H-F1/5-6/12; T1/4/11 ; M1/12/09

Immigration & Urbanization(Ch. 19; pp. 533-557)

Q: What impact did immigration and urban growth have on America in the late 19th C?

I. Urbanization

• rapid postbellum urban growth

• new cities (see chart p. 537)

• old cities grew

• Ex: NYC – 1898 – merge 5 boroughs (NY, Brooklyn largest cities)

A. Transportation Changes

• RR’s – manufacturing, trade hubs

• regional networks

• “walking cities” to urban sprawl

• omnibuses (horse-drawn) – stench, dirty

• cable cars (esp. Chicago) (draw diagram)

• electric trolleys (Dodgers, SF)

• Trolley Dodgers

• flat rate

A. Transportation Changes (cont.)

• downtown (on streetcar routes)

• department stores

• everything available

• special orders

• early malls

• Gimbels & Macys (NY)

B. Neighborhoods

• distinct socioeconomic neighborhoods

• ethnic slums - immigrants

• de facto segregation

• m-c & wealthy – segregated

• early suburbs (1st of 3 waves – 1920s & 1950s)

• “dumbbell apartment” – tenements

•  dumbbell apartments

C. Urban Renewal

• used new technology

• land fill (Boston, NYC)

• health reasons – clear out swamps (insects, disease)

• ex: Fenway, Back Bay in Boston (map on p. 553)

• public parks – Frederick Law Olmstead & others (Central Park; Prospect Park; Golden Gate)

II. Immigration• “new immigrants”• S & E European (approx. 2/3)• areas of entry – NYC & SF

Castle Garden – 1855; Ellis Island – 1892Angel Island – 1910

• Asian – west coast• Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), Gentleman’s

Agreement (1907)•  Statue of Liberty - Godfather II•  Godfather II Scene•  Ellis Island, c. 1906

Immigration Patterns

III. Social Critics A. Jacob Riis

• Danish photographer• How the Other Half Lives• reporter, photographer• expose poverty• ethnic neighborhoods• m-c bias• “dumbbell apartment” – tenements

– Half– Riis

B. Jane Addams• settlement houses

• Hull House – Chi.

• immigrant, poor

• m-c, educated women

• cultural clash

• imposed m-c values

C. Social Gospel

• fix social problems

• fight social injustices

• Christian values

• awareness to action

• predecessor to Progressives – criticism of laissez-faire

• m-c bias

D. New Organizations

• help immigrants & poor

• Christian charity groups

• YMCA, Salvation Army, Charity Organization Society (COS)

IV. City Government A. Corruption

• machine politics - Boss Tweed

• Tammany Hall – NYC

• symbolic of urban corruption

B. Police Force

• crime increases

• need for police

• bribery

• forced reforms

• professional police force

• Teddy Roosevelt – NYC Police Commissioner, (1895-97)

Summary Questions

• Q: C&C cities in late 19th Century to contemporary cities. Problems? Reforms?

• Q: To what extent do cities in the late 19th

century resemble contemporary cities? Similarities? Differences?

• Q: How did they deal w/ problems?

Similarities? Differences?