GUNJA (ABRUS A REVIEW

www.wjpps.com Vol 8, Issue 9, 2019.

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Pooja et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

GUNJA (ABRUS) – A REVIEW

1*

Pooja S. Kalne and 2Dr. Pramod P. Bhave

*1

(PG - Scholar, Agadtantra Department),

2(HOD of Agadtantra)

Department of Agadtantra, Tilak Ayurvedic College, Pune, Maharashtra.

ABSTRACT

Ayurveda is an eternal medical science which is integral part of

Atharva veda. In Ayurveda treatment is basically includes use of the

different parts of medicinal plants to cure specific aliments. Ancient

Samhitas of Ayurveda explained medicinal uses of poisonous plants

also. Gunja is one of them having medicinal potential to cure various

diseases. It is widely distributed plant found throughout tropical areas

in India. Present review of Gunja highlights an literature review

regarding its vernacular names, synonyms, classification, geographical

distributions, external morphology, phytochemistry, ayurvedic

properties as well as pharmacological action from different Ayurvedic

Samitas, Nighantus and present modern sciences literature, books, peer viewed journals.

KEYWORD: Gunja (Abrus), Ayurvedic Samhita & Nighantus, Pharmacological action,

Ayurvedic properties.

INTRODUCTION

Medicinal plants are considered as God‟s gift to human beings in the form of natural

medicines. The plant based remedies are having a crucial role as potential source of

therapeutic aids in health system. Ayurveda is an eternal medical science basically includes

use of the different parts of medicinal plants to cure specific illness. Ancient Samhitas of

Ayurveda explained medicinal uses of poisonous plants also. Gunja (Abrus precatorious) is

one of them having medicinal potential to cure various diseases. Abrus is from Greek word

meaning graceful, in allusion to the flowers, precatorius – relating to prayer of petitions.

Abrus precatorious – rosary beeds.[1]

Gunja (Abrus precatorious) is a plant from

Leguminosae family having slender, perennial climber that twines around trees. It is a legume

WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

SJIF Impact Factor 7.421

Volume 8, Issue 9, 1226-1238 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357

Article Received on

22 July 2019,

Revised on 12 August 2019,

Accepted on 02 Sept. 2019,

DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20199-14704

*Corresponding Author

Pooja S. Kalne

(PG - Scholar, Agadtantra

Department), Department of

Agadtantra, Tilak Ayurvedic

College, Pune, Maharashtra.


1227


with long, pinnate. It is popularly known as Jequirty, Gunji, Crabs eye, Rosary pea, Precatory

pea or bean, Indian licorrice.[2]

The plant best known for its seeds, used in percussion

instruments. The seeds of Abrus are very similar in weight in older times called as Ratti

Indians used to it generally to measure gold and 1 Tola.[3]

The seeds contain active principal

„Abrin‟ resembling to viperine snake venom. The roots of Abrus contain 1.5 % substances

resembling glycyrrhizin and leaves also yields glycyrrhizin. As the needle prepared from

Gunja and other drugs used to kill cattle.[30]

hence, it is famous as cattle poison. As Ayurveda

also explained shodhan procedure for conversion of any poisonous drug into beneficial, after

shodhana. Gunja can use as fungistatic, antibacterial[19]

, analgesic, antimicrobial[26]

,

antimalarial[22]

, hair growth promoting, uterine stimulant, antiproliferative[20]

, abrotificiant,

antihelmintic[25]

, CNS depressant, antitumour, oxytocic antisperatogenic. As a valuable

source of unique natural products Gunja can be used for development of medicines against

various diseases. Present review of Gunja highlights an literature review regarding its

vernacular names, synonyms, classification, geographical distributions, external morphology,

phytochemistry, ayurvedic properties as well as pharmacological action from different

Ayurvedic Samitas, Nighantus and present modern sciences literature, book, peer viewed

journals.

Description

Vernacular Names[4, 5]

Gunja has been mentioned by different names in different regions. Below are given regional

name according to region.

Arabic – Aainuddik.

English – Indian liquorice, Weather plant, Rosary pea, Jequirity, Wild liquorice.

Hindi – Ratti.

Marathi – Chanoti, Gunchi, Kunch, Gunja.

Gujrati – Chanothi, Gunja.

Telgu – Atimadhuram, Gurija, Gurivenka, Ratika.

Malyalam – Atimadhuram, Irattimadhuram, Kakani, Klitakkam, Gunja, Kunni.

Panjabi – Labrigunchi, Ratak.

Bengali – Chunhatti, Kunch, Gunch.

Kanadai – Gurugunji, Galoganji, Gunja, Gunji, Haja, Madhuka.


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Synonyms[6-9]

Considering its external feature, action and properties various synonyms have been used in

texts for Gunja.

Gunja – making ratting sound when ripe.

Angarvali – looking fiery.

Kakanchich – resembles tamarind leaves.

Chakrashalya – climbing in circular way.

Chakrika – seeds are Spherical in shape.

Bahuphala – numerous legumes.

Raktala, Raktika - seeds are red.

Tualabeeja – unit of measurnment.

Bahuvirya – potent drug.

Krishnala - seeds with black eye.

Choodamani , Bhillabhushanika – ornamental usage by tribes.

Classification[6]

In most of the Ayurvedic texts, Nighantus Gunja is classified into two types –

1. Shwet Gunja

2. Rakta Gunja.

Shwet Gunja considered as highly toxic.

Scientific Classifications [10]

Kingdom – Plantae.

Division – Magnoliophyta.

Order - Febales.

Family – Fabaceae/ Leguminosae.

Tribe – Abreae.

Genus – Abrus.

Species – Abrus Precatorious.

Geographical Distribution[11]

Gunja is found in South Africa, Islands, West Indies, India, Brazil etc. Plant found all

throughout the plains of India, from Himalaya down to Southern India and Ceylon. It is

native of India, found at altitude up to 1200m on the outer Himalayas but now found in all

tropical and subtropical countries.


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Habitat

It grows best in fairly dry regions at low elevations.

External Morphology[3]

Gunja is a beautiful, much branched, slender, perennial, deciduous, woody twinning,

climbing herb with characteristics toxic seeds with black mark at the base.

Stem – cylindrical, wrinkled, bark smooth textured, brown in colour.

Leaves – resemble tamarind leaves having 20- 40 leaflets, stipulate, pinnately compound,

upto 10 cm long.

Leaflets – 7-24 pairs, turgid, oblong, obtuse, appressed hairy, truncate at both ends.

Flowers – in auxiliary racemes, shorter than leaves, pink or pinkish – white, flowering season

is july-september.

Seeds – ovoid, globular, 7 mm in length, 5mm in diameter, hard, smooth and shining of two

distinct colours. The outer hard shell – like and enclosing a light yellowish brown embryo.

Phytochemistry[13]

The seed contain the protein toxin, abrin which is deadly when ingested even at a small dose.

It was repoted that as little as 0.00015% of toxin per body can cause fatality in humans. The

leaves were found to contain sweet tasting compounds such as abrusoside and glycyrrhizin,

which are sweeter than sucrose and have lower caloric value. Abrusoside A- D, which

contains abrusogenin as aglycone, exhibited sweetness potencies 30-100 times greater than

sucrose. A number of triterpenes were isolated from A. precatorius, abrusoside A-E and

abrusogenin. The seeds yielded a mixture of sigmasterol and β – sitosterol in a 4:1 ratio,

while the peduncle afforded triglyceride.

Ayurvedic Properties And Pharmacological Actions[14,15]

Prayojya Anga (Useful Part)

Roots, leaves and seeds.

Rasa Panchaka (Properties)

Ras – Seeds - Tikta, Kashaya.

Root and Leaf – Tikta, Madhur.

Guna –Seeds – Laghu, Ruksha.

Root and Leaf – Snigdha.

Virya – Ushna.


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Vipaka – Katu.

Karma – Balya.

Karma – Action on Tridosha

Beeja – Kaphavatshamak, Patra - Vatpittaghna, Mool – Tridoshghna.

Pharmacological Actions[4, 9]

Gunja has been attributed different pharmacological action such as Kushthaghna,

Kaphanisarka, Balya, Vathara, Viryavardhaka, Kapha-Pitta nashaka, Jwaranghna,

Garbhnirodhaka, Krimighna, Keshya, Mutral, Hridayottejaka, Kamodeepaka, On the basis of

these pharmacological actions it is used to cure various diseases.

Indications

In classical Ayurvedic texts, Gunja is indicated in following diseases Kushtha, Vrana,

Khalitya, Palitya, Indralupta, Arunshika, Vatvyadi, Vranashotha, Mukhapaka, Shirshula,

Jwar, Pakshghat, Swarbheda, Galshotha, Galshosh,Gandmala, Kanthavedana, Grudrasi,

Sandhishotha, Sigrapatanam , Dhwajabhanga, Kandu, krimi, Netraroga, Avbahuka.[6,15,4]

Matra / Dose

Rastanrangini – ½ - ¾ th

Ratti.

Bhavprakasha – Moola – 2- 4 Masha.

Beeja – ½ to 11/2 ratti.

(Seed:- 60- 80 gm, Root:- 2- 4 gm).

Description of Gunja According To Ayurvedic Texts

Aacharaya Charaka – Mentioned Gunja in Vajikarana Adhyaya.

Aacharaya Sushruta – Mentioned in Mool visha.

Bhavprakash Nighantu – Mentioned under Guduchyadi Varga.[6]

Yogratnakara - Mentioned it under Upvisha.[16]

Rastarangini - Mentioned it under Upvisha.[17]

Priynighantu - Shapushpadi varga.[8]

Shaligram Nighantu - Guduchyadi varga.[4]

Nighantu Aadarsha - Palashadi varga.[5]

Dhanvantari Nighantu - Upvisha Gana.[9]


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Preparations of Gunja Mentioned In Ayurvedic Text

Gunjadhya taila, Gunjajeevan Rasa, Gunjabhadra Rasa, Gorancanadi Gulika, Nilibhringadi

Tail, Shwetgunjadi taila, Gunja Taila, Indrluptahar lepa.[17, 12]

Pharmacological Action According To Modern Science

Hair Growth Promoting Activity

The present investigation is to evaluate the hair growth promoting potentiality of aqueous

extract of leaf of A. precatorius. The preliminary chemical studies revealed the presence

carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins were observed as the major constituents

which were further confirmed by thin layer chromatography. The study was performed on

Wistar albino rats using minoxidil 2 % as standard. The aqueous extract of Abrus precatorius

showed a very good hair growth promoting activity at a dose of 300 mg/kg which was almost

equal to that of 2 % minoxidil. The time taken for initiation and completion and quantitative

hair growth were found to be almost same as that of the standard drug. An increase in

percentage of hair turning from telogen phase to anagen phase of hair growth cycle was

observed which denotes the increase % in hair follicles. A notable increase was observed in

the concentration of minerals which aid in hair growth representing the potentiality of the

plant in hair growth promotion.[18]

Antibacterial activity

In the present study, root extract of the plant Abrus precatorious L. was tested for

antibacterial activity. Various solvent fractions exhibited inhibitory activity against 13 gram-

positive and gram- negative bacteria. Root extract were analyzed by TLC. The antibacterial

activity was localized to specific chromtophores in the chloroform fraction through a

bioautography assay. It was found localized to 4 chromtophores out of 7. The

chromatophores were isolated from the TLC plates and rechecked for activity against

Staphylococcus aureus A, using a disc diffusion assay. Among the four active principles

isolated, AP 3 (Rf 0.87) exhibited maximum activity, i.e, 56% inhibition of growth of S.

aureus A, in disc diffusion assay compared to the standard antibiotic Ampicillin. Results of

this study suggest that chloroform extractable phytochemicals in A. precatorious L. may yield

promising molecules with antibiotic activity.[19]


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Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activity

In this study, antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of the different leaf extract from A.

precatorius were investigated along with the quantification of the polyphenol and flavonoid

contents, the ability of deactivating free radicals was extensively investigated with in vitro

biochemical methods like DPPH, OH, NO, SO2- scavenging assays and inhibition capability

of Fe (II) induced lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, antiproliferative activities using different

human cancer cell lines and primary cell line were carried out by MTT method. Total

phenolic content and total flavonoid content of the extracts were found in the range of 1.65 ±

0.22to 25.48 ± 0.62 GAE mg/g dw and 6.20 ± 0.41 to 17.16 ± 1.04 QE mg/g dew

respectively. The experimental results further revealed that A. precatorius extracts showed

strong antiradical properties, capable to chelate Fe2+andpossess good inhibition ability of

lipid peroxidation. In addition, as a first step towards the identification of phytoconstituents

endowed with potent chemopreventive activities, evaluated the inhibitory effects of

A.precatorius extracts on the proliferation of four different human tumour cell lines such as

human colonadeno carcinoma cells (Colo-205), human retinoblastoma cancer cells (Y79),

human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) and Leukemia cells (SupT1). Ethanol extract

(APA) and ethyl acetate extract (APE) of A. precatorius had apparent capabilities of

inhibiting the survival of tested human cancer cell lines. Moreover, it was observed that the

A. precatorius extracts did not inhibit the growth of mice peritoneal macrophages, thus

confirming that plants extracts are selective against the cancer cell lines. This work provides

a scientific support for the high antioxidant and antipropliferative activity of this plant and

thus it may find potential applications in the treatment of the diseases caused by ROS.[20]

Antidiabetic Activity

Madhusudana Reddy et al. the ethanolic extract of Abrus precatorious was evaluated for

Antidiabetic activity in Streptozotocin And Nictonamide induced diabetic rats. In diabetic

induced rats fed with abrus precatorius (100 & 200 mg/kg b.wt) the fasting blood glucose

levels were reduced to normal levels. Excess proliferation of epithelium in small intestine

was observed in diabetic rats, which was reduced after feeding with ethanolic extract of

Abrus precatorius. There is no change in the pathology of kidney and stomach fed with Abrus

precatorius.[21]


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Antimalarial Activity

Antimalarial activity of aqueous extract of Abrus precatorius leaf was studied in Swiss albino

mice. Thirty-six (36) mice of either sex were separated into six groups of six mice each. Five

groups were intravenously inoculated 107 Plasmodium berghei per gram body weight. The

sixth group was neither infected nor treated. Three days post infection, four groups were

administered orally with 25, 50 and 100mg/kg of the extract and 25mg/kg of halofantrine for

five consecutive days, whereas the fifth group was not treated. The results revealed

significant (P<0.05) clearance of P. berghei from the groups administered with 25, 50 and

100mg/kg of the extract, and 25mg/kg of halofatrine respectively on 14th day of infection.

The infected untreated group showed significant level of parasitaemia up till 14th

day of

infection. There were significant (P<0.05) decreased levels of mean weight gain, mean

erythrocytes count, mean packed cell volume, mean haemoglobin concentration, mean

corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin. However, Mean corpuscular

haemoglobin concentration and mean white blood cells increased significantly in infected

untreated group (P<0.05). Three animals died from each of the groups treated with 25 and

100mg/kg of the extract. While one animal died from the infected untreated group and the

halofantrine treated group. Hence, the extract show potential antiplasmodial activity on P.

berghei, the death of animals in the experimental groups may be due to toxicity of Abrus leaf,

halofantrine and P. berghei respectively.[22]

Anti-Inflammatory/ Antiplatelets / Antiallergic Activity

In this study, five isoflavonquinoes have been isolated from the roots of Abrus precatorius L.

three of them are new and designed as abruquinoes D, E, and F. the pharmacological

activities of the isoflavanquinones have been evaluated. The results indicated that

abruquinones A, B and D exhibited remarkable inhibitory effects on the platelet aggregration.

The LC50 of abruquinones A and B for the inhibition of the platelet aggregation induced by

arachidonic acid (AA) and collagen were less than 5 micrograms /ml, and of abruquinone D,

was less than 10 micrograms/ml for that induced by AA. On the other hand, abruquinones A,

B, D and F showed strong Anti- inflammatory and antiallergic effects. The IC50 of

abruquinones A, B, D and F for the inhibition of superoxide formation were less than 0.3

micrograms/ml, for the inhibition of the release of both beta- glucuronidase and lysozyme

from rat neutrophil and the release of both beta-glucurinidase and histamine from mast cells

were less than 1 microgram/ml.[23]


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Hypoglycemic And Hypolipidemic Activity

In the present study, the possible hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic potentials of an aqueous

extracts of Abrus precatorious seeds was investigated in diabetic Wistar rats induced with

streptozotocin (STZ). An extract treatment dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight to

the diabetes- induced rats resulted in significant reduction (p< 0.05) in blood glucose levels.

Use of the extract also prevents the decrease in body weight observed in the diabetic rats as

compared with non- diabetic controls. A significant increase (p<0.05) in serum total

cholesterol levels observed in the STZ- induced diabetic rats approached normal levels in

animals treated with A. precatorius extract. The strong antihypoglycemic and

antihypolipidemic potential A. prcatorius seeds reduced the atherogenic risk predictor idices

HDL-C/TC and LDL-C/HDL-C in the STZ- induced diabetic rats to near normal. The action

of A. precatorius was dose – dependent.[24]

Anthelmintic Activity

The Anthelmintic activity of of methanolic leaf extract of abrus precatorius linn. was

evaluated through in vitro studies by S. Selvadurai , M.D Dhana Raju, A. Venkateswara Rao

and T. Shri Vijaya Kirubha. For study Indian earth- worm “Pheretima posthum” and “tubifex

tubifex”was selected. Three concentrations (5, 10, 15 mg.ml) of methanolic extract were

studies the determination of the time of paralysis (vermifuge) and time of death (vermicidal)

of the worms. Piperazin citrate (10 mg/ml) was used as reference standard drug whereas

distilled water as the control. Determination of paralysis time and death time of the worm

were recorded. The result shows that methanolic extract possesse vermicidal activity and

found to be effective as an anthelmintic.[25]

Antimicrobial Activity

The antimicrobial effects of the extracts of Abrus precatorius from leaves, stem, and the seed

oil were tested against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, three clinical S. Aureus isolates

from different sources, Staphylococcus epidermids, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus

anginosus (S. milleri), Bacillus subtilis, Corybacterium spp (toxigenic strain of the mitis

biotype), Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabillis,

Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as Candida albicans using the agar well diffusion technique.

Aqueous and methanolic extraction, using the soxhlet extractot was carried out on all plant

parts used while petroleum ether was the solvent used to extract the seed oil. At the different

concentrations of the extracts used Staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive organism


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with an MIC of 8ug/ml for the leaf extract. Extract from the stem and seed oil were potent

against some of the gram – positive bacteria and Candid albicans but not against S anginosus,

E. faecalis and gram – negitivebacteria tested. The PH of the extracts ranged between Ph5

and PH8. Study demonstrated that Abrus precatorious particuraly the seed oil has a potent

antimicrobial activity.[26]

Antifertility Activity

Anti-Fertility activity of methanol extract of crude seed Abrus precatorius (Jequirity) was

evaluated by Deekshitha MS and Zaranappa.The dried seeds of Abrus precatorius were

powdered and they were extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water by

Soxhelation. The extracts of four different solvent were subjected to phytochemical analysis

which confirms the presence of chemical constituent like alkaloids, steroid, flavones,

triterpenoids, proteins, amino acids etc. Among them steroids present in A. precatorius seeds

are considered to be primarily responsible for the anti-fertility activity. The anti-fertility

activity was done on adult female Wistar albino rats of weight 150-180 g. The dose of 10

mg/kg and 20 mg/kg was given to the female rats by homogenizing the extract with tween 80

and was dissolved in distilled water. The dose was prepared for all four extracts and were

administered orally for 7 days and mated. Among them the methanol extract of dose 20

mg/kg showed the activity. The steroidal content present in the extracts shows the

contraceptives activity which is compared with the stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol. This

indicates that the basic metabolites from methanol extract would serve as potential anti-

fertility activity on female rats.[27]

Anticonvulsant Activity

The present work was carried out to evaluated the anticonvulsant activity of the ethanolic

extract (EE) of A. precatorius leaves against Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), Picrotoxin and

Maximal electroshock (MES) induced convulsions at the doses 100, 200, 400 mg/kg.

Diazepam (5mg/kg, i.p.) and Phenytoin (25mg/kg i.p.) act as reference standards. At the

medium dose and high dose, Abrus precatorius extract significantly delayed the onset of

clonic seizures induced by PTZ and Picrotoxin and reduced the duratioj of hind limb

extension in MES induced convulsion test. The phytochemical investigation of the leaves of

A. precatorius revealed the presence of flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins, reducing sugars,

phenolic compounds and glycosides. The results obtained indicate that the ethanolic extract

of A. precatorius may help to control grand mal and petitmal epilepsy.[28]


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Antioxidant And Antiulcer Activity

In the present study A. precatorius leaf extract was carried out in antiulcer activity against

acetic acid- induced gastric ulcer in rats. A. precatorius at doses of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg

were administered orally once daily for 10 days. It was found that extract significantly

reduced ulcer index. The plant leaves made gastric anti secretory effect by decreasing gastric

volume and acidity. Then, gastric mucin was increased, which showed gastric cytoprotective

effect of increased lipid peroxidation during ulceration by acetic acid. Activities of the

antioxidant enzymes were enhanced during ulceration by this plant leaves. Leaves of A.

precatorius Linn. Could decrease acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers in rats and this

antiulcerogenic activity was mediated through antioxidant defense mechanism.[29]

CONCLUSION

The thorough review of Gunja shows that, after purification (shodhana) Gunja is quite

promising as a multipurpose medicinal agent as it is having very potential pharmacological

applications. Its use is described in detail in Ayurveda Samhita. From published literature its

importance proves as medicine. By using Yukti pramana one can use this drug in various

diseases in different combination.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I wish to gratefully acknowledge for the valuable guidance by Dr.P.P. BHVE HOD of

Agadtantra Department, Tilak Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Pune.

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