whe
nW
here
Bud
get (
kshs
)R
esou
rce(
s)
Targ
et: P
rote
ctio
n of
the
exis
ting
natu
ral r
esou
rces
in o
rder
to a
chie
ve d
esire
d se
rvic
es
Ove
rall
outp
ut: C
atch
men
t mai
ntai
n ab
ility
to p
rovi
de re
quire
d se
rvic
es
Prob
lem
s/O
bjec
tives
Riv
er b
ank
eros
ion
Inap
prop
riate
m
anag
emen
t of
wat
er so
urce
s
Impr
ove
gove
rnan
ce o
n m
anag
emen
t of
wat
er so
urce
s
Form
/stre
ngth
en (t
rain
) W
UA
s on
gove
rnan
ce•
WR
UA
• IU
CN
• K
FS•
FaID
A•
WR
MA
• M
oWI
• C
omm
unity
• C
DF
• LA
TF•
NEM
A
WU
As f
orm
ed/
stre
ngth
ened
No.
of W
UA
s for
med
/ stre
ngth
ened
Febr
uary
201
3 to
Ju
ne 2
017
Saka
Sub
- ca
tchm
ent
1,00
0,00
0
Pollu
tion
Pollu
tion
surv
eyC
omm
unity
sens
itiza
tion
mee
tings
(thr
ee m
eetin
gs)
Exec
ute
pollu
tion
surv
ey
Shar
e w
ith c
omm
unity
po
llutio
n re
port
• M
oW&
I•
MoP
HS
• W
RU
A•
NEM
A•
Adm
in•
Com
mun
ity
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• W
RM
A•
ND
MA
Sens
itiza
tion
repo
rt
Pollu
tion
stat
us re
port
Wor
ksho
p re
port
Rep
ort d
ocum
ente
d a
nd a
ccep
ted
Rep
ort d
ocum
ente
d a
nd a
ccep
ted
Rep
ort s
ucce
ssfu
lly c
ompl
eted
and
ac
cept
ed
Oct
ober
201
2
Dec
embe
r 201
2 –
Janu
ary
2013
May
201
3
Agr
o-pa
stor
al
and
past
oral
un
its
Agr
o-pa
stor
al
and
past
oral
un
its
All
man
agem
ent
units
with
in th
e su
b-ca
tchm
ent
300,
000
500,
000
300,
000
Red
uce
pollu
tion
in
settl
emen
ts•
WR
UA
• M
oPH
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• W
RM
A•
CA
RE
• M
ERC
Y U
SA
Sens
itiza
tion
on e
co-
sani
tatio
n
• W
RU
A•
WR
MA
• M
oA•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
Farm
ers
• K
RC
S
Cap
acity
bui
ldin
g on
use
of p
estic
ides
Trai
n fa
rmer
s on
appr
opria
te
use
of p
estic
ides
(tw
o se
ssio
ns)
Sens
itiza
tion
repo
rt
Trai
ning
repo
rts
Rep
ort d
ocum
ente
d a
nd a
ccep
ted
Rep
orts
doc
umen
ted
and
acc
epte
d
June
201
3O
ctob
er 2
013
Janu
ary
2014
Mar
ch 2
013
Settl
emen
t uni
t
Saka
Cen
tre
300,
000
500,
000
Sub-
tota
l1,
900,
000
Page 39
Past
ure
and
fore
st
reso
urce
s
Apr
il 20
14A
pril
2015
Apr
il 20
16
Saka
Sub
-ca
tchm
ent
Sens
itiza
tion
and
awar
enes
s on
use
of s
hallo
w w
ells
(th
ree
sess
ions
)
Red
uce
risks
to
colla
pse
of sh
allo
w
wel
ls
• W
RU
A•
NEM
A
• W
RU
A•
NEM
A
• M
oWI
Sens
itiza
tion
repo
rtR
epor
t doc
umen
ted
and
acc
epte
d
300,
000
Act
iviti
esSu
b-ac
tivity
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Whe
nW
here
Bud
get (
kshs
)R
esou
rce(
s)Pr
oble
ms/
Obj
ectiv
es
Col
laps
ing
of
shal
low
wel
ls
Wat
er
Inap
prop
riate
m
anag
emen
t of
past
ure
and
fore
st
reso
urce
s due
dr
ough
t, w
ildfi r
e,
over
graz
ing,
de
fore
stat
ion
Supp
ort t
he
cons
erva
tion
of
past
ure
and
fore
st
reso
urce
s
Red
uce
the
risk
of
fi re
to p
astu
res a
nd
fore
sts/
woo
dlan
ds
Red
uce
over
graz
ing
Prom
ote
gene
ban
k fo
r hig
h va
lue
plan
t spe
cies
• K
FS•
WR
UA
• M
oLD
• M
oA•
WR
MA
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• K
EFR
I•
KA
RI
• M
oLD
• M
oA•
WR
MA
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• K
FS•
KEF
RI
• K
AR
I
• A
dmin
.•
KFS
• W
RU
A•
WR
MA
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• M
oLD
• M
oLD
• M
oA•
WR
MA
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• K
FS•
KEF
RI
• K
AR
I
• K
FS•
WR
MA
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• W
RU
A•
Envi
ronm
enta
l Com
mitt
ee•
NEM
A•
Com
mun
ity
• K
FS•
Cou
nty
Gov
’t
• K
FS•
WR
UA
• K
WS
• IU
CN
• A
dmin
.•
FaID
A
Stre
ngth
en fo
rest
m
anag
emen
t with
in
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t
Cre
ate
fi reb
reak
s and
EIA
/au
dit w
ithin
pla
nned
pas
ture
s
Prot
ect v
eget
atio
n th
roug
h by
-law
s & a
war
enes
s cre
atio
n
Div
ersi
fy c
omm
unity
ass
ets
to re
duce
ove
rgra
zing
Form
atio
n of
Com
mun
ity
Fore
st A
ssoc
iatio
ns (C
FAs)
w
ith fo
rest
scou
ts fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Post
ing
of fo
rest
per
sonn
el
Awar
enes
s rai
sing
on
the
dang
ers o
f uns
usta
inab
le
char
coal
bur
ning
Com
mun
ity
empo
wer
ed o
n de
velo
pmen
t of
biod
iver
sity
gen
e ba
nks
Fire
brea
ks d
evel
oped
an
d EI
A/a
udit
inco
rpor
ated
into
gr
azin
g m
anag
emen
t pl
an
90 a
cres
of s
tand
ing
hay
cons
erve
d
Prom
otio
n of
smal
l sc
ale
busi
ness
Two
CFA
s with
sc
outs
form
ed
Fore
st p
erso
nnel
po
sted
to S
aka
Sub-
catc
hmen
t
Com
mun
ities
se
nsiti
zed
on d
ange
rs
of c
harc
oal b
urni
ng
Sub-
tota
l
No.
gen
e ba
nks c
reat
ed, a
nd sp
ecie
s co
llect
ed a
nd c
onse
rved
No.
of fi
rebr
eaks
and
EIA
/aud
it in
corp
orat
ed in
to g
razi
ng p
lan
Are
a co
nser
ved
(acr
es)
No.
of s
mal
l sca
le b
usin
ess
deve
lope
d an
d su
cces
sful
ly
impl
emen
ted
No.
of C
FAs a
nd sc
outs
in p
lace
and
su
ppor
ted
by K
FS
No.
of o
ffi ce
rs p
oste
d an
d su
stai
ned
No.
of c
omm
unity
mem
bers
se
nsiti
zed
May
201
3 –
Dec
embe
r 201
4
May
201
3 D
ecem
ber 2
013
Dec
embe
r 201
2 –
June
201
7
May
201
3 -
June
201
7
July
– A
ugus
t 20
13
Imm
edia
te
Dec
embe
r 201
2
Saka
Cen
tre
Past
oral
and
ag
ro-p
asto
ral
units
Agr
o-pa
stor
al
and
past
oral
un
its
Saka
sub-
ca
tchm
ent
Dal
ey L
ocat
ion
Saka
Loc
atio
n
Saka
sub-
catc
hmen
t
Saka
sub-
catc
hmen
t
1,00
0,00
0
1,00
0,00
0
500,
000
500,
000
600,
000
N/A
500,
000
4,10
0,00
0
Page 40
Oct
ober
201
2 -
June
201
7A
ll m
anag
emen
t un
its in
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t
Sens
itize
com
mun
ities
on
by-
law
s con
cern
ing
mus
hroo
min
g se
ttlem
ent a
nd
esta
blis
hmen
t of h
apha
zard
w
ater
sour
ces
Con
trol
mus
hroo
min
g se
ttlem
ents
and
es
tabl
ishm
ent
of in
land
wat
er
sour
ces
• M
oL•
MoP
• A
dmin
.•
WR
UA
• M
oLD
• C
omm
unity
•
IUC
N•
KW
S
Com
mun
ities
se
nsiti
zed
on st
oppa
ge
of m
ushr
oom
ing
settl
emen
ts a
nd
esta
blis
hmen
t of
haph
azar
d w
ater
so
urce
s
No.
of m
eetin
gs
500,
000
Act
iviti
esSu
b-ac
tivity
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Whe
nW
here
Bud
get (
kshs
)R
esou
rce(
s)Pr
oble
ms/
Obj
ectiv
es
Mus
hroo
min
g se
ttlem
ents
and
es
tabl
ishm
ent o
f ha
phaz
ard
wat
er
sour
ces c
ontri
butin
g to
env
ironm
enta
l de
grad
atio
n
Env
iron
men
t
• C
ount
y go
vt•
LATF
• C
DF
• M
oL•
WR
MA
• W
RU
A•
MoW
I•
FaID
A•
NW
SB•
MoP
H
Maj
or c
entre
s in
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t w
ith d
rain
age
and
sew
erag
e sy
stem
s +
garb
age
colle
ctio
n an
d du
mpi
ng si
tes
No.
of d
rain
age,
sew
age,
gar
bage
co
llect
ion
and
dum
ping
site
s de
velo
ped
and
impl
emen
ted
Janu
ary
2013
–
Dec
embe
r 201
4Se
ttlem
ent u
nit
10,0
00,0
00Es
tabl
ishm
ent o
f dra
inag
e an
d se
wer
age
syst
ems,
and
solid
was
te m
anag
emen
t in
clud
ing
EIA
/aud
it
Sub-
tota
l
Wild
ani
mal
sN
o di
rect
inco
me
• W
RU
A•
Com
mun
ity•
Adm
in.
• K
WS
• K
TB•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
ND
MA
• N
RT
• W
RU
A•
KW
S•
Adm
in
• K
WS
• C
ount
y G
ov’t
• K
WS
• W
RU
A•
Adm
in•
MoL
D•
MoA
• W
RM
A•
ND
MA
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
Sub-
tota
l
Stre
ngth
en w
ildlif
e m
anag
emen
t with
in
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t
Sens
itiza
tion
wor
ksho
ps o
n im
porta
nce
of w
ildlif
e
Prom
otio
n of
eco
tour
ism
Form
atio
n of
Com
mun
ity
Wild
life A
ssoc
iatio
ns (C
WA
s)
with
wild
life
scou
ts fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Wild
life
pers
onne
l to
be
post
ed
Red
uce
hum
an/li
vest
ock
– w
ildlif
e co
nfl ic
t on
farm
s and
pa
stur
es t
hrou
gh se
nsiti
zatio
n m
eetin
gs to
redu
ce h
uman
–
wild
life
confl
icts
Esta
blis
h hi
stor
ical
wild
life
corr
idor
s and
map
wild
life
atta
ck h
otsp
ots a
ttack
site
s
Impr
ove
repo
rting
of w
ildlif
e in
cide
nce
to K
WS
for a
ctio
n (e
.g. r
eloc
atio
n)
• W
RU
A•
KW
S•
Adm
in•
MoL
D•
MoA
• C
omm
unity
Sens
itiza
tion
repo
rt
Ecot
ouris
m p
oten
tial
prom
oted
with
in th
e su
b- c
atch
men
t
Two
CW
As w
ith
scou
ts fo
rmed
KW
S pe
rson
nel
post
ed to
Sak
a Su
b-ca
tchm
ent
Sens
itiza
tion
repo
rt
Cor
ridor
map
s and
re
ports
Wild
life
inci
denc
e re
ports
Rep
ort d
ocum
ente
d a
nd a
ccep
ted
No.
of p
rom
otio
n ca
mpa
igns
un
derta
ken
No.
of C
WA
s and
scou
ts in
pla
ce
and
supp
orte
d by
KW
S
No.
of o
ffi ce
rs p
oste
d an
d su
stai
ned
Rep
ort d
ocum
ente
d a
nd a
ccep
ted
Cor
ridor
map
s and
repo
rts a
ccep
ted
for i
mpl
emen
tatio
n
Succ
essf
ul in
cide
nce
repo
rts a
ccep
ted
impl
emen
ted
by K
WS
Oct
ober
201
2 –
Dec
embe
r 201
5
July
– A
ugus
t 20
13
Imm
edia
te
Feb
2013
– F
eb
2017
Imm
edia
te
Imm
edia
te
Saka
sub-
ca
tchm
ent
Dal
ey L
ocat
ion
Saka
Loc
atio
n
Saka
sub-
catc
hmen
t
Saka
sub-
catc
hmen
t
Past
oral
and
ag
ro-p
asto
ral
units
Past
oral
and
ag
ro-p
asto
ral
units
10,5
00,0
00
500,
000
500,
000
600,
000
N/A
500,
000
600,
000
500,
000
3,20
0,00
0
Page 41
Mar
ch 2
013
– Ju
ne 2
017
Saka
Sub
-ca
tchm
ent
Sens
itiza
tion
of c
omm
unity
on
use
and
con
serv
atio
n of
th
e m
iner
als –
WR
UA
as e
ntry
po
ints
for m
iner
al u
se
Prom
ote
parti
cipa
tory
m
iner
al u
se
• M
oE&
MR
• IU
CN
• W
RU
A•
WR
MA
• M
oL•
FaID
A•
Com
mun
ity•
Cou
nty
Gov
t•
Adm
in.
Sens
itiza
tion
repo
rtsR
epor
t doc
umen
ted
and
acc
epte
d
500,
000
Act
iviti
esSu
b-ac
tivity
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Whe
nW
here
Bud
get (
kshs
)R
esou
rce(
s)Pr
oble
ms/
Obj
ectiv
es
• N
o di
rect
inco
me
to c
omm
unity
•
Expl
oitin
g w
ithou
t the
full
cons
ent o
f the
co
mm
unity
Min
eral
res
ourc
es
Tota
l22
,000
,000
Page 42
Chapter 8: Catchment protection
This chapter provides details regarding implementation of strategies for catchment conservation. It looks at the different types of land uses and addresses each separately. The strategies are based on the zoning of the catchment area as identified earlier. The implementation of catchment conservation activities is aimed at increasing the productivity and sustainability of the sub-catchment based on the principles of integrated natural resource management. Currently there are conservation efforts emanating from the community though minimal and requires to be strengthened. Conservation in the sub-catchment is greatly attached and related to the community customary norms, culture and faith and therefore, should be considered when making conservation plans.
A part from the River Tana, the sub-catchment is dissected by at least 11 major laghas that drain flush floods into the river and flood plains that support dryland farming in rainy seasons. The over 7,000 population of Saka are mainly pastoralists and agro-pastoralists with livestock as the backbone of economy. Crop farming through group farms is concentrated along the R. Tana and supported by limited institutions such as Food For Asset Project of NDMA/Kenya Red Cross Society/UN World Food Programme/Ministry of Agriculture. The objective of conservation in the sub-catchment is to boost resource use without affecting ability of ecosystem to provide resources and services therefore, reducing detrimental impacts. Charcoal burning, deforestation, river bank erosion and overgrazing are issues of concern to be addressed to ease conservation.
Obstacles to conservation in the sub-catchment are linked directly or indirectly to human activities not ruling out natural factors e.g. climate change. Nonetheless, the community has expressed strong will for conservation. This is well demonstrated by community recognition of natural resource dynamics and relationships e.g. appreciation of the role of wild herbivores as a buffer to predators against livestock. The community’s will is limited by inadequate knowledge and information on conservation coupled with factors such as poverty and drought that exacerbate environmental degradation (deforestation, charcoal burning, river bank erosion and overgrazing). Proposed conservation activities have been summarized in Table 15.
Page 43
Tabl
e 15
. Im
plem
enta
tion
of c
atch
men
t con
serv
atio
n ac
tiviti
es w
ithin
the
man
agem
ent u
nits
Wat
erO
ctob
er 2
012
to
June
201
7O
n fa
rms a
nd in
in
stitu
tions
Com
mun
ity tr
ee n
urse
ries
Riv
er b
ank
stab
iliza
tion
• W
RU
A•
MoA
• M
oLD
• K
FS•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
WR
MA
• Fa
rmer
s •
CD
F •
LATF
Tree
nur
serie
s pr
omot
ed a
nd
esta
blis
hed
No.
seed
lings
rais
ed in
nur
serie
s/
plan
ted
and
surv
ived
1,00
0,00
0
Act
iviti
esSu
b-ac
tivity
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Whe
nW
here
Bud
get (
kshs
)R
esou
rce
Targ
et: T
o re
duce
cat
chm
ent d
egra
datio
n th
roug
h in
tegr
atio
n of
pro
tect
ion
and
cons
erva
tion
appr
oach
Ove
rall
outp
ut: R
ehab
ilita
ted
catc
hmen
t tha
t has
abi
lity
to o
ffer
a ba
lanc
ed e
cosy
stem
serv
ices
Prob
lem
s/O
bjec
tives
Eros
ion
Mod
el fa
rms w
ith
agro
fore
stry
tree
s
• W
RU
A•
MoA
• K
FS•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
WR
MA
• Fa
rmer
s •
CD
F •
LATF
Con
stru
ctio
n of
gab
ions
al
ong
maj
or fl
oodi
ng si
tes
with
in fa
rms
Mod
el fa
rms p
lant
ed
with
agr
ofor
estry
tree
s
Gab
ion
cons
truct
ed o
n fa
rms
No.
of m
odel
farm
s tar
gete
d
No.
of g
abio
n co
nstru
cted
O
ctob
er 2
012
– O
ctob
er 2
014
Farm
s alo
ng
Riv
er T
ana
On
farm
s with
in
the
fl ood
pla
ins
- Agr
o-pa
stor
al
unit
2,00
0,00
0
5,00
0,00
0
Sub-
tota
l8,
000,
000
Past
ure
and
fore
st
reso
urce
sD
roug
ht a
nd
over
graz
ing
Prom
ote
past
ure
cons
erva
tion
on
com
mun
al la
nds
and
farm
s
Div
ersi
on o
f lag
has t
o ra
nge
land
to p
rom
ote
past
ure
grow
th
• M
oWI
• M
oLD
• C
DF
• W
RU
A•
LATF
• C
ount
y go
vt•
ND
MA
• Pa
stor
alis
ts
• W
RU
A•
MoL
D•
Cou
nty
gove
rnm
ent
• N
DM
A•
IUC
N•
FaID
A
• M
oLD
• M
oA•
WR
MA
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• K
FS•
KEF
RI
• K
AR
I
• M
oLD
• W
RM
A•
MoA
• IU
CN
• K
AR
I
Sub-
tota
l
Red
uce
impa
ct d
ue to
Infl u
x of
pas
tora
lists
Prom
ote
the
plan
ting
of
drou
ght t
oler
ant f
orag
e an
d fo
dder
spec
ies
Hay
bal
ing
and
cons
erva
tion
Lagh
as d
iver
ted
to ir
rigat
e na
tura
l pa
stur
es
• St
reng
then
ing
of
by-la
ws o
n se
ason
al
graz
ing
• Se
tting
up
of
desi
gnat
ed li
vest
ock
rout
es
App
ropr
iate
spec
ies
iden
tifi e
d an
d pr
omot
ed (1
0 sp
ecie
s)
Hay
bal
es p
rodu
ced
(1,0
00 b
ales
) and
st
ored
No.
of l
agha
s div
erte
d fo
r pro
duct
ion
with
in ra
ngel
ands
• N
o. o
f by-
law
s dev
elop
ed a
nd
enfo
rced
• N
o. o
f des
igna
ted
lives
tock
rout
es
No.
of s
peci
es id
entifi
ed
and
succ
essf
ully
pro
mot
ed
No.
of h
ay b
ales
pro
duce
d an
d st
ored
Dec
embe
r 201
4 –
Dec
201
5
Oct
ober
201
2 –
June
201
7
May
201
3 -
June
201
7
Sub-
tota
lPa
stor
al u
nit
(Tak
oyH
irbai
Dur
dura
neA
bdi g
ab)
Past
oral
and
ag
ro-p
asto
ral
units
Saka
Sub
- ca
tchm
ent
Agr
o-pa
stor
al
units
3,00
0,00
0
500,
000
1,00
0,00
0
500,
000
5,00
0,00
0
Page 44
Wild
ani
mal
s
May
201
3 -
June
201
7Pa
stor
al u
nit
Agr
o-pa
stor
al
unit
Settl
emen
t uni
t
Ref
ores
tatio
n, a
ffore
stat
ion
and
rese
edin
g w
ith p
riorit
y to
lo
cal s
peci
es
Rec
lam
atio
n of
de
grad
ed si
tes
• W
RU
A•
IUC
N•
KFS
• M
oA•
Com
mun
ity
• C
hief
s•
WR
MA
• N
EMA
• C
DF
• LA
TF
Deg
rade
d si
tes p
lant
ed
with
tree
s (10
,000
tre
es) a
nd re
seed
ed
(30
acre
s)
• N
o. o
f tre
es p
lant
ed a
nd su
rviv
ed
• A
crea
ge su
cces
sful
ly re
fore
sted
an
d re
seed
ed
3,00
0,00
0
Act
iviti
esSu
b-ac
tivity
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Whe
nW
here
Bud
get (
kshs
)R
esou
rce
Prob
lem
s/O
bjec
tives
Def
ores
tatio
n
Sub-
tota
l
Inva
sive
wee
dsC
ontro
l and
m
anag
emen
t of
inva
sive
wee
ds
Con
trol a
nd m
anag
emen
t of P
. ju
lifl o
ra•
KFS
• W
RM
A•
ND
MA
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• M
oLD
• M
oA•
WR
UA
• C
omm
unity
• A
dmin
Cov
erag
e of
Pro
sopi
si
n th
e su
b ca
tchm
ent
redu
ced
(by
50%
)
No.
of a
crea
ge w
here
P. j
ulifl
ora
has
been
con
trolle
d an
d m
anag
edO
ctob
er 2
012
– Ju
ne 2
017
Saka
sub-
ca
tchm
ent
3,00
0,00
0
3,00
0,00
0
Sub-
tota
l
No
dire
ct in
com
ePr
omot
e leg
aliz
ed
gam
e far
min
g &
co
mm
unity
man
aged
sa
nctu
arie
s
Fish
and
gam
e fa
rmin
g in
clud
ing
croc
odile
, bird
s fa
rmin
g (g
uine
a fo
wl,
ostri
ch)
prom
oted
• M
oLD
• Fi
sher
ies
• K
WS
• IU
CN
• W
RU
A
• K
WS
• W
RU
A•
Wild
life
com
mitt
ee
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• W
RM
A•
KTB
• M
oE•
PTA
• B
oG•
WR
UA
• W
ildlif
e co
mm
ittee
Sub-
tota
l
Publ
icity
and
mar
ketin
g of
wild
life
in S
aka
and
esta
blis
hmen
t of a
sa
nctu
ary
in M
atha
hlib
aah
Form
atio
n of
wild
life
club
in
scho
ols
and
expo
sure
to
urs
Elec
tric
fenc
ing
of g
roup
fa
rms
Gam
e fa
rms (
fi sh,
cr
ocod
ile a
nd
beeh
ives
) es
tabl
ishe
d
Esta
blis
h, re
gist
er &
m
arke
t a sa
nctu
ary
• Sc
hool
clu
bs
esta
blis
hed
• Se
nsiti
zatio
n an
d ex
posu
re to
ur o
f th
e te
ache
rs a
nd
stud
ents
No.
of g
ame
farm
s suc
cess
fully
es
tabl
ishe
d
• Es
tabl
ishe
d an
d op
erat
iona
l sa
nctu
ary
• A
mou
nt o
f inc
ome
gene
rate
d fr
om
the
sanc
tuar
y
• N
o. o
f clu
bs fo
rmed
and
op
erat
iona
l•
No.
of t
ours
and
No.
of
parti
cipa
nts
Nov
embe
r 201
3 –
June
201
7
Janu
ary
2013
-
June
201
7
Oct
ober
201
2 -
Aug
ust 2
014
Agr
o-pa
stor
al
unit
Mat
halib
aah
Mat
halib
aah
Saka
Dal
ey
Had
ley
11,0
00,0
00
2,00
0,00
0
2,00
0,00
0
500,
000
4,50
0,00
0
60,0
00,0
00•
WR
UA
• Fa
rmer
s•
KW
S•
IUC
N•
MoA
• N
DM
A•
CD
F•
WR
UA
•
CD
F
Impr
ove
farm
pr
oduc
tivity
to
redu
ce c
ropl
and
expa
nsio
n an
d re
duce
cro
p pr
oduc
tion
– w
ildlif
e co
nfl ic
t
Roa
min
g liv
esto
ck
and
wild
life
men
ace
Cro
psG
roup
s far
ms (
25)
elec
tric
fenc
ed
No.
of f
arm
s ele
ctric
fenc
ed
Janu
ary
2013
to
Dec
embe
r 201
4A
gro-
past
oral
un
it
Page 45
From
Apr
il 20
13
to D
ec 2
014
Agr
o-pa
stor
al
unit
Lini
ng o
f con
cret
e ca
nals
Impr
ove
prod
uctiv
ity
thro
ugh
lives
tock
m
arke
ting,
acc
ess t
o w
ater
, bre
edin
g an
d co
ordi
natio
n
• M
oA•
KW
S•
MoW
I•
ND
MA
Con
cret
e ca
nals
es
tabl
ishe
d in
gro
up
farm
s (25
)
Km
of c
oncr
ete
cana
ls e
stab
lishe
d 40
,000
,000
Act
iviti
esSu
b-ac
tivity
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Whe
nW
here
Budg
et (k
shs)
Res
ourc
ePr
oble
ms/
Obj
ectiv
es
Dec
reas
ing
lives
tock
pr
oduc
tivity
Live
stoc
k
Prov
isio
n of
cer
tifi e
d se
eds,
seed
lings
and
ferti
lizer
s•
MoA
• W
RU
A•
Farm
ers
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• LA
TF
• M
oA•
Farm
er
• IU
CN
•
WR
UA
• Fa
IDA
• M
oA•
Farm
er
• W
RU
A•
MoW
I
Trai
ning
farm
ers o
n cr
op
husb
andr
y
Prov
isio
n of
irrig
atio
n pu
mps
to
gro
up fa
rms
Inpu
ts p
rocu
red
and
dist
ribut
ed to
gro
up
farm
s (25
)
Fam
er g
roup
s (25
) tra
ined
on
crop
pr
oduc
tion
Pum
p se
ts p
rovi
ded
to
grou
p fa
rms (
10)
No.
farm
s sup
porte
d w
ith in
puts
No.
of f
arm
ers t
rain
ed
No.
of p
umps
ets p
rovi
ded
Oct
ober
201
2 -
June
201
6
May
201
2 –
May
20
15
Oct
ober
201
3 –
Mar
ch 2
014
Agr
o-pa
stor
al
unit
Saka
Cen
tre
All
farm
s la
ckin
g pu
mps
2,00
0,00
0
2,00
0,00
0
7,00
0,00
0
Sub-
tota
l11
1,00
0,00
0
Esta
blis
hmen
t & su
ppor
t to
lives
tock
mar
ketin
g gr
oups
to
ass
ist i
n m
arke
ting
and
train
ing
• M
oLD
• K
LMC
• C
ount
y G
ov’t
• C
DF
• LA
TF
• M
oLD
• W
RU
A•
KW
S•
WR
MA
• Pa
stor
alis
ts•
Farm
ers
• M
WI
• M
oA•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
Adm
inis
tratio
n
• M
oLD
• K
AR
I•
WR
UA
• Lo
cal c
omm
unity
bre
edin
g
expe
rts•
MoL
D•
WR
UA
• K
WS
• W
RM
A•
Past
oral
gro
ups
Sens
itiza
tion
on p
rote
ctio
n of
“M
alka
s” a
nd o
peni
ng u
p m
ore
for b
oth
lives
tock
and
w
ildlif
e to
acc
ess t
he ri
ver
(100
m w
ide)
Prom
otio
n of
bes
t loc
al
bree
ds
Hol
d m
eetin
gs a
nd se
min
ars
to su
ppor
t coo
rdin
atio
n be
twee
n liv
esto
ck
stak
ehol
ders
Sub-
tota
l
Tota
l
Func
tiona
l mar
ketin
g gr
oups
(2) i
n pl
ace
Com
mun
ities
se
nsiti
zed
on
prot
ectio
n of
“M
alka
s” (a
t lea
st 1
0)
Bre
ed o
f liv
esto
ck
spec
ies p
rom
oted
(at
leas
t 4)
Coo
rdin
atio
n be
twee
n st
akeh
olde
rs im
prov
ed
No.
of m
arke
ting
gro
ups r
egis
tere
d an
d fu
nctio
nal
No.
of p
rote
cted
and
func
tioni
ng
“Mal
kas”
No.
of b
reed
s pro
mot
ed
No.
of l
ives
tock
coo
rdin
atio
n m
eetin
gs
Apr
il 20
13
Febr
uary
201
3 to
June
201
7
Nov
embe
r 201
3 –
Dec
201
6
Ever
y Fe
b fr
om
2013
-201
7
Saka
Loc
atio
nD
aley
Loc
atio
n
Agr
o-pa
stor
al
zone
Past
oral
and
ag
ro-p
asto
ral
units
Saka
sub-
catc
hmen
t
3,00
0,00
0
1,00
0,00
0
2,00
0,00
0
1,00
0,00
0
7,00
0,00
0
141,
500,
000
Page 46
Chapter 9: Capacity building
The chapter involves description of the WRUA training needs, measures needed to enhance governance and strengthening management capacity. The chapter identifies the capacity building needs at sectorial levels of WRUA and partners. It also provides an action plan for the implementation of capacity building activities to achieve the targets and goals in the sub-catchment.
The WRUA is young having been started July 2011 and has no office. The community has received some training on water and natural resource management from various NGOs, Government ministries and other agencies. IUCN has trained communities on: sustainable land and water management and conservation practices, integration of sub-catchment management plan and rangeland management plan to formulate ASCMP. Similarly, CARE trained WUAs on water conservation and WRMA on WRUA WDC in particular formation and registration of WRUA with various government departments. After receiving various trainings the WRUA officials held meetings to capacity build their members too. To gain maximum benefit and effectively implement proposed activities in the adapted SCMP community members and implementing partners need to be capacity built in several areas related to sustainable natural resource management.
The community cited the need to execute needs assessment but the following are also the tentative capacity building areas at sectoral levels as identified by the stakeholders:
Water• Roles of WRUA members
• Exposure tours to other WRUAs
• Publicity on WRUA activities
• Training on environmental conservation and management
• Training on participatory monitoring and evaluation
• Training on data collection and monitoring on water levels and meteorological station
• Establishing of WRUA office
• Training on management and protection of water sources
Agriculture • Training on pesticides and insecticides
• Training on management of farm pumps and irrigation infrastructure
• Marketing and value addition of farms produce
• Post harvesting techniques
• Diversification of crops and making it a business e.g. aagro-forestry
• Crop husbandry
• Establishment of co-operative societies
Livestock • Training on pest and disease control and administration vet drugs
• Training of overstocking and its impacts on environment
• Training on marketing and values addition of livestock
• Establishment of livestock groups to assist in marketing
• Training on pasture /fodder production
• Training on beekeeping, fish farming ,crocodile farming and bird farming
Page 47
Wildlife • Training on conservation of wildlife
• Training on data collection on signs and symptoms of outbreak of diseases for early reporting and action plan
• Life-saving skills from attacks of wildlife
• Sensitization of community and by-laws creation on land use and management (all sectors
• Training on proposal writing and development
Minerals
• Training on exploitation and usage of minerals and uses of its equipment
• Training on marketing of ballast, building blocks and cement
• Entrepreneurial training
• Education tour to Matuu, Thika,
• Sensitization on the impacts of the exploitation process
Pasture and fodder production • Sensitization on use of wet and dry season fodder during different periods
• Training on pasture and fodder production and storage e.g. hays farms
• Sensitization on dangers of causing wildfire
• Training on pasture and fodder seeding and re-seeding in rainy season
• Training on pasture/fodder marketing
• Training on Mathenge and bush control
• Storage for fodder produced.
Details on the execution of the above are in Table 16.
Page 48
Tabl
e 16
. C
apac
ity b
uild
ing
for c
omm
unity
and
par
tner
s on
adap
tive
SCM
P
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Whe
nW
here
Bud
get (
kshs
)Pr
oble
m/
Obj
ectiv
esA
ctiv
ities
Sub-
activ
ities
Targ
et: E
nhan
ce th
e ca
paci
ty o
f the
com
mun
ity a
nd W
RU
A o
n ac
tivity
impl
emen
tatio
n th
roug
h ne
twor
king
and
par
tner
ship
O
vera
ll ou
tput
: Im
prov
ed c
apac
ity to
ove
rcom
e e
xist
ing
chal
leng
es a
nd c
apita
lise
on e
xist
ing
oppo
rtuni
ties
100,
000
Con
duct
cap
acity
ne
eds
asse
ssm
ent
and
train
on
coor
dina
tion
Inad
equa
te
capa
city
to e
xecu
te
and
coor
dina
te
catc
hmen
t m
anag
emen
t ac
tiviti
es
Sens
itiza
tion
repo
rtR
epor
t doc
umen
ted
and
acc
epte
d
Oct
ober
201
2 A
ll m
anag
emen
t un
its w
ithin
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t
Sens
itiza
tion
of c
omm
unity
on
cap
acity
nee
ds a
sses
smen
t
• W
RU
A•
MoA
• K
FS•
KW
S•
MoL
D•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
WR
MA
• C
omm
unity
• C
FA
Exec
utio
n of
cap
acity
nee
ds
asse
ssm
ent
Shar
e ca
paci
ty n
eeds
repo
rt w
ith c
omm
unity
Trai
ning
on
best
way
s to
en
forc
e by
-law
s in
cat
chm
ent
Aw
aren
ess
crea
tion
on B
DR
Pr
ojec
t im
plem
enta
tion
activ
ities
thro
ugho
ut th
e su
b-ca
tchm
ent a
nd b
eyon
d
Cap
acity
nee
ds o
f com
mun
ity
and
stak
ehol
ders
iden
tifi e
d
Wor
ksho
p re
port
Enha
nced
enf
orce
men
t of
by-
law
s in
pla
ce
Com
mun
ities
and
par
tner
s in
form
ed o
n pr
ojec
t act
iviti
es
to b
e im
plem
ente
d
Ass
essm
ent r
epor
t
Rep
ort s
ucce
ssfu
lly c
ompl
eted
and
ac
cept
ed
No.
of e
nfor
cem
ent a
gent
s tra
ined
No.
of a
war
enes
s cr
eatio
n m
eetin
gs
cond
ucte
d
Sub-
tota
l
Dec
embe
r 201
2
Feb
2013
July
201
3– S
ept
2015
Apr
il 20
13
Saka
Cen
tre
All
man
agem
ent
units
with
in th
e su
b-ca
tchm
ent
300,
000
100,
000
600,
000
400,
000
1,50
0,00
0
Inad
equa
te
capa
city
on
wat
er
man
agem
ent
Cap
acity
bu
ildin
g on
wat
er
man
agem
ent
Trai
ning
WR
UA
mem
bers
on
inst
itutio
nal d
evel
opm
ent
• W
RU
A•
MoA
• K
FS•
KW
S•
MoL
D•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
WR
MA
• C
omm
unity
• C
FA
Publ
icity
of W
RU
A a
ctiv
ities
in
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t and
be
yond
Trai
ning
on
envi
ronm
enta
l co
nser
vatio
n an
d m
anag
emen
t
Trai
ning
on
parti
cipa
tory
m
onito
ring
and
eval
uatio
n
Trai
ning
ses
sion
s (th
ree)
co
nduc
ted
and
a m
anua
l de
velo
ped
Publ
icat
ions
on
WR
UA
ac
tiviti
es p
rodu
ced
(one
per
ye
ar) a
nd a
war
enes
s cr
eate
d
Trai
ning
(one
) on
en
viro
nmen
tal c
onse
rvat
ion
and
man
agem
ent
cond
ucte
d
Trai
ning
(one
) on
pa
rtici
pato
ry m
onito
ring
and
eval
uatio
n co
nduc
ted
Trai
ning
on
data
col
lect
ion
an
d m
onito
ring
of ri
ver l
evel
s an
d m
etro
logi
cal c
entre
s
Trai
ning
(one
) on
da
ta
colle
ctio
n a
nd m
onito
ring
of
river
leve
ls a
nd m
etro
logi
cal
cent
res
Trai
ning
(one
) on
man
agem
ent
and
prot
ectio
n of
wat
er
reso
urce
s
Trai
ning
on
man
agem
ent a
nd
prot
ectio
n of
wat
er re
sour
ces
• W
RU
A•
Met
Dep
t•
FaID
A•
IUC
N•
WR
MA
• W
RU
A•
WR
MA
• M
oWI
• Fa
IDA
• IU
CN
Sub-
tota
l
• N
o. o
f tra
inin
gs a
nd p
artic
ipan
ts•
No.
of m
anua
l
• N
o. o
f pub
licat
ions
• N
o. o
f aw
aren
ess
cam
paig
ns
No.
of t
rain
ing
and
par
ticip
ants
No.
of t
rain
ing
and
par
ticip
ants
No.
of m
onito
rs id
entifi
ed
and
train
ed fo
r th
e st
atio
ns
No.
of t
rain
ing
and
par
ticip
ants
Nov
embe
r 201
2 to
Jun
e 20
17
Janu
ary
2013
to
Jan
uary
201
5
Dec
embe
r 201
2
Febr
uary
201
3
Oct
ober
201
2
June
201
3
Dal
eyH
adle
y Sa
ka
All
man
agem
ent
units
with
in th
e su
b-ca
tchm
ent
Saka
Cen
tre
Saka
Cen
tre
Saka
Cen
tre
1,00
0,00
0
600,
000
300,
000
400,
000
300,
000
300,
000
2,90
0,00
0
Inad
equa
te
capa
city
in
agri
cultu
ral
man
agem
ent
Cap
acity
bui
ldin
g on
agr
icul
ture
–
crop
pro
duct
ion
and
agro
fore
stry
• Fa
rmer
s •
MoA
• Ir
rigat
ion
• W
RU
A
• O
pera
tors
•
MoA
• M
oWI
• Li
ne m
inis
tries
Trai
ning
on
pest
s an
d di
seas
es
incl
udin
g ea
rly w
arni
ng o
n th
e sa
me
Trai
ning
on
mai
nten
ance
and
op
erat
ion
of f
arm
pum
ps a
nd
irrig
atio
n in
fras
truct
ure
Trai
ning
on
pes
ts a
nd d
isea
ses
(one
)
Trai
ning
on
oper
atio
n of
pu
mps
and
mai
nten
ance
of
irrig
atio
n in
fras
truct
ure
No.
of t
rain
ing
and
par
ticip
ants
No.
of t
rain
ing
and
parti
cipa
nts
Oct
ober
201
2 –
June
201
7A
gro-
past
oral
un
it
Ope
rato
rs a
nd
farm
ers
in A
gro-
past
oral
uni
t
Oct
ober
201
2 O
ctob
er 2
015
500,
000
500,
000
Page 49
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Whe
nW
here
Bud
get (
kshs
)Pr
oble
m/
Obj
ectiv
esA
ctiv
ities
Sub-
activ
ities
300,
000
Cap
acity
bui
ldin
g on
live
stoc
k m
anag
emen
t
Inad
equa
te
capa
city
in
Liv
esto
ck
man
agem
ent
Trai
ning
on
mar
ketin
g st
rate
gies
to v
alue
add
ition
of
farm
pro
duce
(one
)
No.
of t
rain
ing
and
par
ticip
ants
Apr
il 21
03
Agr
o-pa
stor
al
unit
Trai
ning
on
mar
ketin
g an
d va
lue
addi
tion
of fa
rm
prod
uce
• Fa
rmer
s •
MoA
In
adeq
uate
ca
paci
ty in
ag
ricu
ltura
l m
anag
emen
t
Cap
acity
bui
ldin
g on
agr
icul
ture
–
crop
pro
duct
ion
and
agro
fore
stry
Trai
ning
on
post
-har
vest
te
chni
ques
Tr
aini
ng m
anua
l dev
elop
ed
(one
)N
o. o
f tra
inin
g, a
nd p
artic
ipan
ts
Mar
ch -
Febr
uary
201
3 A
gro-
past
oral
un
it30
0,00
0
• M
oA•
Farm
ers
• M
oLD
• K
WS
• K
FS•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
WR
MA
• W
RU
A
Trai
ning
on
dive
rsifi
catio
n of
cr
ops a
nd a
gro-
fore
stry
Trai
ning
con
duct
ed o
n
dive
rsifi
catio
n of
cro
ps a
nd
agro
-for
estry
No.
farm
ers
and
past
oral
ists
trai
ned
Oct
ober
201
3 -
Oct
ober
201
5A
gro-
past
oral
un
it60
0,00
0
• M
oA•
MoL
D•
Past
oral
gro
ups
• K
WS
Co-
oper
ativ
e so
ciet
y es
tabl
ishe
d (o
ne)
No.
of c
oope
rativ
e so
ciet
y w
ith
regi
ster
ed m
embe
rs a
nd o
pera
tiona
lEs
tabl
ishi
ng o
f coo
pera
tive
soci
ety
Apr
il 20
14
Agr
o-pa
stor
al
unit
200,
000
• M
oA•
MoL
D•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
WR
MA
• W
RU
A•
Farm
ers
Trai
ning
on
crop
m
anag
emen
tTr
aini
ngs c
ondu
cted
on
crop
m
anag
emen
t (tw
o)N
o. o
f tra
inin
gs a
nd p
artic
ipan
tsO
ctob
er 2
012
- Ju
ne 2
017
Agr
o-pa
stor
al
unit
500,
000
Sub-
tota
l2,
900,
000
Trai
ning
on
pest
s, di
seas
e co
ntro
l and
ear
ly w
arni
ng
• M
oLD
• Pa
stor
alis
t •
Farm
ers
• K
WS
Trai
ning
s con
duct
ed o
n pe
sts,
dise
ase
cont
rol a
nd
early
war
ning
and
a m
anua
l de
velo
ped
No.
of t
rain
ings
, par
ticip
ants
, and
m
anua
l dev
elop
edN
ovem
ber 2
012
– Ju
ne 2
017
Past
oral
and
ag
ro-p
asto
ral
units
400,
000
• M
oLD
• K
WS
• K
WS
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• Pa
stor
al g
roup
s
Trai
ning
on
mar
ketin
g an
d va
lue
addi
tion
of li
vest
ock
prod
ucts
Trai
ning
s con
duct
ed (t
wo)
on
m
arke
ting
and
valu
e ad
ditio
n of
live
stoc
k pr
oduc
ts a
nd a
m
anua
l dev
elop
ed
• N
o. o
f tra
inin
gs a
nd p
artic
ipan
ts•
A tr
aini
ng m
anua
lN
ovem
ber 2
012
– Ju
ne 2
015
Saka
Cen
tre30
0,00
0
• M
oLD
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• W
RU
A•
WR
MA
• Pa
stor
al g
roup
s
Trai
ning
on
rang
e m
anag
emen
t and
gra
zing
sy
stem
Trai
ning
on
rang
e re
sour
ces
man
agem
ent c
ondu
cted
No.
of t
rain
ings
and
par
ticip
ants
Dec
embe
r 201
2 -
June
201
7Pa
stor
al a
nd
agro
-pas
tora
l un
its
500,
000
Trai
ning
on
past
ure/
fodd
er
prod
uctio
n, st
orag
e &
m
arke
ting
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• W
RU
A•
WR
MA
• M
oLD
• K
FS•
Past
oral
gro
ups
Trai
ning
s con
duct
ed o
n pa
stur
e/fo
dder
pro
duct
ion,
st
orag
e &
mar
ketin
g
No.
of t
rain
ings
and
par
ticip
ants
May
201
3 –
June
20
17Pa
stor
al a
nd
agro
-pas
tora
l un
its
600,
000
Page 50
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Whe
nW
here
Budg
et (k
shs)
Prob
lem
/ O
bjec
tives
Act
iviti
esSu
b-ac
tiviti
es
300,
000
Trai
ning
con
duct
ed o
n be
ekee
ping
No.
of t
rain
ing
and
par
ticip
ants
Janu
ary
2015
A
gro-
past
oral
un
itTr
aini
ng o
n be
ekee
ping
•
WR
UA
• B
ee fa
rmer
s •
IUC
N•
FaID
A
• C
AR
E•
ND
MA
Inad
equa
te
capa
city
in w
ildlif
e m
anag
emen
t
Cap
acity
bui
ldin
g on
wild
life
man
agem
ent
Cap
acity
bui
ldin
g on
live
stoc
k m
anag
emen
t
Inad
equa
te
capa
city
in
Live
stoc
k m
anag
emen
t
Trai
ning
on
fi sh
farm
ing
• Fi
sher
ies
• M
oLD
• M
oA•
WR
MA
Trai
ning
con
duct
ed o
n fi s
h fa
rmin
gN
o. o
f tra
inin
g an
d pa
rtici
pant
sFe
brua
ry 2
015
Agr
o-pa
stor
al
unit
300,
000
Sub-
tota
l2,
400,
000
Trai
ning
and
aw
aren
ess o
n w
ildlif
e co
nser
vatio
n •
KW
S•
WR
UA
• C
omm
unity
•
IUC
N•
MoL
D•
KFS
•
Farm
ers
• N
EMA
• K
WS
• W
RM
A
• C
omm
unity
scou
ts
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• M
oLD
• K
FS
• K
WS
• M
oH•
Prov
. Adm
in.
• R
ed c
ross
• St
. Joh
n
Trai
ning
on
data
col
lect
ion
on si
gns a
nd sy
mpt
oms o
f ou
tbre
ak o
f dis
ease
s for
ear
ly
war
ning
Trai
ning
on
Life
-sav
ing
skill
s fr
om w
ildlif
e at
tack
s
Sens
itiza
tion
cond
ucte
d o
n w
ildlif
e c
onse
rvat
ion
(two)
Com
mun
ity tr
aini
ng o
n da
ta c
olle
ctio
n - s
igns
and
sy
mpt
oms o
f out
brea
k of
di
seas
es
Com
mun
ity tr
aine
d o
n lif
e-sa
ving
skill
s fro
m w
ildlif
e at
tack
s
No.
of s
ensi
tizat
ion
mee
tings
and
pa
rtici
pant
s
No.
of t
rain
ing
and
par
ticip
ants
No.
of t
rain
ing
and
parti
cipa
nts
Dec
embe
r 201
2
July
201
3
May
201
3
All
man
agem
ent
units
with
in th
e Su
b-ca
tchm
ent
Saka
Cen
tre
Saka
Cen
tre
500,
000
300,
000
300,
000
Sub-
tota
l1,
100,
000
Inad
equa
te
capa
city
in la
nd
use
plan
ning
and
m
anag
emen
t
Cap
acity
bui
ldin
g on
land
use
pla
nnin
g an
d m
anag
emen
t
Sens
itiza
tion
on la
nd u
se a
nd
man
agem
ent
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• A
ll lin
e m
inis
tries
(HoD
s)•
Com
mun
ity
• W
RU
A
Com
mun
ity se
nsiti
zed
on
land
use
and
man
agem
ent
No.
of s
ensi
tizat
ion
sess
ions
and
pa
rtici
pant
sSe
ptem
ber 2
012
– Ju
ne 2
017
All
man
agem
ent
units
with
in th
e Su
b-ca
tchm
ent
500,
000
Inad
equa
te
capa
city
on
Min
eral
use
• M
oEN
R
• W
RU
A•
Adm
in.
• C
ount
y G
ov’t
• M
ines
and
Geo
logy
Dep
t•
NEM
A•
Adm
in•
WR
UA
• M
inis
try o
f Tra
de
• C
ount
y G
ov’t
• M
inis
try o
f Tra
de
• A
dmin
.•
NG
Os
• H
oDs
Cap
acity
bui
ldin
g on
min
eral
use
and
m
anag
emen
t
Trai
ning
on
sust
aina
ble
use
of
min
eral
s
Trai
ning
on
mar
ketin
g of
ba
llast
, bui
ldin
g bl
ocks
and
ce
men
t (m
iner
al p
rodu
cts)
Entre
pren
eurs
hip
train
ing
and
educ
atio
nal t
our
Com
mun
ity tr
aini
ng o
n su
stai
nabl
e m
iner
al u
se
cond
ucte
d
Com
mun
ity tr
aine
d on
m
arke
ting
of m
iner
al
prod
ucts
Com
mun
ity fa
cilit
ated
with
an
exp
osur
e to
ur (o
ne)
No.
of t
rain
ings
and
par
ticip
ants
No.
of t
rain
ing
and
parti
cipa
nts
No.
of e
xpos
ure
tour
and
par
ticip
ants
Aug
ust
2013
Aug
ust 2
014
Sept
embe
r 201
3
Sept
embe
r 201
4
Saka
Saka
Saka
Thik
aM
atuu
500,
000
300,
000
800,
000
Page 51
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Whe
nW
here
Bud
get (
kshs
)Pr
oble
m/
Obj
ectiv
esA
ctiv
ities
Sub-
activ
ities
300,
000
Com
mun
ity se
nsiti
zed
on
the
impa
cts o
f min
eral
s ex
ploi
tatio
n pr
oces
s
No.
of s
ensi
tizat
ion
mee
ting
and
parti
cipa
nts
Dec
embe
r 201
4Sa
kaSu
b-to
tal
Sens
itiza
tion
on th
e im
pact
s of
min
eral
s exp
loita
tion
proc
ess
• N
EMA
• M
ines
and
Geo
logy
Dep
t•
MoH
• M
PHS
• A
dmin
.
Cap
acity
bui
ld o
n pa
stur
e an
d fo
dder
pr
oduc
tion
Inad
equa
te
capa
city
on
Past
ure
and
fo
dder
pro
duct
ion
Inad
equa
te
capa
city
on
Min
eral
use
Cap
acity
bui
ldin
g on
min
eral
use
and
m
anag
emen
t
Sub-
tota
l
Sens
itiza
tion
on u
se o
f dr
y an
d w
et se
ason
fodd
er
prod
uctio
n du
ring
diffe
rent
pe
riods
• M
oLD
• M
oWI
• N
DM
A•
KW
S•
KFS
• C
AR
E•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
MoA
Com
mun
ity se
nsiti
zed
on u
se
of d
ry a
nd w
et se
ason
fodd
er
prod
uctio
n
No.
of s
ensi
tizat
ion
mee
ting
and
parti
cipa
nts
Oct
ober
201
2 –
June
201
6Sa
ka
1,90
0,00
0
Trai
ning
on
prev
entio
n of
Pr
osop
is ju
lifl o
ra (M
athe
nge)
an
d bu
sh c
ontro
l
• K
FS•
MoA
• W
RU
A•
WR
MA
• M
oWI
• M
oLD
Com
mun
ity tr
aine
d on
pr
even
tion
and
cont
rol o
f M
athe
nge
and
bush
No.
of t
rain
ing
and
train
ees
Ever
y ye
ar
Nov
embe
r (20
12
– 20
16)
Past
oral
and
ag
ro-p
asto
ral
units
1,00
0,00
0
Sub-
tota
l2,
000,
000
15,2
00,0
00
1,00
0,00
0
Tota
l
Page 52
Chapter 10: Infrastructure development to boost resource conservation and mitigate against disasters and conflicts
The chapter provides details on the strategy for infrastructure development to boost resource conservation, mitigate disasters and conflicts.
Infrastructure is vital in the conservation of natural resources. The current status of infrastructure in Saka sub-catchment are poor therefore, there is urgent need for improvement. Major constrains to conservation related to infrastructure development in the sub-catchment are drought, floods, conflicts, inadequate water for domestic use and shrinking “Malkas” (water corridors). Furthermore, the situation is worsened by lack of modern early warning systems making community to rely on indigenous technical knowledge (ITK). Moreover, roads network is poor. Innovative solutions such as integrated early warnings systems (both modern and ITK), construction of check dams along the “Laghas” as well as diversification livelihoods and promotion of water corridors to reduce conservation constraints (Table 17).
Page 53
Tabl
e 17
. Im
plem
enta
tion
of in
fras
truc
ture
dev
elop
men
t to
boos
t res
ourc
e pr
otec
tion
and
cons
erva
tion
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Whe
nW
here
Bud
get (
kshs
)Pr
oble
m/
Obj
ectiv
esA
ctiv
ities
Sub-
activ
ities
Targ
et: I
ncre
ase
avai
labi
lity
and
acce
ssib
ility
to n
atur
al re
sour
ces
with
in th
e su
b-ca
tchm
ent
Ove
rall
outp
ut: I
mpr
ove
infr
astru
ctur
e to
acc
ess
and
utili
se n
atur
al re
sour
ces
with
in th
e su
b-ca
tchm
ent
300,
000
Esta
blis
h ea
rly
war
ning
sys
tem
for
drou
ght
Inad
equa
te e
arly
w
arni
ng s
yste
m
(EW
S) a
gain
st
drou
ght
A m
et. s
tatio
n N
o. o
f met
eoro
logi
cal
cent
re
Oct
ober
201
2 Sa
ka
Adm
inis
tratio
n Po
lice
cam
p
Esta
blis
hmen
t of
met
eoro
logi
cal
stat
ion
• W
RM
A•
Met
. Dep
t•
WR
UA
• M
oA•
IUC
N•
KW
S•
FaID
A•
ND
MA
• W
RU
A•
WR
MA
• C
omm
unity
•
Met
Dep
t•
ND
MA
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• M
oA•
KW
S•
Adm
inis
tratio
n
• N
DM
A•
MoL
D•
MoA
• M
oWI
• K
WS
• K
FS•
WR
UA
• M
et. D
ept
• N
DM
A•
WR
MA
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• Li
ne m
inis
tries
• W
RU
A
Stre
ngth
enin
g an
d en
hanc
ing
of tr
aditi
onal
EW
S an
d do
cum
enta
tion
Supp
ort a
nd s
hare
the
pr
oduc
tion
of b
ulle
tins
on
drou
ght
Dro
ught
con
tinge
ncy
plan
One
trad
ition
al E
WS
docu
men
ted
and
avai
led
Bul
letin
pro
duce
d an
d di
ssem
inat
ed o
n qu
arte
rly
basi
s
One
Sak
a co
mm
unity
co
ntin
genc
y pl
an d
evel
oped
pe
r yea
r
No.
of
docu
men
tatio
n
No.
of i
ssue
s pr
oduc
ed a
nd s
hare
d
No.
of c
ontin
genc
y pl
ans
deve
lope
d
Oct
ober
201
3
Qua
rterly
Oct
ober
201
2 –
June
201
7
Janu
ary
and
June
ev
ery
year
(201
3 - 2
017)
Saka
Saka
Saka
300,
000
1,00
0,00
0
1,00
0,00
0
Sub-
tota
l2,
600,
000
Inad
equa
te e
arly
w
arni
ng s
yste
m
(EW
S) a
gain
st
fl ood
s
Esta
blis
h ea
rly
war
ning
sys
tem
for
fl ood
s
Esta
blis
hmen
t of R
GS
• W
RM
A•
WR
UA
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• N
DM
A•
Line
min
istri
es
• W
RM
A•
KEN
GEN
• W
RU
A•
Red
cro
ss•
MoL
D•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
Med
ia
Esta
blis
hmen
t of fl
ood
in
form
atio
n sh
arin
g sy
stem
At l
east
one
RG
S st
atio
n es
tabl
ishe
d
Floo
d in
form
atio
n ge
nera
ted
and
shar
ed p
er y
ear (
two)
No.
of R
GS
stat
ions
No.
of fl
ood
info
rmat
ion
shar
ed a
nd
impl
emen
ted
Apr
il 20
13
Oct
ober
201
2 –
June
201
7
Saka
Saka
300,
000
500,
000
Page 54
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Whe
nW
here
Bud
get (
kshs
)Pr
oble
m/
Obj
ectiv
esA
ctiv
ities
Sub-
activ
ities
1,00
0,00
0
Stre
ngth
en c
onfl i
ct
reso
lutio
nsIn
adeq
uate
ear
ly
war
ning
on
natu
ral
reso
urce
use
co
nfl ic
ts
Saka
com
mun
ity fl
ood
cont
inge
ncy
plan
dev
elop
ed
each
yea
r
No.
of c
ontin
genc
y pl
ans d
evel
oped
Oct
ober
/Mar
ch
ever
y ye
ar (2
012
- 201
7)
Saka
Floo
d co
ntin
genc
y pl
an•
WR
MA
• K
enG
en•
Red
cro
ss•
MoL
D•
IUC
N•
WR
UA
• N
DM
A•
FaID
A•
Line
min
istri
es
Sub-
tota
l1,
800,
000
Esta
blis
hmen
t of E
WS
on
natu
ral r
esou
rce
confl
icts
• W
RM
A•
WR
UA
• Pe
ace
Com
mitt
ee•
ND
MA
• K
WS
• El
ders
•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
Chi
ef
• Li
ne m
inis
tries
EWS
on n
atur
al re
sour
ce
confl
ict d
evel
oped
per
yea
r to
redu
ce c
onfl i
cts (
At l
east
two)
• N
o. o
f con
fl ict
s re
solv
ed
• N
o. o
f pea
ce m
eetin
gs h
eld
One
mee
ting/
yr(2
013
– 20
17)
Saka
cen
tre1,
000,
000
• M
oW•
CD
F•
WR
UA
• LA
TF•
Cou
nty
Gov
t
Con
stru
ctio
n of
wat
er p
ans
alon
g “l
agha
s”Im
prov
e av
aila
bilit
y of
wat
er fo
r do
mes
tic a
nd
lives
tock
use
Inad
equa
te w
ater
su
pply
• M
oWI
• W
RM
A•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
WR
MA
• M
oW•
CD
F•
WR
UA
• LA
TF•
Cou
nty
govt
• M
oWI
• C
DF
• W
RU
A•
FaID
A•
IUC
N
• M
oWI
• C
DF
• W
RU
A•
IUC
N
Sub-
tota
l
Purc
hase
of r
ainw
ater
ha
rves
ting
stru
ctur
es in
in
stitu
tions
Con
stru
ctio
n of
dam
s alo
ng
the
“lag
has”
to h
arne
ss
runo
ff
Dril
ling
of b
oreh
oles
Dis
iltin
g of
exi
stin
g w
ater
pa
ns a
nd c
onst
ruct
ion
of
inle
ts
Wat
er p
ans c
onst
ruct
ed (t
hree
st
ruct
ures
eac
h 30
,000
m3 )
Eigh
t wat
er ta
nks o
f 10,
000
m3
and
acce
ssor
ies f
or in
stitu
tions
- s
choo
ls, d
ispe
nsar
ies
Dam
s con
stru
cted
to h
arne
ss
runo
ff
Bor
ehol
es d
rille
d &
equ
ippe
d (a
t lea
st tw
o)
Wat
er p
ans (
fi ve)
dis
tille
d an
d in
lets
con
stru
cted
No.
of w
ater
pan
s con
stru
cted
• N
o. o
f stru
ctur
es a
ppro
pria
tely
in
stal
led
• N
o. o
f ben
efi c
iarie
s
No.
dam
s con
stru
cted
No.
of b
oreh
oles
dril
led
& e
quip
ped
No.
of w
ater
pan
s dis
tille
d an
d w
ith
inle
ts
Janu
ary–
Dec
20
14
Oct
ober
201
2 –
Nov
embe
r 201
4
Janu
ary–
Dec
20
14
Janu
ary–
Dec
20
14
Janu
ary-
Dec
20
15
Past
oral
uni
t (at
H
igla
,Fa
diw
eyne
,Su
ban)
Settl
emen
t uni
t (a
t Dal
ey,
Saka
,M
atha
hlib
aah,
Had
ley,
Hirb
ai)
Past
oral
uni
t (H
abar
ow
laga
ha)
Settl
emen
t uni
t (S
aka
Junc
tion,
B
alam
bala
Ju
nctio
n)
Settl
emen
t and
pa
stor
al u
nits
(S
aka
Junc
tion,
Bal
amba
la
Junc
tion,
Ohi
o,
Uro
w, A
qala
ar)
10,0
00,0
00
5,00
0,00
0
30,0
00,0
00
30,0
00,0
00
10,0
00,0
00
85,0
00,0
00
Inad
equa
te
coor
dina
tion
at
com
mun
ity le
vel
Stre
ngth
en W
RU
A
as a
coo
rdin
atio
n un
it
Esta
blis
hing
of W
RU
A
offi c
e (m
ater
ials
to b
e pr
ovid
ed b
y c
omm
unity
)
• W
RU
A•
WR
MA
• Li
ne m
inis
tries
Func
tiona
l WR
UA
offi
ce
Roa
ds b
ush
clea
red
& g
rade
d (a
t lea
st 5
0 km
)
Offi
ce st
ruct
ure
esta
blis
hed
and
oper
atio
nal
Sept
embe
r 201
3 Sa
ka C
entre
300,
000
Page 55
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Whe
nW
here
Bud
get (
kshs
)Pr
oble
m/
Obj
ectiv
esA
ctiv
ities
Sub-
activ
ities
200,
000,
000
Impr
ove
road
sPo
or r
oads
Mic
ro-p
roce
ssin
g m
achi
nes
Km
bus
h cl
eare
d &
gra
ded
Nov
embe
r 201
2 –J
une
2017
D
aley
to H
irbai
Saka
to S
aka
Junc
tion
Bus
h cl
earin
g &
gra
ding
•
Min
. of R
oads
•
NEM
A•
WR
UA
• C
hief
•
Cou
nty
govt
• N
YS
• C
DF
• LA
TF
• M
oA•
NEM
A•
WR
UA
• Fa
rmer
s•
Past
oral
ists
• N
EMA
• M
oLD
• C
ount
y C
ounc
il •
WR
UA
•
Adm
inis
tratio
n •
Publ
ic h
ealth
• N
EMA
• M
oLD
• C
ount
y go
vt•
WR
UA
•
Adm
inis
tratio
n •
Publ
ic H
ealth
• N
EMA
• M
oLD
• C
ount
y C
ounc
il •
WR
UA
•
Adm
inis
tratio
n •
Publ
ic H
ealth
• N
EMA
•
Cou
nty
govt
• M
in.o
f Wor
ks
Lac
k of
mar
ket
plac
e Im
prov
e ac
cess
to
mar
kets
and
val
ue
addi
tion
Prov
isio
n of
mic
ro p
roce
ssin
g m
achi
ne fo
r cro
p an
d liv
esto
ck p
rodu
ce (v
alue
ad
ditio
n)
Esta
blis
hmen
t of l
ives
tock
m
arke
t for
sale
of a
nim
als
Con
stru
ctio
n of
slau
ghte
r ho
use
and
tann
ery
Esta
blis
hmen
t of c
emen
t fa
ctor
y (b
ased
on
the
outc
ome
of th
e ba
selin
e su
rvey
)
Purc
hase
of b
lock
cut
ting
mac
hine
esta
blis
hed
for v
eget
able
s, fr
uits
, milk
and
mea
t
Live
stoc
k m
arke
t for
sale
of
anim
als o
n kn
own
mar
ket d
ay
esta
blis
hed
(one
)
Slau
ghte
r hou
se (o
ne)
Smal
l sca
le c
emen
t fac
tory
Blo
ck c
uttin
g m
achi
ne o
n si
te
No.
of p
rodu
cts p
roce
ssed
A fu
nctio
nal l
ives
tock
mar
ket e
stab
lishe
d
A fu
nctio
nal s
laug
hter
hou
se e
stab
lishe
d
Ope
ratio
nal c
emen
t fac
tory
est
ablis
hed
A fu
nctio
nal b
lock
cut
ting
mac
hine
pr
ocur
ed
Dec
embe
r 201
3
Janu
ary
2013
Dec
embe
r 201
3
Dec
embe
r 201
4
Dec
embe
r 201
4
Saka
cen
tre
Saka
cen
tre
Saka
cen
tre
Dal
ey
Had
ley
4,00
0,00
0`
800,
000
10,0
00,0
00
10,0
00,0
00
5,00
0,00
00
Sub-
tota
l
Tota
l
29,8
00,0
00
320,
500,
000
Page 56
Chapter 11: Stakeholder analysis for right based approach and poverty reduction
The chapter explores the coordination and collaboration of different stakeholders (e.g. permanent, occasional and outsiders) and their roles based on rights, responsibility, relationship and revenues to avoid conflicts and gender disparities while promoting good governance to access and manage land and water resources within the sub-catchment. Furthermore, water and land resources are basic human rights under the new constitution and play a considerable role on economic activities in arid areas therefore harmonized coordination of WRUA plans with stakeholders concerns to reduce poverty, gender parity and alternative livelihoods is paramount.
Stakeholders were identified at different levels e.g. local, intermediate and NGOs & International agencies. The following are identified stakeholders at different levels:
11.1 Local levela) WRUA
b) Chiefs
c) Village elders
d) Peace committee
e) Religious leaders e.g. Imams
f) Environmental committee
g) Farmers/ pastoralists
h) Extension officers
i) Women leaders
j) Youth leaders
k) Parent teachers associations (PTA)/ school management committee (SMC)
l) Health Facility management committee(FMC)
m) Relief Committee (RC)
n) Councilor
The relationship between all these institutions is in Figure 2
11.2 Intermediate levela) Ministry of Water and Irrigation (District Water Officer)
b) Water Resource Management Authority (WRMA)
c) Office of the President (District Commissioner/District Officer)
d) Ministry of Livestock Development (District Livestock Production Officer/District Veterinary Officer)
e) Ministry of Agriculture (District Agricultural Officer)
f) Ministry of Northern Kenya and Other Arid lands(National Drought Management Authority-Drought Management Officer)
g) Ministry of Public health and Sanitation (District Public Health Officer)
h) Ministry of Education(District Education Officer)
i) Ministry of Local Government (Garissa County Council)
Page 57
Page 56
j) Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife - Kenya Wildlife Services (KWS), Kenya Forest Service (KFS)
k) Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources - National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), Mines and Geology Department
11.3 NGOs and international agenciesa) Kenya Red Cross Society (KRCS)
b) Fafi Integrated Development Association (FaIDA)
c) Care International
d) World Concern
e) International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
f) Mkono International
g) Japan International Corporation Agency (JICA)
h) Veterinaries San Frontier-Belgium(VSF-B)
i) SIMAHO
j) Mercy USA
k) African Development Solutions (Adeso)
11.4 Roles of Local StakeholdersThe community indicated the roles, strengths and weaknesses of local stakeholders (Table 18).
The community and participants developed planned matrix to improve coordination and collaboration between multi-sectoral institutions for harmonization of plans, right based approach and poverty reduction (Table 19).Page 58
Councilor
Imams
Farmers/pastoralists
Peace Committee
Chief
Village elders
Relief Committee
PTA
WRUA
Environmental Committee
FMC
Extension Officers
Youth leaders
Women leaders
Figure 2. Venn diagram for Saka Community – Local level collaboration and coordination
Page 579
STA
KE
HO
LD
ER
S
WR
UA
Chi
ef
Eld
ers
Peac
e co
mm
ittee
Rel
igio
us le
ader
s e.g
. im
ams,
shei
khs
Env
iron
men
tal
com
mitt
ee
Farm
ers/
past
oral
ist
RO
LE
S
• C
onse
rvat
ion
and
man
agem
ent o
f res
ourc
es w
ithin
Sak
a di
visi
on•
Awar
enes
s cre
atio
n on
nat
ural
reso
urce
man
agem
ent
• En
sure
the
qual
ity a
nd q
uant
ity o
f nat
ural
reso
urce
pr
oduc
ts
• G
razi
ng m
anag
emen
t •
Peac
e bu
ildin
g an
d co
nflic
t res
olut
ion
• A
cces
s to
wat
er a
nd p
astu
re fo
r pas
tora
list e
spec
ially
al
ong
the
Riv
er T
ana
• Pe
st a
nd d
isea
se su
rvei
llanc
e fo
r hum
an, l
ives
tock
, cro
ps
and
wild
life
• Ea
rly w
arni
ng fo
r dro
ught
, floo
d an
d co
nflic
ts
• Se
nsiti
zatio
n or
aw
aren
ess c
reat
ion
in B
araz
as•
Peac
e bu
ildin
g •
Enfo
rcem
ent o
f law
s and
by-
law
s aga
inst
natu
ral r
esou
rce
use
• M
onito
ring
of d
evel
opm
ent a
ctiv
ities
• P
rote
ctio
n an
d co
nser
vatio
n of
nat
ural
reso
urce
s (m
anag
emen
t and
use
) with
in th
e vi
llage
s •
Sens
itiza
tion
and
awar
enes
s cre
atio
n •
Peac
e bu
ildin
g
• Pe
ace
build
ing
• M
aint
ain
law
and
ord
er
• Aw
aren
ess c
reat
ion
• C
onfli
ct re
solu
tion
• C
onfli
ct a
naly
sis
• Se
nsiti
zatio
n on
reso
urce
con
serv
atio
n an
d pr
otec
tion
• Pe
ace
build
ing
• C
onse
rvat
ion
• Fo
od p
rodu
ctio
n •
Inco
me
gene
ratio
n •
Envi
ronm
enta
l con
serv
atio
n •
Rep
ort o
n in
cide
nce
of e
nviro
nmen
tal d
egra
datio
n •
Surv
eilla
nce
STR
EN
GT
H
• Th
ey a
re th
e vo
ice
of th
e co
mm
unity
•
Rep
rese
nt th
e un
ity w
ith b
y-la
ws
• R
egis
tere
d by
A.G
and
min
istry
of s
ocia
l ser
vice
s •
Hav
e ta
ngib
le re
sour
ces c
onse
rvat
ion
thro
ugh
thei
r ef
fort
• A
stro
ng le
ader
ship
stru
ctur
e (o
ffici
als/
man
agem
ent)
• C
lose
wor
king
rela
tions
hip
with
loca
l ins
titut
ion
incl
udin
g W
RU
A•
Stro
ng in
fluen
ce in
abi
ding
of l
aw
• Th
ey h
ave
earn
ed tr
ust b
y th
e co
mm
unity
•
Stro
ng su
ppor
t fro
m th
e ch
iefs
, pea
ce c
omm
ittee
and
go
vern
men
t offi
cial
s •
Rel
y on
the
good
will
of t
he y
outh
to g
ive
info
rmat
ion
and
enfo
rce
• R
apid
resp
onse
to c
onfli
ct re
solu
tion
• St
rong
supp
ort f
rom
the
gove
rnm
ent a
nd c
omm
unity
• Ve
ry m
uch
trust
ed
• W
ork
with
com
mun
ity (u
se re
ligio
us m
essa
ge to
in
fluen
ce o
n co
nser
vatio
n)
• G
ood
know
ledg
e on
indi
geno
us te
chni
cal k
now
ledg
e
• Ve
ry d
edic
ated
bec
ause
it is
thei
r liv
elih
ood
• In
nova
tive
in d
evel
opin
g te
chno
logi
es o
n na
tura
l re
sour
ce
WE
AK
NE
SS
• In
adeq
uate
kno
wle
dge
and
capa
city
in n
atur
al
reso
urce
s man
agem
ent
• La
ck o
f exp
osur
e •
Can
not b
e ev
eryw
here
with
in th
e va
st S
aka
• R
are
in m
onito
ring/
surv
eilla
nce
• Fe
w la
w e
nfor
cem
ent o
ffice
rs (a
dmin
istra
tion
polic
e)
unde
r his
/her
dis
posa
l •
Inad
equa
te c
apac
ity a
nd k
now
ledg
e on
nat
ural
re
sour
ce m
anag
emen
t •
Inad
equa
te k
now
ledg
e on
nat
ural
reso
urce
use
• Li
mite
d su
ppor
t to
tradi
tiona
l ins
titut
ions
and
rule
s, w
hich
they
rely
on
• N
o in
com
e fo
r the
ir ef
forts
• In
adeq
uate
kno
wle
dge
on n
atur
al re
sour
ce
man
agem
ent
confl
ict r
esou
rce
reso
lutio
ns
• N
o so
urce
of i
ncom
e •
Inad
equa
te k
now
ledg
e om
nat
ural
reso
urce
m
anag
emen
t and
use
• W
eak
tradi
tiona
l ins
titut
ions
and
rule
s, w
hich
they
re
ly o
n
• C
onfli
cts
• In
adeq
uate
kno
wle
dge
and
inap
prop
riate
pra
ctic
es in
na
tura
l res
ourc
es
Tabl
e 18
. Ana
lysi
s of l
ocal
stak
ehol
ders
in S
aka
Page 60
STA
KE
HO
LD
ER
S
Ext
ensi
on o
ffice
rs
Yout
h le
ader
s
Wom
en le
ader
s
PTA
FMC
Rel
ief c
omm
ittee
RO
LE
S
• Se
nsiti
zatio
n, tr
aini
ng a
nd te
chni
cal a
dvic
e on
nat
ural
re
sour
ces p
rote
ctio
n an
d co
nser
vatio
n (a
gric
ultu
re,
fore
stry
, soi
l and
wat
er c
onse
rvat
ion,
env
ironm
enta
l co
nser
vatio
n, li
vest
ock
prod
uctio
n an
d he
alth
, wat
er
deve
lopm
ent)
• Se
rvic
e de
liver
y •
Dat
a co
llect
ion
• Pe
ace
build
ing
• C
omm
unity
mob
iliza
tion
• Su
rvei
llanc
e re
ports
•
Dis
sem
inat
e in
form
atio
n on
EW
S, te
chno
logy
• Se
nsiti
zatio
n an
d m
obili
zatio
n •
Peac
e bu
ildin
g •
Rep
ortin
g on
inci
denc
e on
nat
ural
reso
urce
s man
agem
ent
• Vo
lunt
eerin
g
• Pa
rtici
patio
n in
env
ironm
enta
l con
serv
atio
n su
ch a
s tre
e pl
antin
g •
Peac
e bu
ildin
g •
Enga
ged
in s
anita
tion
• Fo
od p
rodu
ctio
n •
Prov
ide
dom
estic
wat
er u
se
• Su
rvei
llanc
e re
porti
ng
• Ed
ucat
e on
env
ironm
enta
l con
serv
atio
n •
Sani
tatio
n an
d he
alth
•
Affo
rest
atio
n •
Peac
e bu
ildin
g •
Live
stoc
k ke
epin
g (4
K c
lubs
, Wild
life
club
s)
• H
ealth
and
sani
tatio
n •
Sens
itiza
tion
and
awar
enes
s •
Envi
ronm
enta
l con
serv
atio
n
• En
sure
env
ironm
enta
l con
serv
atio
n th
roug
h FF
A•
Peac
e bu
ildin
g an
d co
nflic
t res
olut
ion
• Pr
ovid
e in
form
atio
n on
food
nee
ds
STR
EN
GT
H
• W
ork
clos
ely
with
WR
UA
chi
efs/
past
oral
ist a
nd
farm
ers
• En
hanc
e ca
paci
ty b
uild
ing
• D
edic
ated
and
vol
unte
ers (
som
e)
• Pr
ovid
e lin
k b
etw
een
com
mun
ity a
nd e
xten
sion
w
orke
rs
• Th
ey h
ave
info
rmat
ion
and
know
ledg
e •
They
are t
ruste
d an
d w
ork
well
the c
omm
unity
and
elder
s•
Ded
icat
ed to
com
mun
ity n
atur
al re
sour
ce
cons
erva
tion
• D
edic
ated
•
Con
flict
reso
lutio
n an
d pe
ace
build
ing
initi
ativ
es
• Fo
rmed
clu
bs h
ealth
/san
itatio
n an
d 4K
clu
bs
• In
com
e ge
nera
tion
from
sale
of g
oats
• E
stab
lishe
d/ a
ctiv
e en
viro
nmen
tal c
onse
rvat
ion
• Su
pply
food
for
wor
k •
Res
olve
con
flict
s
WE
AK
NE
SS
• Po
or c
omm
unic
atio
n in
rela
tion
to c
over
age
• In
adeq
uate
skill
s on
natu
ral r
esou
rces
man
agem
ent
• In
adeq
uate
cap
acity
to re
spon
d to
em
ergi
ng is
sues
•
Inad
equa
te fa
cilit
ies/
fund
s
• In
adeq
uate
skill
s on
cons
erva
tion
• U
nem
ploy
ed
• N
ot w
ell r
ecog
nize
d by
the
com
mun
ity
• In
adeq
uate
cap
acity
on
NR
M•
Poor
infr
astru
ctur
e cu
rtails
thei
r act
iviti
es
• In
adeq
uate
kno
wle
dge
on N
RM
•
Poor
com
mun
icat
ion
and
faci
litie
s and
ger
mpl
asm
se
edlin
gs a
nd se
eds
• N
o fe
nce
for c
onse
rvat
ion
• In
adeq
uate
kno
wle
dge
• Po
or c
omm
unic
atio
n
• In
adeq
uate
info
rmat
ion
on N
RM
• C
orru
ptio
n •
Ineq
ualit
y in
reso
urce
allo
catio
n
Page 61
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
STA
KE
HO
LD
ER
Pr
ovin
cial
Adm
inis
trat
ion
Ken
ya F
ores
t ser
vice
Min
istr
y of
Pub
lic H
ealth
and
Sa
nita
tion
(MoP
HS)
Min
istr
y of
Wat
er &
ir
riga
tion(
MW
I)
Min
istr
y of
Agr
icul
ture
(MoA
)
Loc
al A
utho
ritie
s – C
ount
y C
ounc
il
Rel
igio
us In
stitu
tions
Nat
iona
l Env
iron
men
tal
Man
agem
ent A
utho
rity
(NEM
A)
Irri
gatio
n D
epar
tmen
t
Fish
erie
s Dep
artm
ent
Ken
ya W
ildlif
e Se
rvic
e
Nat
iona
l Dro
ught
Man
agem
ent
Aut
hori
ty (N
DM
A)
Min
istr
y of
live
stoc
k an
d m
arke
ting
Min
istr
y of
Edu
catio
n
Min
es a
nd G
eolo
gy D
epar
tmen
t
NG
Os a
nd In
tern
atio
nal a
genc
ies
RO
LE
(S)
Sens
itiza
tion
/mob
iliza
tion
of m
embe
rs o
f the
pub
lic th
roug
h B
araz
as a
nd a
ny o
ther
foru
m, M
onito
ring
of si
tes o
nce
reha
bilit
ated
/rep
osse
ssed
,En
forc
ing
exis
ting
law
s on
cons
erva
tion,
Ass
ist i
n id
entif
ying
deg
rade
d ar
eas f
or re
habi
litat
ion,
Pro
vide
the
secu
rity
for a
ll.
Giv
e te
chni
cal a
dvic
e on
tree
nur
sery
est
ablis
hmen
t & m
anag
emen
t, R
ehab
ilita
tion
of d
egra
ded
site
s, co
mm
unity
edu
catio
n, W
ater
bod
ies c
onse
rvat
ion
(Wat
er
frie
ndly
tree
s, W
ater
unf
riend
ly tr
ees,
Riv
er li
ne m
aint
enan
ce.
Pollu
tion
cont
rol t
hrou
gh a
war
enes
s cre
atio
n in
bot
h do
mes
tic a
nd c
omm
unity
leve
ls e
.g. s
tora
ge/h
arve
stin
g m
etho
ds, p
rese
rvat
ion
of w
ater
in b
araz
as, M
onito
ring
the
wat
er u
sage
in re
latio
n to
hum
an a
ctiv
ities
that
they
rend
er w
ater
unfi
t for
hum
an c
onsu
mpt
ion,
Con
trolli
ng a
nd p
rese
rvat
ion
of w
ater
as f
ood,
Pro
tect
ion
of w
ater
bo
dies
e.g
. spr
ings
, dam
s, sh
allo
w /d
eep
wel
ls e
.t.c
Trea
tmen
t of w
ater
at d
omes
tic a
nd c
omm
unity
leve
l by
prov
isio
n of
chl
orin
e (a
qua
tabs
, wat
er g
uard
and
PU
R).
Mon
itorin
g of
wat
er re
sour
ce m
anag
emen
t, Su
perv
isor
y, P
rovi
sion
of t
echn
ical
supp
ort e
.g. d
esig
n of
wat
er in
fras
truct
ure
Soil
cons
erva
tion-
Mob
iliza
tion,
Lay
ing
out o
f soi
l con
serv
atio
n st
ruct
ures
, Tra
inin
g on
impo
rtanc
e of
soil
cons
erva
tion,
Nur
sery
est
ablis
hmen
t-Mob
iliza
tion,
Tra
inin
g on
nur
sery
est
ablis
hmen
t and
man
agem
ent,
Trai
ning
on
Agr
ofor
estry
tree
est
ablis
hmen
t and
man
agem
ent,
Riv
er b
ank
prot
ectio
n-M
obili
zatio
n, R
iver
ban
k pe
ggin
g,
Trai
ning
on
wat
er fr
iend
ly tr
ees,
Wat
er h
arve
stin
g-Tr
aini
ng, L
ayin
g ou
t of w
ater
har
vest
ing
stru
ctur
e, E
ffici
ent u
se o
f wat
er (b
est m
etho
d fo
r irr
igat
ion)
Sens
itiza
tion
thro
ugh
Bar
aza,
Car
etak
er o
f pub
lic la
nd- c
ounc
il ar
e tru
stee
s of a
ll pu
blic
land
whi
ch a
re so
met
imes
wet
land
s and
wel
ls e
ncro
achm
ent c
an b
e pr
even
ted
by c
ount
y co
unci
l, Tr
ee p
lant
ing,
Res
ettle
men
t iss
ues,
Fund
s for
pro
tect
ion
of sp
rings
from
–LA
TIF
Ann
ounc
emen
ts/ s
ensi
tizat
ion,
Loc
al m
edia
, Rel
igio
us fo
rum
to in
vite
the
stak
ehol
ders
Wat
er R
esou
rces
man
agem
ent a
s per
(EM
CA
), M
anag
emen
t of w
etla
nds a
nd w
ater
reso
urce
s, m
onito
ring
of e
nviro
nmen
tal d
egra
datio
n an
d po
llutio
n th
roug
h
Envi
ronm
enta
l Im
pact
Ass
essm
ent,
Enfo
rcem
ent o
f the
Act
Giv
e te
chni
cal a
dvic
e on
pro
duct
ion
of to
pogr
aphi
c su
rvey
s of p
ropo
sed
proj
ect,
desi
gn o
f irr
igat
ion
proj
ect a
nd B
Qs a
nd c
ostin
g, c
o-im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e pr
ojec
t w
ith st
ake
hold
ers a
nd fa
rmer
s, Tr
aini
ng o
f far
mer
s in
colla
bora
tion
with
MO
A o
n rig
ht c
rop,
soil
and
wat
er re
latio
nshi
p, A
ssis
t in
desi
gn o
f any
reco
mm
ende
d dr
aina
ge w
orks
, Edu
cate
pub
lic o
n ef
fect
ive
and
effic
ient
use
of w
ater
.
Fish
erie
s dat
a co
llect
ion-
mon
thly
fish
erie
s pro
duct
ion
data
, Reg
ulat
ion
of fi
sher
ies a
ctiv
ities
, iss
uing
of l
icen
ses a
nd p
erm
it to
fish
erm
en a
nd fi
sh tr
ader
s. Pr
omot
e fis
h fa
rmin
g ac
tiviti
es, t
echn
ical
adv
ice
on fi
sh p
ond
cons
truct
ion
and
fish
farm
ing,
ext
ensi
on se
rvic
e th
roug
h co
llabo
ratio
n w
ith o
ther
stak
ehol
ders
.
Sust
aina
bly
cons
erve
and
man
age
Ken
ya’s
wild
life
and
its h
abita
t in
colla
bora
tion
with
stak
ehol
ders
for p
oste
rity
and
the
futu
re g
ener
atio
n, c
onse
rve
and
man
age
Ken
ya’s
wild
life
scie
ntifi
cally
, res
pons
ibly
and
pro
fess
iona
lly, c
omm
unity
mob
iliza
tion
on w
ildlif
e aw
aren
ess a
nd g
ive
tech
nica
l adv
ice
whe
re n
eces
sary
, car
ry o
ut
cont
rol o
n as
tray
wild
life
on th
e (P
.A.C
) pro
blem
atic
, ass
ist i
n gr
oups
that
hav
e co
mm
on in
tere
st in
wild
life
cons
erva
tion
and
man
agem
ent t
echn
ical
adv
ice
and
prov
ide
fund
s if a
vaila
ble.
Proj
ect i
mpl
emen
tatio
n at
com
mun
ity le
vel p
rovi
sion
of f
unds
for e
mer
genc
y se
rvic
es, m
itiga
tion
of d
roug
ht a
nd e
nhan
cing
ada
ptat
ion
to d
roug
hts.
Giv
e te
chni
cal a
dvic
e on
live
stoc
k pr
oduc
tion,
opt
imum
No
lives
tock
on
a gi
ven
squi
re a
rea,
type
s of p
astu
re a
nd m
arke
ting
of th
eir p
rodu
cts,
anim
al tr
eatm
ent
vacc
inat
ion
prov
isio
n of
lab
serv
ices
.
Prov
isio
nbas
ic e
duca
tion,
skill
s and
tale
nt to
you
ng p
eopl
e, p
hysi
cal e
duca
tion
ands
choo
l fee
ding
pro
gram
me.
Expl
orat
ion
of m
iner
als,
keep
ing
of in
vent
ory
of m
iner
als a
nd o
ther
nat
ural
reso
urce
s, pr
ovid
e te
chni
cal a
dvic
e on
exp
loita
tion
of m
iner
als,
issui
ng p
erm
its a
nd li
cens
es.
Prov
isio
n of
relie
f foo
d, p
rovi
sion
of w
ater
and
sani
tatio
n, p
rovi
sion
of s
eed/
seed
lings
, far
m to
ols t
o th
e lo
cals
, sen
sitiz
atio
n an
d ca
paci
ty b
uild
ing,
pro
mot
ion
of
cons
erva
tion
and
envi
ronm
enta
l aw
aren
ess p
rovi
sion
of m
icro
finan
ce to
the
com
mun
ity m
embe
rs a
nd a
ssis
ting
of sc
hool
i.e.
pro
vidi
ng.
11.5
Inte
rmed
iate
, Nat
iona
l and
Inte
rnat
iona
l Sta
keho
lder
s and
The
ir R
oles
The
role
s of s
take
hold
ers h
ave
been
sum
mar
ized
bel
ow:
STA
KE
HO
LD
ER
Perm
anen
t use
r
RIG
HT
SR
ESP
ON
SIB
ILIT
IES
RE
LAT
ION
SHIP
11.6
Sta
keho
lder
Ana
lysi
sTh
e ro
les o
f sta
keho
lder
s at c
omm
unity
leve
l hav
e be
en su
mm
ariz
ed b
elow
:
RE
VE
NU
ES
WR
UA
• C
ontro
l and
man
age
acce
ss to
the
natu
ral
reso
urce
s •
Equi
tabl
e di
strib
utio
n of
nat
ural
reso
urce
s •
Form
atio
n of
by-
law
s and
enf
orci
ng th
em
• M
inim
ize
reso
urce
bas
ed c
onfli
cts (
reso
lvin
g co
nflic
ts )
• C
apac
ity b
uild
ing
com
mun
ity
• M
onito
ring
the
reso
urce
s use
•
Adv
ocac
y on
pro
per u
se
• Li
nk th
e co
mm
unity
to o
ther
stak
ehol
ders
• M
utua
l •
Rec
ipro
cal
• M
embe
rshi
p co
ntrib
utio
ns (m
oney
, foo
d,
fodd
er) l
evy
thro
ugh
WR
UA
• Pr
ide/
imag
e
Env
iron
men
tal
com
mitt
ee (w
ildlif
e,
rang
e an
d fo
rest
)
• C
ontro
l and
man
age
of se
ctor
res
ourc
es
• En
viro
nmen
tal c
onse
rvat
ion
(sec
tor b
ased
)•
Mut
ual
• R
ecip
roca
l •
Mem
bers
hip
cont
ribut
ion
levy
cha
rges
•
Inco
me
from
sale
of p
rodu
cts
Com
mun
ity
Saka
(far
mer
s and
pa
stor
alis
ts)
• Eq
uita
ble
acce
ss a
nd d
istri
butio
n of
all
reso
urce
s •
Rig
ht to
usa
ge a
nd m
anag
emen
t
• C
onse
rvat
ion
and
use
of n
atur
al re
sour
ces c
onse
rvat
ion
• R
espe
ct a
nd a
bide
by
the
by-la
ws
• M
onito
r use
nat
ural
reso
urce
•
Adv
ocac
y on
pro
per u
se
• Tr
ain
on n
atur
al re
sour
ces
• M
utua
l •
Food
•
Taxe
s fro
m p
rodu
cts
Gov
ernm
ent m
inis
trie
s an
d ag
enci
es
• Su
ppor
t and
app
reci
ate
the
use
and
man
agem
ent
• Se
nsiti
zatio
n on
pro
per u
se a
nd m
anag
emen
t of n
atur
al
reso
urce
s •
Con
flict
s res
olut
ion
• Pr
otec
tion
of n
atur
al re
sour
ces b
y us
e of
pol
icy
• A
dvoc
acy
on p
rope
r use
•
Faci
litat
e pr
otec
tion
and
cons
erva
tion
• Su
ppor
tive
• Fi
nes/
levi
es
• Pe
rmit
char
ges o
n liv
esto
ck a
nd c
rop
prod
ucts
and
wild
life
Occ
asio
nal u
sers
Nei
ghbo
ring
B
alam
bala
and
San
kuri
co
mm
uniti
es
• En
forc
e la
w o
n na
tura
l res
ourc
es
• A
cces
s to
past
ure
and
wat
er u
se
• R
ight
to p
eace
•
Rig
ht to
info
rmat
ion
on e
xist
ing
by-la
ws
• A
bide
by
the
laid
by-
law
s •
Ensu
re a
nd m
aint
ain
peac
e•
Prot
ect a
nd c
onse
rve
the
exis
ting
reso
urce
s
• M
utua
l•
Rec
ipro
cal
Non
e
Cas
ual l
abou
rs•
Peac
e•
By-
law
s •
Abi
de b
y th
e by
-law
s •
Hel
p in
con
serv
atio
n •
Mut
ual
Inco
me
Out
side
r gr
oup
Lag
dera
, Fafi
, tra
ders
, liv
esto
ck o
n tr
ansi
t to
liv
esto
ck m
arke
t
• R
ight
to p
eace
•
Rig
ht to
info
rmat
ion
on e
xist
ing
by-la
ws
• A
cces
s to
avai
labl
e w
ater
and
pas
ture
• E
nsur
e pe
ace
• A
bide
by
the
exis
ting
by –
law
s •
Prot
ect a
nd c
onse
rve
the
exis
ting
reso
urce
s
• M
utua
l •
Rec
ipro
cal
Inco
me
wat
er a
nd p
astu
re
Page 62
Tabl
e 19
. Im
prov
e st
akeh
olde
r coo
rdin
atio
n an
d co
llabo
ratio
n fo
r har
mon
izat
ion
of p
lans
, rig
ht b
ased
app
roac
h an
d po
vert
y re
duct
ion
Resp
onsib
ility
Out
puts
Indi
cato
rsW
hen
Whe
reBu
dget
(ksh
s)Pr
oblem
/ O
bjec
tives
Activ
ities
Sub-
activ
ities
Targ
et: F
oste
r coo
rdin
atio
n an
d co
llabo
ratio
n of
stak
ehol
ders
to re
duce
pov
erty
and
over
com
e bar
riers
in ac
cess
ing
and
man
agin
g la
nd an
d w
ater
reso
urce
s O
vera
ll ou
tput
: Stre
ngth
ened
coor
dina
tion
and
colla
bora
tion
to eq
uita
bly
acce
ss an
d m
anag
e nat
ural
reso
urce
s
1,20
0,00
0Im
prov
e co
ordi
natio
n an
d ge
nder
par
ity in
de
cisio
n m
akin
g
Lim
ited
coor
dina
tion
betw
een
stake
hold
ers,
imba
lanc
e gen
der
invo
lvem
ent a
nd
recu
rren
t con
fl ict
on
nat
ural
reso
urce
m
anag
emen
t
Dia
logu
e mee
tings
M
inut
es/p
roce
edin
gs o
f dia
logu
e mee
tings
he
ld p
er y
ear f
or th
ree y
ears
May
201
3 M
ay 2
015
May
201
7
Gar
issa
Stre
ngth
en d
ialo
gue b
etw
een
tradi
tiona
l and
form
al
insti
tutio
ns t
o m
itiga
te
exac
erba
tion
of h
azar
ds
• W
RUA
• W
RMA
• IU
CN•
FaID
A•
Line
min
istrie
s •
Com
mun
ity
• N
GO
s
• W
RUA
• W
RMA
• IU
CN•
FaID
A•
Line
min
istrie
s•
NG
Os
• W
RUA
• W
RMA
• IU
CN•
FaID
A•
Line
min
istrie
s
• W
RUA
• W
RMA
• IU
CN•
FaID
A•
Line
min
istrie
s•
DSG
• N
GO
s
• W
RUA
• W
RMA
• IU
CN•
FaID
A•
Line
min
istrie
s
• W
RUA
• W
RMA
• M
oG•
IUCN
• Fa
IDA
• Li
ne m
inist
ries
Mee
tings
to h
arm
oniz
e im
plem
enta
tion
of a
dapt
ed
sub-
catc
hmen
t man
agem
ent
plan
with
insti
tutio
nal p
lans
Faci
litat
e Exc
hang
e visi
ts to
impr
ove c
apac
ity an
d ex
posu
re to
dro
ught
re
silie
nce t
hrou
gh ef
fect
ive
catc
hmen
t man
agem
ent
Dev
elop
men
t of a
ctio
n pl
an
to fo
llow
up
on le
arni
ng ar
eas
iden
tifi e
d th
roug
h ex
chan
ge
visit
s
Trai
ning
on
mul
ti-sta
keho
lder
pr
oces
ses t
o re
duce
confl
ict
over
nat
ural
reso
urce
s with
in
the c
atch
men
t are
a
Sub-
tota
l
Tech
nica
l wor
k pl
ans
Exch
ange
visi
ts to
oth
er
sub-
catc
hmen
t of s
imila
r co
nditi
ons
Act
ion
plan
dev
elop
ed af
ter
ever
y ex
chan
ge v
isits
NRM
confl
ict r
educ
tion
train
ings
(per
yea
r for
thre
e ye
ars)
Gen
der a
nd m
ains
tream
ing
wor
ksho
p M
ains
tream
ing
of g
ende
r iss
ues i
nto
WRU
A ac
tiviti
es
No.
of w
ork
plan
s dev
elop
ed p
er y
ear t
o be
endo
rsed
by
DSG
No.
of v
isits
per y
ear f
or th
ree y
ears
Repo
rts
No.
of c
omm
unity
actio
ns p
lans
dev
elop
ed
No.
of t
rain
ings
and
train
ees
Trai
ning
repo
rt
No.
of p
artic
ipan
tsW
orks
hop
repo
rt
Mar
ch ea
ch y
ear
(201
3-20
17)
Nov
201
3N
ov 2
015
Nov
201
6
Dec
201
3D
ec 2
015
Dec
201
6
Aug
ust 2
013
Aug
201
5A
ug 2
016
Dec
embe
r 201
2
Gar
issa
Tana
, Ew
aso
and
Ath
i cat
chm
ents
Gar
issa
Gar
issa
Gar
issa
2,00
0,00
0
2,00
0,00
0
600,
000
900,
000
300,
000
7,00
0,00
0
Page 63
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Whe
nW
here
Bud
get
(ksh
s)P
robl
em/
Obj
ecti
ves
Act
ivit
ies
Sub-
acti
viti
es
1,00
0,00
0Im
prov
e in
form
atio
n di
ssem
inat
ion
Dry
wit
h in
form
atio
n es
peci
ally
at
loca
l le
vel
NR
M in
form
atio
n pa
ckag
ing
and
diss
emin
atio
n m
eetin
g at
co
mm
unity
leve
l (on
e m
eetin
g pe
r ye
ar f
or th
ree
year
s)
No.
mee
tings
N
o. o
f N
RM
pac
kage
s de
velo
ped
Oct
201
2 –J
une
2017
Saka
cen
tre
Dis
sem
inat
ion
and
pack
agin
g
of N
RM
info
rmat
ion
to lo
cal
stak
ehol
ders
• W
RU
A•
WR
MA
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• L
ine
min
istr
ies
Lim
ited
alt
erna
tive
liv
elih
oods
Pr
omot
ion
of a
ltern
ativ
e liv
elih
oods
to
redu
ce p
ress
ure
on
natu
ral r
esou
rces
an
d re
duce
sp
iral
ling
pove
rty
Sub-
tota
lTo
tal
Iden
tifi c
atio
n, p
rom
otio
n an
d st
reng
then
ing
of a
ltern
ativ
e liv
elih
ood
with
sta
keho
lder
s
• W
RU
A•
Adm
inis
trat
ion
• E
lder
s•
Com
mun
ity
• M
oLD
• M
oA•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
WR
MA
• N
DM
A•
KFS
• K
WS
• M
oW&
I•
WR
MA
• W
RU
A•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
Lin
e m
inis
trie
s (H
OD
s)
• C
omm
unity
A m
eetin
g pe
r ye
ar f
or tw
o ye
ars
to id
entif
y al
tern
ativ
e liv
elih
oods
No.
and
out
com
e of
the
mee
tings
Janu
ary
2013
–
June
201
7 G
aris
sa
1,00
0,00
0
Dev
elop
men
t of
wor
k pl
an
for
iden
tifi e
d liv
elih
ood
activ
ities
Wor
k pl
an d
evel
oped
per
yea
r fo
r th
ree
year
sN
o. p
lans
dev
elop
edE
very
yea
r 20
13
– 20
17
Gar
issa
90
0,00
0
Tra
inin
g an
d im
plem
enta
tion
on id
entifi
ed
alte
rnat
ive
livel
ihoo
d pr
iori
ties
e.g.
re
stoc
king
Liv
elih
ood
proj
ects
im
plem
ente
d pe
r ye
ar (
two
per
year
)
No.
of
proj
ects
impl
emen
ted
and
subs
eque
nt r
epor
tsO
ctob
er 2
012
– Ju
ne 2
017
Tot
al
Saka
Sub
-ca
tchm
ent
5,00
0,00
0
Sub-
tota
l6,
900,
000
14,9
00,0
00
Page 64
Chapter 12: Participatory monitoring and evaluation
Participatory monitoring and evaluation of the water and land resources is a key element in the management of natural resources. Monitoring requires routine measurements and visits to allow the assessment to extract the required information (both quality and quality). It should identify the pertinent parameters to assess at a given quality in time and space and evaluate the present and future demands. It is necessary to ensure that natural resources and the catchment monitoring systems provide accurate data. It is also advisable for the data to be assessed and analysed in a way that the information needed from the Sub-catchment is available, accurate and timely. Parameters identified for different natural resources are listed in Table 20.
Page 65
The community has natural resource monitoring mechanisms in place especially for pasture, fodder, water and animal body conditions. Pastoral elders and young men travel to far distances in search of better water and pasture for livestock (locally called Sahaan) before the household migrate to the identified sites. The WRUA and chiefs also monitor to control wanton cutting of fodder trees, charcoal burning and conflicts over resource before intervention whenever necessary. To ensure participatory monitoring and evaluation systems during SCMP implementation process community members and other stakeholders involved in SCMP preparation identified activities that need to be formulated (Table 21).
RESOURCE PARAMETERS
Water • Amount (litres/m3) for domestic, livestock, crops/trees, wildlife, environmental flow• Attitude change (No.)• Capacity building (No. of trainings/meetings/trainees, No. and types of training materials, No of exchange visits)• Levels of contamination and pollution for domestic consumption• Type and no. of technologies/practices introduced and practiced
Pasture and forest • Coverage (acres, ha or %)• Livestock body conditions• Survival of seedlings (%, No.)• Attitude change (No.)• Type and no. of technologies/practices introduced and practiced• Capacity building (No. of trainings/meetings/trainees, No. and types of training materials, No of exchange visits)
Wildlife • Species type and abundance • Incidence of poaching• Incidence of human-wildlife conflict• Incidence of pests and diseases • Diversity• Habitat• Attitude change• Capacity building• Capacity building (No. of trainings/meetings/trainees, No. and types of training materials, No of exchange visits) • Type and no. of technologies/practices introduced and practiced
• Yield per ha/acre• Change in land use cover (%) • Amount agro-processed • Capacity building• Attitude change • Quality of agro-processed products• Type and no. of technologies/practices introduced and practiced• Capacity building (No. of trainings/meetings/trainees, No. and types of training materials, No of exchange visits)
Crops
Livestock • Species type and abundance• Incidence of pests and diseases• Yield per species or hive (honey)• Amount agro-processed • Quality of products before and after processing• Type and no. of technologies/practices introduced and practiced• Capacity building (No. of trainings/meetings/trainees, No. and types of training materials)
Table 20. Parameters to monitor for different natural resources
• No. of sustainable NRM business opportunities and their levels of incomeLivelihoods diversification
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Whe
nW
here
Bud
get (
kshs
)Pr
oble
m/
Obj
ectiv
esA
ctiv
ities
Sub-
activ
ities
Targ
et: E
stab
lish
and
stre
ngth
en p
artic
ipat
ory
mon
itorin
g an
d ev
alua
tion
for s
usta
inab
le m
anag
emen
t of n
atur
al re
sour
ces a
nd re
liabl
e da
taba
se
Ove
rall
outp
ut: E
nhan
ced
parti
cipa
tory
mon
itorin
g an
d ev
alua
tion
syst
em a
nd n
atur
al re
sour
ce d
ata
avai
led
at a
ll le
vels
500,
000
Join
t mon
itorin
g pl
anni
ngL
ack
of m
onito
ring
pl
anA
nnua
l mon
itorin
g pl
an
Year
ly m
onito
ring
pla
n de
velo
ped
Ann
ually
(20
13-2
017)
Saka
Cen
trePr
epar
e jo
int m
onito
ring
plan
• W
RU
A•
IUC
N•
WR
MA
• M
et D
ept
• N
DM
A•
Com
mun
ity
• A
dmin
istra
tion
• Li
ne m
inis
tries
• W
RU
A•
IUC
N•
WR
MA
• M
et D
ept
• N
DM
A•
Com
mun
ity
• A
dmin
istra
tion
• Li
ne m
inis
tries
Wat
er q
uant
ity
and
qual
ity
Join
t mon
itorin
g of
w
ater
sour
ces
Mon
itor c
onta
min
atio
n an
d po
llutio
n le
vels
for a
ll w
ater
so
urce
s (bo
reho
les,
wat
er
pans
, sha
llow
wel
ls a
nd ri
ver)
Mon
itor w
ater
leve
ls, a
mou
nt
cons
umed
and
clim
ate
data
(f
or a
ll riv
er g
augi
ng a
nd
hydr
omet
stat
ions
, wat
er
met
ers)
Con
tam
inat
ion
and
pollu
tion
leve
ls o
f all
wat
er so
urce
s im
prov
ed
Stat
us o
f equ
ipm
ent a
nd d
ata
mon
itore
d an
d im
prov
ed
No.
of w
ater
sour
ces a
nd e
quip
men
t m
onito
red
for c
onta
min
atio
n,
pollu
tion,
ear
ly w
arni
ngs,
cons
umpt
ion
and
perf
orm
ance
• Si
ze a
nd st
atus
of r
ehab
ilita
ted
site
s•
Surv
ival
rate
s of s
peci
es
Ann
ually
(20
13-2
017)
Ann
ually
(20
13-2
017)
Saka
Sub
-ca
tchm
ent
500,
000
500,
000
1,00
0,00
0 Sp
ecie
s div
ersi
ty, c
over
, re
gene
ratio
n, su
rviv
al a
nd
prod
uctio
n
• D
PLO
• W
RM
A•
IUC
N•
Envi
ronm
enta
l com
mitt
ee
• W
RU
A•
FaID
A
Perf
orm
ance
of p
astu
re a
nd
fore
st a
ctiv
ities
(cov
erag
e,
No
and
dive
rsity
of s
peci
es,
surv
ival
rate
s, re
gene
ratio
n ra
tes,
No.
of h
ay b
ales
pr
oduc
ed)
Stre
ngth
en tr
aditi
onal
m
onito
ring
• M
oA•
ND
MA
• K
FS
“Sah
aan”
trad
ition
al
mon
itorin
g of
pas
ture
and
w
ater
stre
ngth
ened
Impr
ovem
ent t
o “S
ahaa
n”
tradi
tiona
l sys
tem
Ann
ually
(20
13-2
017)
100
acre
s per
m
anag
emen
t uni
t (p
asto
ral a
nd
agro
-pas
tora
l) pe
r yea
r with
in
the
sub-
catc
hmen
t
Sub-
tota
l1,
000,
000
Past
ure
and
fore
st
reso
urce
sJo
int m
onito
ring
of
past
ure
and
fore
st
reso
urce
s
Sub-
tota
l
500,
000
1,50
0,00
0
1,00
0,00
0 W
ildlif
e Jo
int m
onito
ring
of
wild
life
activ
ities
Perf
orm
ance
of w
ildlif
e an
d di
vers
ity w
ithin
M
atha
hlib
aah
sanc
tuar
y
• K
WS
• C
omm
unity
•
WR
UA
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• M
W&
I
• Sp
ecie
s div
ersi
ty a
nd b
ody
cond
ition
s•
Inco
me
from
con
serv
atio
n of
wild
life
• Pe
rfor
man
ce o
f spe
cies
•
Am
ount
of i
ncom
e ge
nera
ted
Ann
ually
(20
13-2
017)
Mat
hahl
ibaa
h Sa
nctu
ary
Cro
ps, f
ruits
and
ir
riga
ted
fodd
er
Join
t mon
itorin
g of
fa
rmla
nd a
ctiv
ities
Mon
itor p
erfo
rman
ce o
f cr
ops,
frui
ts a
nd fo
dder
on
farm
s
• W
RU
A•
Com
mun
ity
• C
hief
s•
MoA
• M
oLD
• K
FS•
IUC
N•
FaID
A
• M
WI
• W
RM
A•
ND
MA
Perf
orm
ance
of c
rops
and
fo
dder
pro
duct
ion
(in 2
5 gr
oup
farm
s)
• Y
ield
s per
yea
r (fo
r con
sum
ptio
n an
d m
arke
t)•
No.
of h
ay b
ales
of h
arve
sted
an
d st
ored
• In
cide
nce
of p
ests
and
dis
ease
s
Ann
ually
(20
13-2
017)
Agr
o-pa
stor
al
unit
1,00
0,00
0
Tabl
e 21
. Pa
rtic
ipat
ory
Mon
itori
ng a
nd E
valu
atio
n of
nat
ural
reso
urce
s with
in S
aka
Sub-
catc
hmen
t
Page 66
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Whe
nW
here
Bud
get (
kshs
)Pr
oble
m/
Obj
ectiv
esA
ctiv
ities
Sub-
activ
ities
1,00
0,00
0Jo
int m
onito
ring
of
lives
tock
act
iviti
esL
ives
tock
Li
vest
ock
prod
uctio
n an
d he
alth
• Li
vest
ock
yiel
ds (m
ilk, m
eat,
hone
y, fi
sh m
eat,
hide
s and
skin
s)
prod
uced
, con
sum
ed/ m
arke
ted
per s
easo
n/yr
• In
cide
nce
of p
ests
and
dis
ease
s
Ann
ually
(20
13-2
017)
Past
oral
and
ag
ro-p
asto
ral
units
Mon
itor l
ives
tock
pe
rfor
man
ce•
WR
UA
• C
omm
unity
•
Chi
efs
• M
oA•
MoL
D•
KFS
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
•
MW
I •
WR
MA
• N
DM
A
Infr
astr
uctu
re•
WR
UA
• C
omm
unity
•
MoA
• M
oLD
• M
oWI
• M
oR•
KFS
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
•
MW
I •
WR
MA
• N
DM
A
Join
t mon
itorin
g of
in
fras
truct
ure
Mon
itor p
erfo
rman
ce o
f in
fras
truct
ural
stru
ctur
esSt
atus
of i
nfra
stru
ctur
eD
ista
nce,
num
ber a
nd si
ze o
f st
ruct
ures
con
stru
cted
/ reh
abili
tate
dD
ec 2
014
Saka
Sub
- ca
tchm
ent
1,00
0,00
0
Eva
luat
ion
Inte
rnal
eva
luat
ion
by im
plem
entin
g pa
rtner
s
Join
t eva
luat
ion
of p
ropo
sed
targ
ets a
nd o
utpu
ts•
WR
UA
• C
omm
unity
•
MoA
• M
oLD
• M
oWI
• M
oR•
KFS
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
•
MW
I •
WR
MA
• N
DM
A
Eval
uatio
n re
port
Eval
uatio
n re
port
docu
men
ted
and
acce
pted
Dec
201
6 Sa
ka S
ub-
catc
hmen
tTo
tal
2,00
0,00
0
Tota
l9,
000,
000
Page 67
Chapter 13: Finance and implementation of project activities
Natural resource management has suffered from chronic under investment for many years. This means that investment needs to be targeted to obtain maximum beneficial impact. At the same time innovative and sustainable approach to financing need to be piloted and established. Potential sources of funds are: Revenue generated by WRUA, WDC funds, Partner funds, Private sector and local funds. The establishment of efficient, effective and sustainable financing mechanism will enable the implementation of adapted SCMP activities.
Currently, the main income for the WRUA is monthly contributions from members but contribution from members is paltry due to lack of financial ability of members to raise the necessary amount for development. The WRUA has treasurer and sub-committee on financial sourcing and management but lacks financial skills. The WRUA management requires intensive and comprehensive capacity building on proposal development and report writing, negotiation skills and resource mobilization, record keeping e.g. adult education, financial and procurement management, information sharing, networking and partnership, sustainability, ownership, operation and maintenance and training on leadership and governance (Table 22).Sound mechanisms for financial sourcing and management will help in initiation and implementation of the proposed activities.
Page 68
Tabl
e 22
. Cap
acity
Bui
ldin
g on
Fin
ance
and
Impl
emen
tatio
n of
pro
ject
act
iviti
es
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Whe
nW
here
Bud
get (
kshs
)P
robl
em/
Obj
ecti
ves
Act
ivit
ies
Sub-
acti
viti
es
Targ
et: C
apac
ity b
uild
WR
UA
on
fi nan
ce a
nd re
sour
ce m
obili
zatio
n (b
oth
inte
rnal
and
ext
erna
l) fo
r suc
cess
ful e
xecu
tion
of p
lann
ed A
SCM
P ac
tiviti
es
Ove
rall
outp
ut: A
fi na
ncia
lly s
tron
g a
nd p
roac
tive
WR
UA
that
impl
emen
ts p
lann
ed a
ctiv
ities
on
time
in p
lace
900,
000
Cap
acity
bui
ld
WR
UA
on
prop
osal
de
velo
pmen
t
Cap
acit
y bu
ildin
g on
pro
posa
l de
velo
pmen
t and
w
riti
ng
A c
omm
unity
trai
ning
(per
ye
ar fo
r thr
ee y
ears
)•
Trai
ning
repo
rts
• N
o. o
f pro
posa
ls d
evel
oped
and
fu
nded
Oct
ober
(201
3-20
15)
Saka
Cen
tre
Trai
ning
on
prop
osal
de
velo
pmen
t and
wri
ting
• W
RU
A•
WR
MA
• M
oWI
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• M
oPV
Neg
otia
tion
ski
lls
and
reso
urce
m
obili
zati
on
Cap
acity
bui
ld
WR
UA
on
reso
urce
m
obili
zatio
n
Trai
ning
on
nego
tiatio
n sk
ills
and
reso
urce
mob
iliza
tion
A c
omm
unity
trai
ning
(per
ye
ar fo
r thr
ee y
ears
)•
Trai
ning
repo
rts
• L
evel
of a
dapt
abili
ty to
the
skill
s an
d ne
gotia
tions
Janu
ary
(201
3-20
15)
Saka
Cen
tre
900,
000
Rec
ord
keep
ing
Cas
h bo
oks
Vou
cher
s P
etty
cas
h In
voic
es
Del
iver
y no
tes
Far
m r
ecor
ds
min
utes
Cap
acity
bui
ld
WR
UA
on
reco
rd
keep
ing
Trai
ning
on
reco
rd k
eepi
ngA
com
mun
ity tr
aini
ng (p
er
year
for t
hree
yea
rs)
• Tr
aini
ng re
port
s •
No.
of r
ecor
ds d
evel
oped
M
arch
(201
3-20
15)
Saka
Cen
tre
600,
000
Adu
lt ed
ucat
ion
to im
prov
e kn
owle
dge
on re
adin
g an
d w
ritin
g sk
ills
incl
udin
g re
fres
her c
ours
e
• M
oE•
WR
UA
• W
RM
A•
MoW
I•
IUC
N•
FaID
A
An
adul
t edu
catio
n ce
ntre
su
ppor
ted
(con
tinuo
us) f
or 5
ye
ars
• N
o. T
rain
ing
sess
ions
•
No.
of t
rain
ees
able
to re
ad a
nd
wri
te
Febr
uary
201
3 –
June
20
17Sa
ka C
entr
e2,
000,
000
Sub-
tota
l2,
600,
000
400,
000
Info
rmat
ion
shar
ing,
ne
twor
king
and
pa
rtne
rshi
p
Cap
acity
bui
ld
WR
UA
on
info
rmat
ion
shar
ing
and
netw
orki
ng
Trai
ning
on
exte
rnal
and
in
tern
al re
sour
ce g
ener
atio
n•
WR
UA
•
WR
MA
• M
oWI
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• M
oPV
A c
omm
unity
trai
ning
(per
ye
ar fo
r tw
o ye
ars)
• Tr
aini
ng re
port
s •
Skill
s in
use
on
reso
urce
ge
nera
tion
May
201
3M
ay 2
014
Info
rmat
ion
cent
re e
stab
lishe
d an
d su
ppor
ted
June
– S
ept 2
013
An
info
rmat
ion
cent
re in
pla
ce
Saka
Cen
tre
Saka
Cen
tre
500,
000
Est
ablis
hmen
t of i
nfor
mat
ion
cent
reSu
b-to
tal
900,
000
Fin
anci
al a
nd
proc
urem
ent
proc
edur
es
• Fi
nanc
e an
d pr
ocur
emen
t sub
-com
mitt
ee
of W
RU
A•
WR
UA
•
WR
MA
• M
oWI
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• M
oPV
Trai
ning
on
proc
urem
ent
proc
edur
e an
d fi n
anci
al
man
agem
ent
Cap
acity
bui
ld
WR
UA
on
proc
urem
ent a
nd
fi nan
ce
A tr
aini
ng p
er y
ear f
or tw
o ye
ars
• Tr
aini
ng re
port
s •
Proc
urem
ent p
roce
dure
s la
id
and
follo
wed
in a
cqui
sitio
n of
ite
ms
Apr
il 20
13A
pril
2014
Sa
ka C
entr
e40
0,00
0
Sust
aina
bilit
y,
owne
rshi
p,
oper
atio
n an
d m
aint
enan
ce
Cap
acity
bui
ld
WR
UA
on
oper
atio
n an
d m
aint
enan
ce o
f eq
uipm
ent
Trai
ning
on
sust
aina
bilit
y,
owne
rshi
p, o
pera
tion
and
mai
nten
ance
• W
RU
A•
WR
MA
• M
oWI
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• M
oPV
• W
RU
A•
WR
MA
• M
OW
I•
IUC
N•
FaID
A•
MoP
V
Dec
201
3D
ec 2
014
Dec
201
5
A tr
aini
ng p
er y
ear f
or th
ree
year
s•
Trai
ning
repo
rts
• N
o. S
ucce
ssfu
l pro
ject
s ex
ecut
ed
Saka
Cen
tre
600,
000
Ups
cale
lead
ersh
ip
and
gove
rnan
ce o
n na
tura
l res
ourc
e m
anag
emen
t
Cap
acity
bui
ld
WR
UA
on
lead
ersh
ip
and
gove
rnan
ce
Trai
ning
on
lead
ersh
ip a
nd
gove
rnan
ceA
trai
ning
per
yea
r for
two
year
s•
Trai
ning
repo
rts
July
201
3 Ju
ly 2
015
Saka
Cen
tre
900,
000
Tota
l7,
200,
000
Page 69
Chapter 14: Mainstreaming and up-scaling of the approach
The adapted SCMP approach is to deliver development goals as well as environmental sustainability that are currently a challenge to development in the arid pastoral zones. The community based approach is a dream plan for the Saka community that currently faces adverse effects of climate change. The community promised to implement and promote the approach within a time frame using own resources and support from the Government and partners. They pledged to embrace appropriate technologies, jointly monitor and evaluate planned activities.
However, the anticipated consequence of the successful implementation of the adapted SCMP in the sub-catchment will be influx from the neighboring areas due to thriving status of natural resources especially pasture and water thereby affecting the benefits to be achieved. Furthermore, it is likely to create natural resource based conflicts within and around the Saka “oasis”. Accordingly, if the plan yields the desired results it’s essential and indispensible to scale up the approach to neighbors, entire Balambala District, Garissa County, ASAL communities, the region and the world to avert the foreseen degradation and achieve similar status on natural resource management.
To scale up the approach, the Government and partners will be required to provide technical and financial support in implementing activities within appropriate time frame (based on seasonal calendar), ensure peace and contribute resources. Also county government and partners are required to mainstreaming adapted SCMP into their development programs, participate in monitoring and evaluation, introduce and seek approval of adapted SCMP by the DSG and development of supportive policies (Table 23). The coming in force of county government system also offer an opportunity for community members and residents of the county to participate actively in management of their resources through adoption of the practices that fit their local conditions than adapt prescriptive management practices applicable to different areas that has different socio-economic and environmental conditions. The devolved government also offer platform where community members and residents of the county can organize themselves to formulate rules on resource management and also strengthen the existing regulations and practices.
Adapted SCMP developed through participatory process can be one of the earlier documents presented to county government for adoption.
Page 70
Tabl
e 23
. A
ctiv
ities
for m
ains
trea
min
g an
d up
scal
ing
of th
e ad
apte
d SC
MP
appr
oach
.
Res
pons
ibili
tyO
utpu
tsIn
dica
tors
Whe
nW
here
Bud
get (
kshs
)Pr
oble
m/
Obj
ectiv
esA
ctiv
ities
Sub-
activ
ities
Targ
et: M
ains
tream
and
scal
e up
the A
SCM
P ap
proa
ch to
sub-
catc
hmen
ts in
Gar
issa
and
oth
er c
ount
ies w
ith si
mila
r env
ironm
ent
Ove
rall
outp
ut: A
dapt
ed S
CM
P ap
proa
ch m
ains
tream
ed in
to c
ount
y pl
anni
ng p
roce
ss a
nd a
dopt
ed b
y co
untie
s and
WR
UA
s
300,
000
Har
mon
ize A
SCM
P ac
tiviti
es w
ith
seas
onal
pla
ns o
f Sa
ka C
omm
unity
Act
iviti
es in
line
w
ith se
ason
al
cale
ndar
A p
lan
mat
rix fo
r ada
pted
SC
MP
base
d on
seas
onal
ca
lend
ar d
evel
oped
Seas
onal
cal
enda
r bas
ed a
dapt
ed
SCM
P in
pla
ce
Oct
ober
201
2 Sa
kaSe
ason
al c
alen
dar p
lann
ing
• W
RU
A•
WR
MA
• IU
CN
• Fa
IDA
• Li
ne m
inis
tries
Ado
ptio
n an
d m
ains
trea
min
g A
SCM
P
Mai
nstre
am A
SCM
P in
to c
ount
y pl
anni
ng
proc
esse
s
Con
sult
coun
ty g
over
nmen
ts
on b
est w
ays t
o m
ains
tream
A
SCM
P in
to c
ount
y pl
ans
• Fa
IDA
• IU
CN
• W
RM
A•
Cou
nty
Gov
’t
ASC
MP
mai
nstre
amin
g pl
an
form
ulat
edM
ains
tream
ing
plan
agr
eed
upon
by
stak
ehol
ders
July
201
3G
aris
sa10
0,00
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and
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mpl
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Sub-
tota
l40
0,00
0
Up
scal
ing
of
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to
coun
ties a
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sub-
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with
sim
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envi
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scal
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of
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to
coun
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b-ca
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ironm
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thro
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skill
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itiza
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ning
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Trai
ning
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ort
No.
of
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hat m
ains
tream
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ASC
MP
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ace
and
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l
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201
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arch
201
4M
ay 2
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Bal
amba
laG
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saN
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0
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il 20
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issa
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l
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Page 71
Annexes
Annex 1: Challenges related to forests/woodlands and management of the resource in Saka WRUA
CHALLENGE EFFECTS AFFECTED SOLUTION OPTIONS
AfforestationReforestationBylawsPatrols by community scouts, KFS, KWS, Chiefs, environmental committeeSensitization & awareness creation
Pastoralists Agro-pastoralists
Reduced vegetation coverInadequate fodderSoil erosion Environmental degradation
Deforestation
Fire BylawsPatrols by community scouts, KFS, KWS, Chiefs, Environmental committeeSensitization & awareness creation
PastoralistsAgro-pastoralists, Settlement dwellers Businessmen
Deaths & injuries of animals and peopleReduced pasture & fodder coverReduced biodiversity
Drought Loss of livelihoodsConflicts over natural resourcesInflux from outside the sub catchmentOvergrazing
PastoralistsAgro-pastoralists, Settlement dwellers, Businessmen
Diversification of livelihoodsBylaws on conflict resolutions
Overgrazing Reduced pastures and water Soil erosion
PastoralistsAgro-pastoralists
BylawsSensitization & awareness creationGrazing management by environmental committee
BylawsSensitization & awareness creationGrazing management by environmental committeeRiver bank stabilization
PastoralistsAgro-pastoralists, Settlement dwellers
Siltation of pansIncreased river bank erosionReduced grass cover
Soil erosion
Polythene menace Livestock feeding on poly bags leading to deathpollution of environment
PastoralistsAgro-pastoralists, Settlement dwellers
Recycling & re-useReduce use of polythene
Charcoal burning Deforestation of high value treesInadequate fodderWildfires
PastoralistsAgro-pastoralists
AfforestationReforestationBylawsPatrols by community scouts, KFS, KWS, Chiefs, Environmental committeeSensitization & awareness creation
Sensitization & awareness creationDialogue and networking with upstream usersTreatment and piped water systems
Sensitization & awareness creationNo new settlementsPhysical planning
PastoralistsAgro-pastoralists, Settlement dwellers
Water sources grossly contaminated and polluted
Pollution of water sources
Mushrooming and haphazard settlements
Reduced vegetation cover – poles and withies for shelter, firewood, charcoalInadequate fodder and loss of pasture lands
Pastoralists Agro-pastoralists, Settlement dwellers
Page 72
Annex 2: Challenges related to rivers and management of the resource in Saka WRUA
CHALLENGE EFFECTS AFFECTED SOLUTION OPTIONS
River diversion Reduced water quantitySource of conflicts
PastoralistsAgro-pastoralists, Settlement dwellers
Enforcement of Water Act 2002Bylaws
Change of river course
Loss of arable land Deaths & injuries livestock and humans Increased erosion
PastoralistsAgro-pastoralists, Settlement dwellers
Monitoring of river course Sensitization and awareness River bank stabilization
Floods Reduced access to water Loss propertyInjuries to animals & humans Displacement of settlements Increased bank erosion Increased incidence of water-borne diseases
PastoralistsAgro-pastoralists, Settlement dwellers
Early warning systems Sensitization & awareness creationSettlement to higher groundsRiver bank stabilization
River bank erosion Increased soil erosion,Collapsing of river bank Influences change of river course & floods
PastoralistsAgro-pastoralists
Enforce Water, Agriculture Acts and EMCA on riparian reserve Stabilization of river banks Sensitization and awareness creation
Destruction of farms lands
Reduced crop production Loss of livelihood and income
Agro-pastoralist Early warning systems Sensitization and awareness creationDiversification of livelihoods River bank stabilization
Crocodile menace Death and/or injuries of animals & humans
Pastoralists Agro-pastoralists, Settlement dwellers
Sensitization and awareness creationCrocodile farming
Mosquito infestation
Increased incidence of malaria & other mosquito related diseases
Pastoralists Agro-pastoralists, Settlement dwellers
Control of stagnant water near settlement Sensitization on mosquito control methods
Spread of Prosopisjuliflora (Mathenge) invasive weed
Aggressively competes with indigenous species Loss plant biodiversity Loss cropland and pastures
Pastoralists Agro-pastoralists, Settlement dwellers
Control and management of Mathenge
Page 73
Annex 3: Challenges on farmlands and management of the resource in Saka WRUA
CHALLENGE EFFECTS AFFECTED SOLUTION OPTIONS
Human-wildlife conflicts
Death &/or injuries of humans Increased game killings
Agro-pastoralistsPastoralists
Sanctuary for wildlife Sensitization and awareness Electric fencing of farms
Inadequate irrigation infrastructure
Low crop production Exposure to risk like crocodile attacksInefficient use of water
Agro-pastoralists Development of irrigation infrastructure
Flush floods Increased erosion Risk of displacement No/limited access to farms causing loss of farm products
Pastoralists Agro-pastoralists, Settlement dwellers
Diversion of floods to pans & rangeland pastures
Destruction of crops and other properties
loss of farm products & properties leading to increased poverty levels
Pastoralists Agro-pastoralists
Early warning systems Sensitization and awareness creationRe-build livelihoods
Lack of fence and protection
Loss of farm products Increased human-wildlife conflicts
Agro-pastoralists Electric fencesPatrols by community scouts, KWS, Environmental committee
Pest and diseases Loss of farm produce & income Agro-pastoralists Integrated pest & disease management
Inadequate capacity on crop production
Low farm yields Agro-pastoralists Capacity build farmers
Frequent breakdown of water pumps
Low farm yieldsHigh cost of maintenance
Agro-pastoralists Training pump operatorsAcquisition of appropriate pumps
Pastoralist-farmers conflicts
Death &/or injuries of humans Loss of property
Pastoralists Agro-pastoralists
BylawsPatrols by Chiefs, Environmental committeeSensitization & awareness creationDialogue & conflict resolution by peace committee
Poor roads Limited access to farmsLoss of farm produce & income
Pastoralists Agro-pastoralists
Bush clearing, grading of access roads
Poor market for farm produce
Low income Agro-pastoralists Market value chain analysisConstruction of market facilitiesValue additions
Page 74
Annex 4: Challenges on livestock and management of the resource in Saka WRUA
CHALLENGE EFFECTS AFFECTED SOLUTION OPTIONS
Pests and diseases Loss of livestock & livestock products
Pastoralists Agro-pastoralistsWildlife
Vaccination & treatmentsEarly warning systems Sensitization and awareness creation
Page 75
Predators e.g. Hyenas, crocodiles, baboons and lions
Spread of contagious diseases Loss &/or injuries to livestock and humans
Pastoralists Agro-pastoralists
Early warning systems Sensitization and awareness creationCreation of wildlife sanctuaries
Drought Loss and weakening of livestock herds Reduced quality of livestock products
Pastoralists Agro-pastoralists, Settlement dwellers
Grazing management Livelihood diversification Early warning systems Sensitization and awareness creation
Poor market Low income Pastoralists Agro-pastoralists
Market value chain analysisintroduction of market days Value additions
Inadequate extension services e.g. veterinary service
Poor livestock body conditions and livestock productsTrail & error treatments
Pastoralists Agro-pastoralists
Sensitization, training and awareness to community resource persons
Wild fire caused by charcoal burning
Destruction of fodder, pasture and injuries to animals
Pastoralists Agro-pastoralists
BylawsPatrols by community scouts, KFS, KWS, Chiefs, Environmental committeeSensitization & awareness creation
Inadequate pasture
Poor livestock body conditions and/or deathsIncreased incidence of livestock/human-wildlife conflicts
Pastoralists Agro-pastoralists
BylawsPatrols by community scouts, KFS, KWS, Chiefs, Environmental committeeSensitization & awareness creationPasture/fodder productionGrazing management
Influx from neighboring villages
Overgrazing & depletion of waterIncreased conflicts over resourcesIncreased incidence of pests & diseases
Pastoralists Agro-pastoralists
Respect bylawsSensitization & awareness creationGrazing managementConflict resolution
Obstruction of watering corridors
Increased conflicts over access to river waterReduced access to water & overcrowding in accessible corridors
Pastoralists Agro-pastoralists
Respect bylawsSensitization & awareness creationConflict resolutionOpening up of permanent water corridors
Conversion of pasture land into farmlands
Reduced access to pastureIncreased conflicts over pastures
Pastoralists Agro-pastoralists
Respect bylawsSensitization & awareness creationConflict resolution
Inadequate water for livestock use
Poor livestock body conditions and/or deathsIncreased incidence of livestock/human-wildlife conflictsLong trekking distances
Pastoralists Agro-pastoralists
Strategic water sources
Annex 5: Challenges on wildlife and management of the resource in Saka WRUA
CHALLENGE EFFECTS AFFECTED SOLUTION OPTIONS
Inadequate water Death/or weakening of animals Increased human-wildlife conflict due to encroachment to human settlement & farms
WildlifePastoralistAgro-pastoralist Settlement dwellers
Establish strategic water pointsAccess to existing water sourcesOpening up of permanent water corridors to the river
Pests and diseases Loss of animals Spread of diseases to livestock & humans (wild animals as vectors of diseases)
WildlifePastoralistAgro-pastoralist
Vaccination & treatments by KWSEarly warning systems Sensitization and awareness
Conversion of rangelands to cropland
Reduced access to pastureIncreased human/livestock - wildlife conflicts over pastures
WildlifePastoralistAgro-pastoralist
Respect bylawsSensitization & awareness creationConflict resolutionCreate wildlife sanctuaries
Increased human-wildlife conflicts
Death &/or injuries of humans Increased game killings
Agro-pastoralists, pastoralist, settlement dwellers, wildlife
Create wildlife sanctuaries Sensitization and awareness creation
Predation by hyenas and crocodiles
Loss &/or injuries to livestock and humans
WildlifePastoralistAgro-pastoralist Settlement dwellers
Early warning systems Sensitization and awareness creationCreate wildlife sanctuariesCrocodile farming
Destruction of crops and fruits by elephants and Hippos
Loss of farm produce Loss/injury to humans, livestock & wildlife
WildlifePastoralistAgro-pastoralist Settlement dwellers
Electric fence Beekeeping Patrols by community scouts, KWS, Chiefs, Environmental committee
No direct income from wildlife
Increased hatred for KWS and wild animalsIncreased human – wildlife conflict
WildlifePastoralistAgro-pastoralist Settlement dwellers
Sensitization and awareness creation on importance of wildlife in local economyPromotion of game farming & ecotourism in the areaCreate wildlife sanctuaries Game scoutsWildlife clubs
Page 76
Annex 6: Challenge on fodder and pasture and management of the resource in Saka WRUA
CHALLENGE EFFECTS AFFECTED SOLUTION OPTIONS
Frequent drought Loss/inadequate pasture and fodderConflicts over natural resourcesInflux and overgrazing
PastoralistsAgro-pastoralists, Wildlife
Diversification of livelihoodsBylaws on conflict resolutionsPasture and fodder production and conservationReseeding Promotion of natural regeneration on degraded sites
Wild fire Reduced pasture & fodderReduced biodiversity
PastoralistAgro-pastoralist Settlement dwellers Wildlife
BylawsPatrols by community scouts, KFS, KWS, Chiefs, Environmental committeeSensitization & awareness creationFire breaks and grazing management
Overgrazing Reduced pastures and fodder coverage Soil erosion
PastoralistAgro-pastoralist Settlement dwellers Wildlife
BylawsPatrols by community scouts, KFS, KWS, Chiefs, Environmental committeeSensitization & awareness creationGrazing management
De-vegetation Reduced vegetation coverInadequate fodder
PastoralistAgro-pastoralist Settlement dwellers Wildlife
AfforestationReforestationReseeding BylawsPatrols by community scouts, KFS, KWS, Chiefs, Environmental committeeSensitization & awareness creation
Mushrooming of settlement and inland water sources
Reduced vegetation cover – poles and withies for shelter, firewood, charcoalInadequate fodder and loss of pasture lands
PastoralistAgro-pastoralist Settlement dwellers Wildlife
Sensitization & awareness creationNo new settlements and unnecessary inland water sources
Invasive weeds e.g. P. juliflora
Competition with indigenous species Loss plant biodiversity Loss pastures
PastoralistAgro-pastoralist Settlement dwellers Wildlife
Control and management of the weeds
Inadequate water to access far away pastures
Poor livestock body conditions and/or deathsLong trekking distances
Agro-pastoralists, Pastoralists
Strategic water sources
Livestock influx especially those for Garissa market
OvergrazingSpread of pests and diseasesConflicts on resource use
PastoralistAgro-pastoralist Settlement dwellers Wildlife
BylawsPatrols by community scouts, KFS, KWS, Chiefs, Environmental committeeSensitization & awareness creation of Garissa livestock traders
Wildlife-livestock conflict especially during the dry spell
Death &/or injuries of livestockIncreased game killings
PastoralistAgro-pastoralist Settlement dwellers Wildlife
Sanctuary for wildlife Sensitization and awarenessConflict resolution
Page 77
Annex 7: Challenges on minerals and management of the resource in Saka WRUA
CHALLENGE EFFECTS AFFECTED SOLUTION OPTIONS
Erosion Loss or depletion of minerals PastoralistAgro-pastoralist Settlement dwellers
Building pans???Rehabilitation of the degraded sites
Poor management and market
Low investment and exploitation Low income Degradation
PastoralistAgro-pastoralist Settlement dwellers
Market value chain analysisValue additions
Poor market for building blocks, hardcore and gravels
Low investment and exploitation Low income
PastoralistAgro-pastoralist Settlement dwellers
Market value chain analysis Value additions
Inadequate skills to exploit
Low exploitation levels Health impacts
Miners, settlement dwellers
Capacity building on skills and safe technologies Sensitization and awareness on impacts of exploitation
Page 78
Annex 8: Challenges on shallow wells and management of the resource in Saka WRUA
CHALLENGE EFFECTS AFFECTED SOLUTION OPTIONS
Collapsing of walls Deaths and injuries to humans, livestock and wildlife Reduced access to water
PastoralistAgro-pastoralist Settlement dwellers
sensitization and awareness creation Avoid digging deep wells
Polluted and contaminated water
Diseases and malfunctions Death Reduced productivity
PastoralistAgro-pastoralist Settlement dwellers
Treatment of water Alternative sources for domestic water
Conflicts between wildlife, human and livestock
Death/or injuries to humans, livestock and wildlife
PastoralistAgro-pastoralist
Create wildlife sanctuaries Construction of watering points for wildlifeGranting wildlife access to existing water sources
Human conflicts Death and/or injuries Displacement Reduced productivity
PastoralistAgro-pastoralist Settlement dwellers
Conflict resolution by peace committee Sensitization and awareness creation
Spread and transmission of pest and diseases
Increased incidence of disease Rapid spread and transmission of infectious and contagious diseases
PastoralistAgro-pastoralist Settlement dwellers Wildlife
Vaccination and treatment of livestock and wildlife Sensitization and awareness creation
Lagha waters filling shallow wells with eroded materials
Reduced access to water Increased contamination and pollution
PastoralistAgro-pastoralist Settlement dwellers
Strategic construction of shallow/infiltration wells
Labor intensive Time consuming PastoralistAgro-pastoralist Settlement dwellers
Provision of digging equipment’sTraining on new technologies
Page 79
Page 80
Annex 9: List Participants for Adapted SCMP-SAKANo. PARTICIPANTS NAME INSTITUTION TITLE
1 ABDINOOR D. ABDIRAHMAN NDMA DEPUTY-DMO
2. JUSTUS MUSEE MWI DWO-BALAMBALA
3. NAOMI YATICH WRMA TECHNICAL OFFICER
4. JOHN MUREFI KWS DEPUTY WARDEN
5. BENARD MUSYOKA MOA DAO-BALAMBALA
6. ERIC MWATUNI MOLD DLPO-BALAMBALA
7. HASSAN HAJI FARAH SAKA WRUA CHAIRMAN
8. ADEN DAGANE GEDI SAKA WRUA SECRETARY
9. YUSSUF ADEN GEDI SAKA WRUA MEMBER
10. HALIMA BASHIR ELMOGE SAKA WRUA MEMBER
11. GEDI DIRIYE SAKA WRUA MEMBER
12. MOHAMEDQANI FARAH SAKA WRUA MEMBER
13. ABDI SALAT SAKA WRUA MEMBER
14. MUSE FARAH MUHUMED SAKA WRUA MEMBER
15. HUSSEIN OSMAN SAKA WRUA MEMBER
16. ABDI TORJI ABIKRA SAKA WRUA MEMBER
17. NOOR ADEN SAKA WRUA MEMBER
18. DAUD AHMED KORANE SAKA WRUA MEMBER
19. HASSAN MOHAMED MERIR SAKA WRUA MEMBER
20. DAHIR MOHAMED AHMED SAKA WRUA MEMBER
21. AHMED MUKTAR ALI SAKA WRUA MEMBER
22. ABDULLAHI ABDI NOOR SAKA WRUA MEMBER
23. MOAHMED DUBAT SABAL SAKA WRUA MEMBER
24. ABDULLAHI HUSSEIN SAKA WRUA MEMBER
25. ABDULLAHI AHMED YAROW SAKA WRUA MEMBER
26. MOHAMED IBRAHIM HIRMOGE SAKA WRUA MEMBER
27. ASHA BARE SAKA WRUA MEMBER
28. ATHAN KUNE HUSSEIN SAKA WRUA MEMBER
29. IDRIS ABDIKADIR SAKA WRUA MEMBER
30. BUROW DUBAT SAKA WRUA MEMBER
31. ADAN GABANE SAKA WRUA MEMBER
32. SAHARA ADEN SAKA WRUA MEMBER
33. HUSSEIN SULTAN SAKA WRUA MEMBER
34. KHEIR DAKANE SAKA WRUA MEMBER
35. ABDI GEDI SAKA WRUA MEMBER
36. IBRAHIM KUNE SAKA WRUA MEMBER
37. DR. AHMED MOHAMED IUCN PROGRAMME OFFICER- WATER AND WETLANDS
38. JAAFARSADIQ HASSAN FaIDA NRM OFFICER
Annex 10: Coordinates of Major Centres in Saka Sub-Catchment-from transact drives/walks
No. Name of centre Coordinates
1. Hirbai S 00005’339’’ E 039011’976’’ Altitude 221m
2. Hadley S 000 06’452’’ E 0390 14’619’’ Altitude 208m
3. Qabobey S 00007’088’’ E 039017’456’’ Altitude 198m
4. Saka S 00008’013’’ E 039019’644’’ Attitude 192m
5. Mathahlibah S 00008’290’’ E 039019’663’’ Attitude 189m
6. Magatho S 00009’162’’ E 039023’242’’ Altitude 190m
7. Daley S 00010’612’’ E 039024’136’ Altitude 179
8. Darderey S 00010’904’ E 039025’555’’ Altitude 174m
9. SakaJunction N 00002’071’ E 039022’538’’ Altitude 296m
Page 81
Page 82
Annex 11: Coordinates of Major Laghas and Water Pans in the Sub-Catchment from transact drives/walks
Name of Lahga Coordinates
Start EndFadiweyne S00007’255’’ S00006’816’’ E039015’664’’ E039013’015’’ Altitude 190m Altitude 210m
Qabobey S00007’425’’ S00007’369’’ E039016’729’’ E039016’940’’ Altitude 191m Altitude 189m
Habarow S00007’492’’ E039018’796’’ Altitude 192
Hadley S00006’164’’ E039013’544’’ Altitude 207m
Masala S00008’290’’ E039019’663’’ Altitude 190m
Mathahlibah S00008’578’’ E039021’414’’ Altitude 189m
Higle S00002’540’’ E039020’540’’ Altitude 273m
Durdarane S00008’747’’ E039022’167’’ Altitude 192m
Abdikadir S00010’824’’ E039025’222’’ Altitude 173m
Suban S00010’982’’ E039025’934’’ Altitude 172m
Jilarba S00011’238’’ E039026’315’’ Altitude 172m
Name of water pan Coordinates Gesilay-Saka junction N00001’628’’ E039022’064’’ Altitude 300m
Nageye-CARE pan N00002’567’’ E039022’635’’ Altitude 297m
Annex 12: Coordinates of minerals sites- from transact drives/walks
Type of mineral Coordinates
Mud stone S00009’768’’ E039023’122’’ Altitude
Ballast and white sand S00006’219’’ E039020’066’’ Altitude 214
Hardcore and red sand S00001’782’’ E039020’746’’ Altitude 306m
Sand and stone S00005’238’’ E039011’334’’ Altitude 212
Page 83
Page 84
Annex 13: Plant species (Trees, shrubs and herbs) in Saka
110
Annex 13 Plant species (Trees, shrubs and herbs) in Saka
No. Botanical name Common Name Local name (Somali) 1. Acacia tortilis Umbrella thorn Abaq 2. A. Seyal Fulai 3. A. Senegal Gum Arabic tree Edad 4. A. elatior Bura 5. A. nilotica Nile thorn Tuwer 6. A. mellifera Honey acacia Biliil 7. A. paolii Gomor-jerin 8. A. reficiens Riig 9. A. horrida Sarmaan 10. Azadirachta indica Neem tree Gedqarerow 11. Balanites aegyptica Desert dates Kulanbadhed 12. B. rotundifolia Kulan 13. Boscia coriacea Qalanqal 14. B. minimifolia Megag 15. Maerua sp Dumai 16. Boswellia neglecta Frankincense Mirefur 17. Commiphora africana Hamesa 18. C. erythrea Hagar ad 19. C. rostarata Jinow 20. Commiphora sp Damaje 21. Delonix elata Lebi 22. Cordia sinensis Marerwebi 23. C. quercifolia Marer 24. Dobera glabra Garas 25. Grewia tenax Deka 26. G. villosa Kamasha 27. Hyphaene compressa Doum palm Baar 28. Maerua decumbens Abarmog 29. Salvadora persica Toothbrush, Adhey 30. Terminalia polycarpa Hareri 31. Indigofera spp Dirqe 32. Seracocomopsis pallida Balamabal 33. Ipomea donaldsonii Bariborti 34. Tephrosia spp35. Anistosis tannensis Mirdis 36. Duospermum sp Seerin 37. Chrysopogon aucheri Deremo 38. Chloris roxburghiana 39. Sprobolus helvolus Jerbi 40. Dactyloctenium aegyptium Oosdanaan 41. Entropogon macrostachyus 42. Litepes senegalensis Ilmoqor 43. Bleriperisperum spp Banya
111
ANNEX
14
HABA
ROW – SAKA
ADAPT
ED SUB‐CA
TCHMEN
T MANAGEM
ENT PLAN: SUMMARY
WORK
PLA
N AND BUDGET
(201
2/20
17)
CH
TOPIC
ACT
IVITY
SET
BUDGET
(Kshs)
FINANCING
TIMEFRA
ME ( 2
012‐2017)
2012
20
13
2014
20
15
2016
20
17
WDC
FUNDS
WRU
A
FUNDS
WRU
A
IN‐KIND
OTH
ER
FUNDS
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
3 Ca
tchm
ent C
haracteristics
Target: O
btain adeq
uate natural re
source data
Outpu
t: Reliable curren
t natural re
source data compiled
Activity 1 Ba
seline survey to
establish the extent of d
eforestatio
n 50
0,00
0
2 Ch
arcoal survey
50
0,00
0
3
Cond
uct g
eological survey
8,20
0,00
0
4
Cond
uct p
asture survey
800,00
0
5
Baseline survey on water re
sources
700,00
0
6
Stud
y on
causes of river cou
rse change
50
0,00
0
7 Stud
y causes of b
anks erosion
40
0,00
0
8
Floo
d assessmen
t and
causes
500,00
0
9
Analysis of the
quality of water from
all sources
70
0,00
0
10 Effects of crocodile on pe
ople and
livestock
50
0,00
0
11 Assessmen
t of causes an
d control of w
ildfires
500,00
0
12
Assessmen
t of settle
men
t patterns
500,00
0
13
Assessmen
t of P
rosopis coverage, threat a
nd con
trol/ m
anagem
ent
50
0,00
0
14 Co
nduct irrigation infrastructure status and ne
eds assessmen
t survey
500,00
0
15
Co
nduct h
uman
– wildlife conflict a
ssessm
ent survey
50
0,00
0
16 Market chain survey and value chain analysis
70
0,00
0
To
tal
16
,500,000
4
Man
agem
ent a
pproach
Target :To
build com
mun
ity re
silience and en
hance sustainable resource use and
managem
ent in the Tu
la sub
‐catchm
ent to be
spe
arhe
aded
by WRU
A mem
bers and
other stakeho
lders
Outpu
t :The commun
ity with
in th
e sub‐catchm
ent u
nderstand the ecological, com
mercial and
livelihoo
d zon
es and
approp
riate m
echanism
s to solve th
e existin
g resource challenges
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Activity 1 Capacity building of W
RUA and commun
ity m
embe
rs on
natural resou
rce
managem
ent to solve water scarcity
1,10
0,00
0
2
Mapping
the sub‐catchm
ent into managem
ent u
nit
1,20
0,00
0
3
Sustainable charcoal produ
ction
1,50
0,00
0
4
Regulate and
guide
dry and
wet season grazing
4,90
0,00
0
5 Managem
ent o
f natural disasters
12,100
,000
6
Strengthen
existing pe
ace committees to re
duce con
flict over resou
rces during
drou
ght p
eriods
6,50
0,00
0
7 Re
duce hum
an‐w
ildlife conflict
1,50
0,00
0
8
Form
ation/ stren
gthe
n of institu
tions and
by‐laws on
the managem
ent a
nd
use/resource sharin
g of n
atural re
sources
5,00
0,00
0
9 Prom
ote biod
iversity con
servation
4,00
0,00
0
Total
37
,800,000
5
Resource availability an
d de
man
d
Target: Establish natural resou
rce de
mand and supp
ly fo
r Saka Sub‐catchm
ent
Outpu
t:Ad
equate date on
natural re
source dem
and an
d supp
ly establishe
d
Activity 1
Assessmen
t of w
ater potentia
l, reserve and balance for d
omestic, irrigation
and livestock
1,60
0,00
0
2 Assessmen
t of p
asture/fod
der po
tential, reserve and balance for livestock and
wild
herbivores
1,10
0,00
0
4
Assessmen
t of land use/cover
1,10
0,00
0
5
Assessmen
t of crop and agroforestry produ
ction po
tential
1,10
0,00
0
6 Assessmen
t of forest/woo
dlands status
1,40
0,00
0
7
Clim
atic change im
pact assessm
ent
1,10
0,00
0
8
Exploration and assessmen
t of m
inerals in th
e sub‐catchm
ent
1,10
0,00
0
To
tal
8,50
0,000
Ann
ex 1
4:
Hab
arow
– S
aka
Ad
apte
d S
ub-C
atch
men
t M
anag
emen
t P
lan:
Sum
mar
y W
ork
Pla
n an
d B
udge
t (2
012/
2017
)
Page 85
Page 86
112
6 Natural re
sources a
llocatio
n for sustainab
le, equ
itable an
d efficient use by commun
ities
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Target:T
o de
velop natural resou
rce allocatio
n plans
Outpu
t:Natural re
source allocatio
n plans in place
Activ
ity 1 Develop
men
t of w
ater allocatio
n plans
2,10
0,00
0
2 Develop
men
t of p
asture/fod
der plan
1,60
0,00
0
3 Develop
men
t of land
use/cover plan
1,10
0,00
0
4 Forest/w
oodlands m
anagem
ent p
lan
1,60
0,00
0
5 Develop
men
t of p
hysical plans
1,60
0,00
0
6
Develop
men
t of p
lan for e
xploratio
n and exploitatio
n of m
inerals
2,10
0,00
0
7 Re
source sh
aring and conflict resolution plann
ing
2,10
0,00
0
To
tal
12
,200,000
7
Resource protection
Target: Protection of th
e existin
g natural resou
rces in
order to
achieve desire
d services
Outpu
t:Catchm
ent m
aintain ability to
provide
requ
ired services
Activ
ity 1 River b
ank protectio
n 50
0,00
0
2 Im
prove governance on managem
ent o
f water so
urces
1,00
0,00
0
3
Pollutio
n survey
1,90
0,00
0
4
Redu
ce risks to collapse of sh
allow wells
300,00
0
5 Supp
ort the
con
servation of pasture and
forest re
sources
4,10
0,00
0
6 Co
ntrol m
ushroo
ming settlemen
ts and
establishm
ent o
f inland water so
urces
10
,500
,000
7
Strengthen
wildlife managem
ent w
ithin th
e sub‐catchm
ent
3,20
0,00
0
8
Prom
ote participatory mineral use
500,00
0
To
tal
22
,000,000
8
Implem
entatio
n of catchmen
t protection activ
ities
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Target:To redu
ce catchmen
t degradatio
n through integration of protection and conservatio
n approach
Outpu
t:Re
habilitated
catchmen
t that h
as ability to offer a balanced ecosystem se
rvices
Ac
tivity
1 River b
ank stabilizatio
n
8,00
0,00
0
2
Prom
ote pasture conservatio
n on
com
mun
al land
s and
farm
s 5,00
0,00
0
3 Re
forestation, affo
restation and reseed
ing with
prio
rity to local spe
cies
3,00
0,00
0
4 Co
ntrol and
managem
ent o
f Prosopis juliflora
3,00
0,00
0
5
Prom
ote legalized
gam
e farm
ing & com
mun
ity m
anaged
sanctuaries
4,50
0,00
0
6 Im
prove farm
produ
ctivity
to re
duce cropland expansion and redu
ce crop
prod
uctio
n – wildlife conflict
11
1,00
0,00
0
7
Improve prod
uctivity
through livestock m
arketin
g, access to water, breed
ing
and coordinatio
n
7,00
0,00
0
To
tal
14
1,500,00
0
9
Capa
city building of com
mun
ities and
partners on
ada
pted
SCM
P
Target: Enh
ance th
e capacity of the
com
mun
ity and
WRU
A on
activity
implem
entatio
n through ne
tworking
and
partne
rship
Outpu
t:Im
proved
capacity
to overcom
e existing challenges and
capita
lise on
existing op
portun
ities
Activ
ity 1 Co
nduct capacity
needs assessm
ent a
nd train on
coo
rdination
1,50
0,00
0
2
Capacity building on
water m
anagem
ent
2,90
0,00
0
3 Capacity building on
agriculture – crop prod
uctio
n and agroforestry
2,90
0,00
0
4
Capacity building on
livestock managem
ent
2,40
0,00
0
5
Capacity building on
wildlife managem
ent
1,60
0,00
0
6 Capacity building on
mineral use and
managem
ent
1,90
0,00
0
7 Capacity build on pasture and fodd
er produ
ction
2,00
0,00
0
To
tal
15
,200,00
10
Infrastructure develop
men
t to bo
ost resou
rce conservatio
n an
d mitigate against disasters
and conflicts
Target: Increase availability and accessibility to
natural re
sources w
ithin th
e sub‐catchm
ent
Outpu
t:Im
prove infrastructure to
access a
nd utilise
natural re
sources w
ithin th
e sub‐
catchm
ent
Activ
ity 1 Establish
early warning
system
for d
rought
2,60
0,00
0
2 Establish
early warning
system
for flood
s 1,80
0,00
0
113
10
Infrastructure develop
men
t to bo
ost resou
rce conservatio
n an
d mitigate against disasters
and conflicts
Target: Increase availability and accessibility to
natural re
sources w
ithin th
e sub‐catchm
ent
Outpu
t:Im
prove infrastructure to
access a
nd utilise
natural re
sources w
ithin th
e sub‐
catchm
ent
Activ
ity 1 Establish
early warning
system
for d
rought
2,60
0,00
0
2
Establish
early warning
system
for flood
s 1,80
0,00
0
3 Strengthen
con
flict re
solutio
ns
1,00
0,00
0
4
Improve availability of water fo
r dom
estic
and
livestock use
85
,000
,000
5
Strengthen
WRU
A as a coo
rdination un
it
300,00
0
6
Improve roads
200,00
0,00
0
7 Im
prove access to
markets and
value
add
ition
29
,800
,000
9
Total
32
0,500,00
0
11
Stakeh
olde
r analysis
for right based
app
roach and po
verty redu
ction
Target: Foster coo
rdination and collabo
ratio
n of stakeh
olde
rs to
redu
ce poverty and
overcome barriers in accessin
g and managing land
and
water re
sources
Outpu
t:Strengthen
ed coo
rdination and collabo
ratio
n to equ
itably access and
manage
natural resou
rces
Activ
ity 1 Im
prove coordinatio
n and gend
er parity
in decision making
7,00
0,00
0
2 Im
prove inform
ation dissem
ination
1,00
0,00
0
3
Prom
otion of alte
rnative livelihoo
ds to
redu
ce pressure on
natural re
sources
and redu
ce sp
iralling
poverty
6,90
0,00
0
To
tal
14,900,000
12
Pa
rticipatory mon
itorin
g an
d evalua
tion
Target: Establish and strengthen
participatory mon
itorin
g and evaluatio
n for sustainable
managem
ent o
f natural re
sources a
nd re
liable database
Outpu
t:Enhanced
participatory mon
itorin
g and evaluatio
n system
and
natural re
source data
availed at all levels
Activ
ity 1 Joint p
lann
ing for m
onito
ring
50
0,00
0
2
Joint m
onito
ring of water so
urces
1,00
0,00
0
3 Joint m
onito
ring of pasture and
forest re
sources
1,50
0,00
0
4 Joint m
onito
ring of wildlife activities
1,00
0,00
0
5 Joint m
onito
ring of farm
land
activities
1,00
0,00
0
6 Joint m
onito
ring of livestock activities
1,00
0,00
0
7 Joint m
onito
ring of infrastructure
1,00
0,00
0
8 Internal evaluation by
implem
entin
g partne
rs
2,00
0,00
0
To
tal
9,00
0,000
13
Fina
nce an
d im
plem
entatio
n of project activities
Target: C
apacity
build W
RUA on
finance and resource m
obilizatio
n (both internal and
external) for su
ccessful executio
n of plann
ed ASCMP activities
Outpu
t: A financially strong
and
proactive WRU
A that im
plem
ents plann
ed activities on tim
e in place
Ac
tivity
1 Capacity build W
RUA on
propo
sal develop
men
t
900,00
0
2 Capacity build W
RUA on
resource mob
ilizatio
n
900,00
0
3 Capacity build W
RUA on
record keeping
2,60
0,00
0
4
Capacity build W
RUA on
inform
ation sharing and ne
tworking
90
0,00
0
5
Capacity build W
RUA on
procuremen
t and
finance
40
0,00
0
6 Capacity build W
RUA on
operatio
n and mainten
ance of e
quipmen
t
600,00
0
7 Capacity build W
RUA on
leadership and
governance
900,00
0
To
tal
7,20
0,000
Page 87
114
14
Mainstreaming an
d up
‐scalin
g of th
e AS
CMP ap
proa
ch
Target: M
ainstream and
scale up
the AS
CMP approach to
sub‐catchm
ents in
Garissa and
othe
r cou
nties w
ith similar e
nviro
nmen
t
Outpu
t:Ad
apted SCMP approach m
ainstreamed
into cou
nty planning
process and
ado
pted
by
cou
nties a
nd W
RUAs
Ac
tivity
1 Harmon
ize ASCMP activities with
season
al plans of Saka Co
mmun
ity
30
0,00
0
2 Mainstream ASCMP into cou
nty planning
processes
3 Upscale A
SCMP to cou
nties and sub‐catchm
ents w
ith sim
ilar en
vironm
ent
through
skills d
evelop
men
t and form
ulation of policies o
n adapted SCMP
2,90
0,00
0
To
tal
3,60
0,000
TO
TAL BU
DGET
SU
MMAR
Y
Total Bud
get A
ctivity
Set
1
Total Bud
get A
ctivity
Set
2
Total Bud
get A
ctivity
Set
3 16
.5M
Total Bud
get A
ctivity
Set
4 37
.8M
Total Bud
get A
ctivity
Set
58.5M
To
tal Bud
get A
ctivity
Set
612
.2M
To
tal Bud
get A
ctivity
Set
7 22
M
Total Bud
get A
ctivity
Set
814
1.5M
To
tal Bud
get A
ctivity
Set
9 15
.2M
Total Bud
get A
ctivity
Set
10
320.5M
To
tal Bud
get A
ctivity
Set
11
14.9M
Total Bud
get A
ctivity
Set
129M
To
tal Bud
get A
ctivity
Set
137.2M
To
tal Bud
get A
ctivity
Set
14
3.6M
To
tal
608.9M
Page 88
Annex 15: Field visit photos
Page 89
Wildlife of Saka – dung beetle, birds and reticulated giraffe
River bank erosion along Lagha Habarow and overgrazing in communal pastures near Saka Junction
Haphazard settlement and water tankering in Saka
Page 90
