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White Lake
Grand Lake
Calcasieu Lake
SabineLake
LakePontchartrain
LakeOkeechobee
Lake Kissimmee
LakeGeorge
TsalaApopkaLake
VermilionBay
Rio Grandedel Norte
Río Bravo
Mississippi
Pea
rlBrazos
Colo
rad
o
Gu
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alu
pe
San Antonio
Ap
ala
chic
ola
Su
wa
nn
ee
San Ferna
nd
o
Esc
am
bia
P´erez Island
Marco Island
Key LargoDry Tortugas
MarquesasKeys
Sugarloaf Key
Key Biscayne
Cedar Keys
Longboat Key
Siesta Key
Hog I.
Cape Rojo
Chan
deleu
r Is.
Marsh I.
MississippiRiver Delta
Point auFer Island
Matagorda I.
Cape San Blas
Pa
dr
e
Is
la
n
d
Galveston I.
Crooked I.
Matagorda Peninsula
Lighthouse Pt.
St. George I.
Santa Rosa I.
Dog I.
Dauphin I.
Captiva I.
Cape Sable
Sanibel I.
Isle ofYouth
Canarreos Archipelago
San Felipe Cays
Cape Canaveral(Cape Kennedy)
Anastasia I.
S a b a n a - C a m a g u e y A r c h i p e l a g o
Cape San Antonio
Isla del Carmen
Grand BahamaIsland
BiminiIslands
Cape St. George
Isla Contoy
Isla Mujeres
Cape Catoche
PuntaYalkubul
CayosArcas
Punta Frontera
Punta San Juan
Punta Roca Partida
Cat I.
F L O R I D A P L A I N
CA
MP
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C A N Y O NMISS I SS I P
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S I G S B E E P L A I N
C A M P E C H E B A N K
WE
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F lor idaMiddle Ground
FL
OR
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CA
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T A B A S C O S H E L F
C E N T R A L S L O P E
S I GS
BE
E
ES C A R P
ME
NT
MISSISSIPPI-ALABAMA SHELF
T E X A S - L O U I S I A N A
S H E L F
NO
RT
HW
ES
TS
LO
PE
T H E P I N N A C L E S
C A M P E C H E E S C A R P M E N T
Cay Sa l Bank
East Bay
TrinityBay
Lavaca BaySan AntonioBay
Corpus ChristiBay
BaffinBay
Lag
una
Mad
re
MatagordaBay
Laguna deTamiahua
Lag
una
Mad
re
Laguna Machona
Laguna del Carmen
A T L A N T I C
O C E A N
C A R I B B E A N S E A
Estero Bay
Whitewater Bay
Florida Bay
BiscayneBay
STRAITS OF FLORIDA
YUCAT !AN CHANNEL
Horseshoe Cove
Suwannee Sound
Crystal BayWaccasassa
Bay
Tampa B
ay
Sarasota Bay
AtchafalayaBay
Galveston Bay
CopanoBay
BretonSound
L. Borgne
Mob
ile B
ay
Pensacola Bay
St. Andrews Bay
St. Joseph Bay
Barataria Bay
Deadman Bay
ApalacheeBay
Apalachicola
Bay
Mississippi Sd.
TerrebonneBay
Charlotte Harbo
r
West Bay
G u l f o fB a t a b a n ´o
Gulf ofGuanahacabibes
Ascensi´onBay
Gulf ofAna María
T´erminosLagoon
B A Y O F
C A M P E C H E
Laguna deSan Andr´es
T H E EV ER
G
LAD
ES
S O U N D OF C
AMPE CH
E
Ft. Pierce Inlet
St. Lucie Inlet
Lake Worth Inlet
ChandeleurSound
Choctawhatchee Bay
EASTERN PLANNINGAREA
CENTRAL PLANNINGAREA
UNITED STATESMEXICO
MEXICO
CUB
A
WESTERN PLANNINGAREA
UNITED STATES
UN
ITED
STA
TES
BAH
AMAS
CUBA
BAHAMASCUBA
Ixtoc I
Macondo wellSite of Deepwater Horizon blowout
PetroniusWorld’s tallest fixed production platform
Tiber wellWorld’s deepest offshore well(art at left)
PerdidoFloating production platformoperating in world-record8,000 feet of water
Y U C A T !A N
P E N I N S U L A
F l o r i d a Ke
ys
Cozumel Island
LOUISIANATEXAS
MISSISSIPPI
ALABAMA
FLORIDA
VILLA CLARA
CIENFUEGOS
CIUDAD DELA HABANA
CIEGO DE !AVILA
CAMAGÜEY
SANCTI SPÍRITUS
LA HABANAMATANZAS
PINAR DEL RÍO
ISLA DE LAJUVENTUD
GEORGIA
SOUTHCAROLINA
TAMAULIPAS
VERACRUZ
CAMPECHE
TABASCOQUINTANA ROO
YUCAT !AN
NUEVOLE !ON
BAHAMAS
M E X I C O
U N I T E D S T A T E S
C U B A
SABINEN.W.R.
ARANSASN.W.R.
FLOWER GARDEN BANKSNAT. MARINE SANCTUARY
LAGUNAATASCOSANATIONALWILDLIFEREFUGE
LACASSINEN.W.R.
SHELL KEYSN.W.R.
MANDALAYN.W.R.
BAYOU TECHEN.W.R.
BRETONN.W.R.
DELTAN.W.R.
BAYOUSAUVAGE
N.W.R.
BIG BRANCH MARSH N.W.R. GRAND BAY
N.W.R.
BON SECOUR N.W.R.
ST. MARKS NATIONALWILDLIFE REFUGE
ST. VINCENT N.W.R.
LOWERSUWANNEENATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE
CRYSTALRIVERN.W.R.
CHASSAHOWITZKAN.W.R.
EGMONT KEY N.W.R.
PINELLAS N.W.R.
J. N. “DING” DARLING N.W.R.MATLACHA PASS N.W.R.
KEY WESTN.W.R.
GREAT WHITE HERON N.W.R.
NATIONAL KEY DEER REFUGE
CROCODILE LAKEN.W.R.
PELICAN ISLAND N.W.R.
MERRITT ISLAND NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE
BLACKBEARD ISLANDN.W.R.
GRAY’S REEF NATIONALMARINE SANCTUARY
ARCHIE CARR N.W.R.
WOLFISLANDN.W.R.
HARRIS NECK N.W.R.
TYBEE N.W.R.
WASSAW N.W.R.
PASSAGE KEY N.W.R.
CEDAR KEYS N.W.R.
MISSISSIPPI SANDHILL CRANE
N.W.R.
F L O R I D A K E Y S N A T. M A R I N E S A N C T U A R Y
ISLAND BAYN.W.R.
HOBE SOUND N.W.R.
TEN THOUSAND ISLANDSNATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE
CAMERON PRAIRIE
N.W.R.
McFADDEN N.W.R.
ANAHUACN.W.R.BRAZORIA N.W.R.
BIG BOGGY
N.W.R.
SAN BERNARDN.W.R.
TEXAS POINT N.W.R.
PINE ISLAND N.W.R.
BIG CYPRESS
NATIONAL
PRESERVE
EVERGLADES
NATIONAL
PARK
CANAVERAL NATIONAL SEASHORE
BISCAYNE NATIONALPARK
DRY TORTUGASNATIONAL PARK
GULF ISLANDS
NATIONAL SEASHORE
PADRE
ISLAND
NATIONAL
SEASHORE
GULF ISLANDS
NATIONAL SEASHORE
CUMBERLAND ISLANDNATIONAL SEASHORE
TIMUCUAN ECOLOGICAL AND HISTORIC PRESERVE
CONTOY ISLANDNATIONAL PARK
PUERTO MORELOS REEF NAT. PARK
COZUMEL REEFSNAT. MARINE PARK
ALACR!ANES REEF
NAT. MARINE PARK
VERACRUZ REEF NAT. MARINE PARK
GUANAHACABIBESNATIONAL PARK
CAYOS DE SAN FELIPENATIONAL PARK
JARDINES DE LA REINA
NATIONAL PARK
CAGUANES NATIONAL PARK
SANTA MARIA-LOS CAIMANES
NATIONAL PARK
PUNTA FRANC!ESNATIONAL PARK
CI!!ENAGA DE ZAPATA
NATIONAL
PARK
BrownsvilleMatamoros
Veracruz
Campeche
Coatzacoalcos
Canc´un
St. Petersburg
TampaClearwater
Bradenton
Sarasota
Naples
Miami
Cape CoralFort Myers
Gulfport
Mobile
New Orleans PensacolaFort Walton Beach
Panama City
BiloxiPascagoula
Galveston
CorpusChristi
Havana
Fort Lauderdale
West Palm Beach
Fort Pierce
Palm Bay
Daytona Beach
St. Augustine
Port St. Lucie
Jacksonville
Orlando
Gainesville
Key West
Savannah
Pinar del Río
Cienfuegos
Tallahassee
Xalapa
Matanzas
Santa Clara
Sancti Spíritus
Ciego de !Avila
Nueva Gerona
Houma
BatonRouge
M´erida
Venice
Tuxpan
Tampico
Minatitl´an
Grand Isle
Morgan City
Baytown PortArthur Lake
Charles
25°N
30°
80°85° 20°95°
80°85°90°W95° 30°
25°N
100°
20°
Longitude West 90° of Greenwich
CCUURRRRENT
CCUURRRREENNTT
27 m
2 m
2 m
36 m
17 m
67 m
13 m
71 m
90 m
41 m
43 m
40 m
97 m
80 m
18 m
24 m51 m
24 m
66 m
75 m
964 m
251 m
133 m
600 m
842 m
970 m
812 m
528 m
355 m
578 m
377 m
1890 m
2509 m
2252 m
1206 m
3450 m
2702 m
3048 m
3481 m
3235 m
2370 m
1527 m
3524 m
3128 m
1172 m
1522 m
3828 m
2221 m
1791 m
1800 m
3264 m
45 m
7 ft
7 ft
56 ft
43 ft
89 ft
59 ft
79 ft
79 ft
118 ft
823 ft
436 ft
220 ft
233 ft
295 ft
135 ft
141 ft
131 ft
318 ft
262 ft
167 ft
217 ft
246 ft
6201 ft
8232 ft3163 ft
7388 ft
3957 ft
8865 ft
1969 ft
2762 ft
3182 ft
2664 ft
1732 ft
7776 ft
5010 ft
3845 ft
1165 ft
4993 ft
1896 ft
7287 ft
5876 ft
1237 ft
5906 ft
11319 ft
10000 ft
11421 ft
10614 ft
11562 ft
10262 ft
12559 ft
10709 ft
148 ft
TROPICC OF CANCER
TTROPIC OF CANCER
1000
ft30
5 m
5000 ft
1524 m
5000 ft1524 m
1000 ft305 m
1000 ft
305 m
5000 ft1524 m
305
m
1000
ft
EASTERN GAPArea maritime boundary
to be negotiated
Unresolved maritime boundary
TIBERWater depth4,132 ft
PERDIDOOperating in deepestwater 8,000 ft
FEET BELOW
SEA LEVEL
TIBERTotal depth35,050 ft
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
35,000
30,000
MACONDOTotal depth 18,000 ft
MACONDO(Deepwater Horizon)Water depth 5,000 ft
OFFSHORE WELL PROFILES
STATUTE MILES
0 10050 150
NAUTICAL MILES
0 10050 150
KILOMETERS
0 50 100 150
1 CENTIMETER = 26 KILOMETERS or 1 INCH = 42 STATUTE MILESSCALE 1:2,643,000
Albers Conic Equal-Area ProjectionStandard Parallels 20° and 28°
Miami
Havana
New Orleans
Houston
Veracruz
FloridaCurrent
GulfStream
LoopCurrent
Detachededdy
YucatánCurrent
UNITED STATES
MEXICO
CUBA
TROPIC OF CANCER
Gulf of Mexico
SUPPLEMENT TO NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, OCTOBER 2010
PRODUCED BY NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAPS FOR NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE
DESIGN: WILLIAM E. MCNULTY, JOHN BAXTER TEXT: NANCY SHUTE EDITORIAL RESEARCH: BRAD SCRIBER, SOFIA CASTELLO Y TICKELL, SHALINI RAMACHANDRAN EDITORIAL PRODUCTION: MOLLY SNOWBERGER MAP PRODUCTION: DEBBIE GIBBONS, TRAVIS WHITE MAP EDIT: MAUREEN J. FLYNN MAP RESEARCH: DAVID MILLER GIS: ROSEMARY DALEY ART: BRYAN CHRISTIE, DITA SMITH SOURCES: NOAA, NGDC !BATHYMETRY"; INFIELD SYSTEMS LIMITED AND U.S. MINERALS MANAGEMENT SERVICE !OIL AND GAS INFRASTRUCTURE"; GLOBAL LAKES AND WETLANDS DATABASE, WORLD WILDLIFE FUND !WETLANDS"; DONALD R. JOHNSON, GULF COAST RESEARCH LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI, AND JULIO SHEINBAUM, CICESE !LOOP CURRENT"; EIA AND MMS !INSET GRAPHIC"; DAVID W. YOSKOWITZ, HARTE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, TEXAS A&M#CORPUS CHRISTI; JORGE R. PIÑON, FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITYMORE ON NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAPS AND ITS PRODUCTS AT NATGEOMAPS.COM OR CALL 1!800!962!1643 COPYRIGHT © 2010 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, D.C. PRINTED AUGUST 2010
For the past half century, oil has driven the economy of the Gulf of Mexico. A thirdof U.S. oil production ! ows from nearly 3,500 platforms in the Gulf, with thousandsof miles of pipeline delivering oil and natural gas to shore. Since the " rst Gulf well
was drilled o# Louisiana in $%&', in less than $( feet ofwater, close-in reserves have been depleted and explorationhas marched o# the continental shelf, onto the continentalslope, and beyond. Today Gulf oil is deep oil; the bulk ofU.S. production draws from wells in more than a thousandfeet of water. U.S. Gulf oil reserves are estimated at )).%billion barrels, but as the Deepwater Horizon disastershowed, the challenges of deep drilling are formidable.
NEW DEPTHS The world’s deepest offshore well, the Tiber well (art, above) reaches nearly six miles below the Gulf’s seafl oor. Not yetoperational, it was drilled in late 2009 by the rig Deepwater Horizon, which was destroyed months later drilling the Macondo well. Other record holders in the Gulf: The fl oat-ing production platform Perdido operates in the deepest water—$,%%% feet—and the Petronius tower, the tallest fi xed platform, stands in &,'() feet of water.
A GEOGRAPHY OF OFFSHORE OIL
MEXICO’S OIL DROP Daily output of Pemex, the state-owned oil monopoly, hit 3.4 million barrels in 2004 but has fallen to 2.6 million. The drop is blamed on poor management and declining close-in reserves. Three-quarters of the oil comes from the Gulf, where Mexico has estimated reserves of at least 11.3 billion barrels. Oil and gas sales fund a third of the federal budget; the U.S. is the top importer.
IXTOC I OIL SPILL Mexico’s Ixtoc I well blew out in the Bay of Campeche in 1979 and fl owed for 295 days. Some 3.5 million barrels of oil fouled hun-dreds of miles of shore as far as Padre Island, Texas. Most habitat recovered, but three-inch-thick tar mats remain in some lagoons. Ixtoc I ranked as the world’s larg-est accidental marine spill until it was surpassed by Macondo.
DEEPWATER DISASTER Working in (,%%% feet of water, the Deepwater Horizon rig had drilled &*,%%% feet into the seabed when the exploratory Macondo well blew out on April +%, +%&%. The explosion and fi re sank the ($,%%%-ton mobile rig, killing && workers. An estimated )., million barrels of oil fl owed from the well, creating the worst acci-dental marine oil spill in history.
National Geographic Society
Gilbert M. Grosvenor, Chairman
John M. Fahey, Jr., President and CEO
Chris Johns, Editor in Chief
William E. McNulty, Director of Maps,National Geographic Magazine
THE LOOP CURRENT The Gulf’s largest current, the Loop Current, enters from the Caribbean as the Yucatán Current. Running to depths of 2,600 feet, it can swing directly east to join the Gulf Stream or surge north before curling back through the Straits of Florida. If it penetrates deeply into the Gulf, it often sheds a great eddy, which drifts westward. The Loop Current could carry oil from a Gulf spill up the Atlantic coast.
CUBA’S POTENTIAL Estimates for Cuba’s offshore oil reserves range as high as 4.6 billion barrels. No production has begun, but offshore development rights have been leased by the gov ernment to companies from Brazil, India, Malaysia, Norway, Spain, Venezuela, and Vietnam.
The maximum depth of the Gulf is unknown. Estimates range from &+,*%* to &),*'% feet.
U.S. PLATFORMS A waterborne city of oil rigs rises off the coasts of Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi—but not Florida. Exploration off the Florida coast, starting in the 1940s, yielded largely dry holes, and the potential threat to the state’s top industry, tourism, has been considered too great a risk.
SOURCES OIL !2008": EIA. TOURISM !2009": TOURISM DEPARTMENTS OF ALABAMA, LOUISIANA, MISSISSIPPI, AND TEXAS; FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE. FISHING !2008 DOCKSIDE VALUE": NOAA. JOBS: MOST RECENT AVAILABLE DATA FROM MULTIPLE SOURCES
Annual revenue Jobs (in $ billions) (estimated)
Oil and gas -+.' &%',%%% Tourism *$.& (+),%%% Commercial fi shing %.' &),%%% Total "#".$ %&$,###
ECONOMY OF THE U.S. GULF
The Gulf holds more than (%,%%% wells and some )*,%%% milesof pipeline.
Coastal wetland
Coastal protected area
Active federal lease as of March +%&%
Shallow water
Deep water (&,%%% to ),,,, feet)
Ultradeep water ((,%%% feet or more)
Oil or gas offshore platform
Oil or gas well
Crude oil or gas terminal
Oil refi nery
Oil- or gas-related pipeline
Maritime boundary
Planning area boundary
Map Legend
T
R
19901985 1995 2000 2005 2009
Shallow water
DeepUltradeep
million barrels
U.S. Gulf oil from federal leases
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
by depth